ITPKC and SLC11A1 Gene Polymorphisms and Gene-Gene Interactions in Korean Patients with Kawasaki Disease

A comprehensive integration of data on the association of ITPKC polymorphisms with susceptibility to Kawasaki disease: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of existing research to define clear associations between variations in the ITPKC gene and the risk of developing Kawasaki disease (KD).

METHODS

A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including but not limited to PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and CNKI, up to June 1, 2024, to gather relevant information. This search utilized keywords and MeSH terms related to hyperbilirubinemia and genetic factors. The inclusion criteria encompassed original case-control, longitudinal, or cohort studies. Correlations were analyzed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software.

RESULTS

Eighteen case-control studies with 5,434 KD cases and 9,419 controls were analyzed. Of these, ten studies assessed 3,129 KD cases and 6,172 controls for the rs28493229 variant, four examined 1,039 cases and 1,688 controls for the rs2290692 variant, two focused on 595 cases and 820 controls for the rs7251246 variant, and two investigated 671 cases and 739 controls for the rs10420685 variant. Results showed a significant association between the rs28493229 polymorphism and increased KD risk across all five genetic models. Subgroup analysis indicated this polymorphism correlates with KD susceptibility in Asians but not in the Chinese population. In contrast, no associations were found between the rs2290692, rs7251246, and rs10420685 polymorphisms and KD risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Our pooled data indicate a significant association between the ITPKC rs28493229 polymorphism's minor allele and an increased risk of developing KD, suggesting this variant may enhance susceptibility. Conversely, SNPs rs2290692, rs7251246, and rs10420685 do not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship with KD.

[Research advances in genetic polymorphisms in Kawasaki disease]

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic inflammatory vascular disorder that predominantly affects children and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. Although the etiology of this disease remains unclear, genome-wide association and genome-wide linkage studies have shown that some susceptible genes and chromosomal regions are associated with the development and progression of KD. With the advancement of high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques, more and more genomic information related to KD is being discovered. Understanding the genes involved in the pathogenesis of KD may provide novel insights into the diagnosis and treatment of KD. By analyzing related articles and summarizing related research advances, this article mainly discusses the T cell activation-enhancing genes that have been confirmed to be closely associated with the development and progression of KD and reveals their association with the pathogenesis of KD and coronary artery lesions.

Whole-exome sequencing analysis identifies novel variants associated with Kawasaki disease susceptibility

BACKGROUND

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute pediatric vasculitis affecting genetically susceptible infants and children. Although the pathogenesis of KD remains unclear, growing evidence links genetic susceptibility to the disease.

METHODS

To explore the genes associated with susceptibility in KD, we applied whole-exome sequencing to KD and control subjects from Yunnan province, China. We conducted association study analysis on the two groups.

RESULTS

In this study, we successfully identified 11 significant rare variants in two genes (MYH14 and RBP3) through the genotype/allele frequency analysis. A heterozygous variant (c.2650G > A, p.V884M) of the RBP3 gene was identified in 12 KD cases, while eight heterozygous variants (c.566G > A, p.R189H; c.1109 C > T, p.S370L; c.3917T > G, p.L1306R; c.4301G > A, p.R1434Q; c.5026 C > T, p.R1676W; c.5329 C > T, p.R1777C; c.5393 C > A, p.A1798D and c.5476 C > T, p.R1826C) of the MYH14 gene were identified in 8 KD cases respectively.

CONCLUSION

This study suggested that nine variants in MYH14 and RBP3 gene may be associated with KD susceptibility in the population from Yunnan province.

Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in Kawasaki Disease with the Response to Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile and systemic vasculitis disease mainly affecting children < 5 years old. Although the first case of KD was reported in 1967 and despite extensive research on KD since then, the cause of the disease remains largely unknown. The most common complications of KD are coronary artery lesions (CAL), which significantly increase the risk of coronary heart disease. The standard treatment for KD is high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) plus aspirin within 10 days from symptoms' appearance, which has been shown to decrease the incidence of CAL to 5-7%. Despite the benefits of IVIG, about 25% of the patients treated with IVIG develop resistance or are unresponsive to the therapy, which represents an important risk factor for CAL development. The cause of IVIG unresponsiveness has not been fully elucidated. However, the role of gene polymorphisms in IVIG response has been suggested. Herein, we comprehensively review genetic polymorphisms in KD that have been associated with IVIG resistance/unresponsiveness and further discuss available models to predict IVIG unresponsiveness.Kindly check and confirm inserted city in affiliation [1] is correctly identified.confirm.

Association of ITPKC gene polymorphisms rs28493229 and rs2290692 in North Indian children with Kawasaki disease

BACKGROUND

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of several genes are linked to the etiopathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD). Association of SNPs of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-3-kinase C (ITPKC) gene with susceptibility to KD and coronary artery lesions (CALs) has been observed in children of certain ethnicities, but not from others. The present study was planned to explore this genetic association in the North Indian cohort.

METHODS

Fifty children with KD and 50 age- and sex-matched controls were studied for two SNPs (rs28493229 and rs2290692) of the ITPKC gene using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Findings were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. A meta-analysis was also carried out for GG and CC genotypes of the SNPs.

RESULTS

There was significant association between KD susceptibility and CG + GG genotype of rs2290692 (p = 0.015, odds ratio = 4.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.38-13.83). None of the single alleles or genotypes of the SNPs of ITPKC were, however, significantly associated with KD susceptibility. A meta-analysis also did not show any significant association of these SNPs to KD susceptibility.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that ITPKC gene SNPs (rs28493229 and rs2290692) did not have a significant association with susceptibility to KD in children from North India. Larger multicentric studies incorporating different ethnicities are required to understand the genetic basis of KD.

IMPACT

While SNP rs28493229 of the ITPKC gene is not found to be associated with susceptibility to KD, the combined genotype of SNP rs2290692 is shown to be associated. Impact of ITPKC gene SNP on KD is different across different races and ethnicities. We could find an association of the combined genotype of rs2290692 with it in the Indian population. This study highlights that phenotype and genotypic association of KD varies with ethnicities. Larger multicentric studies are required to reach a conclusion regarding the genetic association of KD.

Bacille Calmette-Guérin inoculation site changes and cardiac complications in patients with Kawasaki disease

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether redness and crusting at the bacille Calmette-Guérin inoculation site (BCGitis), identified during acute illness owing to Kawasaki disease (KD), is an independent risk factor for development of cardiac complications.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study using data from the nationwide KD survey in Japan.

SETTING

Survey respondents included hospitals specialising in paediatrics and hospitals with ≥100 beds and a paediatric department throughout Japan.

PATIENTS

We included 17 181 patients with KD across Japan during 2005-2006.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

BCGitis and cardiac complications resulting from KD.

RESULTS

BCGitis was identified in 7549 (44%) patients with KD. Compared with patients without BCGitis, those with BCGitis were younger, more likely to be male, less likely to have recurrent status and visited a hospital and underwent initial intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment earlier after KD onset. In the unadjusted model, patients with BCGitis were significantly less likely to have cardiac complications (crude OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.92). However, after including treatment factors (days of illness at initial IVIG and treatment responsiveness) in the adjusted model, the association was no longer significant (adjusted OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.03), indicating that BCGitis was not an independent factor associated with cardiac complication and might be confounded by treatment factors.

CONCLUSIONS

BCGitis was identified in comparatively early illness stages of KD. Our findings indicated that BCGitis was not an independent factor associated with developing cardiac complications but was confounded by prompt initial IVIG administration, which might result in successful treatment and prevention of cardiac complications.

Association of 8p22-23-rs2254546 Genotypes with Coronary Artery Status and Resistance to Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Iranian Children with Kawasaki Disease

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a frequent cause of acquired heart disease in infants and young children, which may be triggered by infectious agents, with the highest incidence in Asian countries. Several genotypes are identified as susceptibility genes for KD, but none is known in the Iranian population. Objectives: Due to the racial differences in the frequency and significance of the identified genes, we aimed to investigate the 8p22-23-rs2254546 genotypes in a sample of Iranian children and their association with aneurysm and resistance to treatment. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 100 children with KD as the sample group were compared with 100 matched unrelated healthy Iranian children with no history of KD or immune-related disease. The control subjects were ethnically recruited from the same hospital at the time of a routine physical examination. The 8p22-23-rs2254546 genotypes were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing techniques, and the frequency of the three genotypes (GA, AA, and GG) was reported. Finally, the frequency of aneurysm and IVIG resistance was reported, and their associations with 8p22-23-rs2254546 genotypes were tested by SPSS software. Results: Of 100 patients with a mean age of 1.9 ± 1.7 (0.1 - 10.2) years, 57% were boys and 43% were girls. Of them, 62% had GG, 30% GA, and 8% AA genotypes. Besides, 21% of the studied patients were resistant to IVIG, and 19% had aneurysm, but resistance to IVIG and aneurysm was not associated with GG and GA genotypes of 8p22-23-rs2254546 (P = 0.29 and 0.88, respectively). Conclusions: The majority of the children with KD were shown to have this genetic susceptibility, which shows the importance of the 8p22-23-rs2254546 genotype in Iranian children. However, this genotype was not associated with the risk of resistance to IVIG and aneurysm.

Association of MnSOD gene polymorphism with susceptibility to Kawasaki disease in Chinese children

BACKGROUND

Kawasaki disease is a type of acute febrile rash disease that is common in children and is characterised by primary lesions of systemic middle and small vasculitis, which can lead to coronary artery lesions. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), one of the most important antioxidases in the human body, plays a key role in maintaining the balance of free radicals in the human body. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) (rs4880 and rs5746136) in the MnSOD gene were related to oxidative stress disease. The purpose of this study is to explore the possible relationship between MnSOD gene polymorphisms and Kawasaki disease susceptibility.

METHODS

This study included 100 Kawasaki disease children and 102 healthy children. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs4880 and rs5746136) were detected by polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference in both the genotype frequency (χ2 = 10.805, p = 0.005) and the allele frequency (χ2 = 7.948, p = 0.005) of rs5746136 between the Kawasaki disease group and the control group. Children with the A allele had a 0.558 times lower risk of Kawasaki disease than those without the A allele (χ2 = 7.948, p = 0.005, odds ratio = 0.558, 95% confidence interval = 0.371-0.838). There was no significant difference in the genotype and gene frequencies of rs5746136 between the Kawasaki disease-coronary artery lesion and Kawasaki disease-without coronary artery lesion groups (p > 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the rs4880 genotype and allele frequencies between the Kawasaki disease and healthy control groups or between the Kawasaki disease-coronary artery lesion and Kawasaki disease-without coronary artery lesions groups (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study provides evidence supporting an association between MnSOD gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to Kawasaki disease. The genotype AA and the allele A of the MnSOD gene locus rs5746136 were risk factors for Kawasaki disease.

ITPKC as a Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer with higher mortality than the others. Pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is considered as a surrogate to predict survival. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase C (ITPKC) is a negative regulator of T cell activation, and reduction in ITPKC function is known to promote Kawasaki disease. Given the role of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in NAC and since TNBC has the most abundant immune cell infiltration in breast cancer, we hypothesized that the ITPKC expression level is associated with NAC response and prognosis in TNBC. The ITPKC gene was expressed in the mammary gland, but its expression was highest in breast cancer cells among other stromal cells in a bulk tumor. ITPKC expression was highest in TNBC, associated with its survival, and was its independent prognostic factor. Although high ITPKC was not associated with immune function nor with any immune cell fraction, low ITPKC significantly enriched cell proliferation-related gene sets in TNBC. TNBC with low ITPKC achieved a significantly higher pCR rate after NAC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate that ITPKC gene expression may be useful as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in TNBC.

The impact of human single nucleotide polymorphisms on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin responses

The influence of genetic variability on human immune responses has major implications for the understanding of disease mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is given globally to protect against tuberculosis, has high variability in its protective efficacy against mycobacteria and its beneficial off-target (heterologous) effects. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are major cause of genetic variation and have been strongly associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis and outcomes following BCG immunotherapy for cancer. This review discusses the contribution of SNPs to the variability in mycobacterial-specific and off-target BCG responses, and the implications for this on development of novel TB vaccines and strategies to harness the beneficial off-target effects of BCG.

Association between the miRNA-149 rs2292832 T>C polymorphism and Kawasaki disease susceptibility in a southern Chinese population

Background

Kawasaki disease (KD), which is characterized by vasculitis, is prone to occur in patients under 5 years of age, has an ambiguous etiology, and displays coronary artery lesions as the chief complication. Previous studies have linked miRNA‐149 to cancers, and rs2292832 T>C is related to allergic diseases and inflammatory bowel disease, which both show immune system disorders and coronary artery disease. Therefore, we performed a study concentrating on the association between the miRNA‐149 rs2292832 T>C polymorphism and KD susceptibility.

Methods

The subjects enrolled were 532 children with KD and 623 controls. We used TaqMan real‐time PCR to obtain the genotypes of the rs2292832 T>C polymorphism.

Results

Ultimately, no significant association was found between the miRNA‐149 rs2292832 T>C polymorphism and KD susceptibility, even in stratification analysis.

Conclusion

Our results indicated that in southern Chinese patients, the miRNA‐149 rs2292832 T>C polymorphism did not affect KD susceptibility, which needs to be further confirmed.

Kawasaki disease OX40-OX40L axis acts as an upstream regulator of NFAT signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

We investigated a costimulatory molecule OX40-OX40L acting as an upstream regulator to regulate the nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (KD).

METHODS

One hundred and one samples were collected and divided into six groups: coronary artery lesion (KD-CAL) before intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), KD-CAL after IVIG, KD without CAL (KD-nCAL) before IVIG, KD-nCAL after IVIG, fever of unknown (Fou), and Healthy. In vitro OX40-stimulating and OX40L-inhibiting tests were conducted in Healthy and KD groups, respectively. Both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels of OX40, OX40L, NFAT1, and NFAT2 were investigated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunoblotting assay, respectively.

RESULTS

The mRNA and protein expression levels of NFAT1, NFAT2, OX40, and OX40L were significantly increased in KD-CAL and KD-nCAL groups before IVIG compared with Fou and Healthy groups and decreased after IVIG. A positive correlation was found between them in KD. In vitro OX40-stimulating test demonstrated the significantly increased mRNA and protein expression levels of NFAT1 and NFAT2 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the Healthy group. Meanwhile, OX40L-inhibiting test showed significantly decreased expression levels of NFAT1 and NFAT2 in the KD group.

CONCLUSION

OX40-OX40L acts as an upstream regulator in the NFAT signaling pathway involved in KD.

An Angiotensinogen Gene Polymorphism (rs5050) Is Associated with the Risk of Coronary Artery Aneurysm in Southern Chinese Children with Kawasaki Disease

Background

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis disease that commonly causes acquired heart disease in children. Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is a major complication of KD. However, the pathogenesis of KD remains unclear. The results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) showed that two functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs699A>G and rs5050T>G) in the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene were related to cardiovascular disease susceptibility. The purpose of our study was to estimate the relationship between the two GWAS-identified AGT gene polymorphisms and the risk of CAA in Southern Chinese children with KD.

Methods

We genotyped the two AGT gene polymorphisms (rs699A>G and rs5050T>G) in 760 KD cases and 972 healthy controls. We used the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the degree of the associations.

Results

These two AGT gene polymorphisms were not associated with a risk of KD relative to the controls, but after adjusting for sex and age, the carriers of the rs5050G allele with TG/GG vs TT had an adjusted OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.01-2.41, and P = 0.044 relative to the carriers of the rs5050TT genotype. The susceptibility to CAA was more predominant in KD patients younger than 12 months old.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the AGT gene polymorphism rs5050T>G may increase the risk of CAA in children with KD, especially those who are younger than 12 months. These results need to be verified by a validation study with a larger sample size.

The rs1625579 T>G polymorphism in the miRNA-13 gene confers a risk of early- onset Kawasaki disease in a southern Chinese population

Background

Kawasaki disease (KD) mainly manifests as excessive inflammation and vascular endothelial cell injury. This disease generally occurs in children younger than 5 years of age and is more severe in children younger than 12 months. KD affects males and females at a ratio of 1.5:1. Polymorphisms of the rs1625579 locus in the miR-13 gene are associated with schizophrenia susceptibility, and high glucose-induced upregulation of miR-137 in vascular endothelial cells promotes monocyte chemotaxis and inflammatory cytokine secretion in gestational diabetes mellitus. However, researchers have not reported whether rs1625579 is associated with KD susceptibility or onset. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the miRNA-13 rs1625579 T>G polymorphism and KD susceptibility.

Methods

TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to determine the genotypes of 532 patients with KD (365 males and 167 females) and 623 control subjects (402 males and 221 females).

Results

Comparison of all cases with all controls revealed that the rs1625579 T>G polymorphism was not associated with KD susceptibility. However, a subgroup analysis revealed that subjects with the rs1625579 TG/GG genotypes exhibited a significantly higher onset risk for KD before 12 months of age than carriers of the TT genotype (adjusted age and gender odds ratio=1.99, 95% CI=1.04-3.83; P=0.039).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the rs1625579 T>G polymorphism confers a risk of early-onset KD in southern Chinese children.

A critical appraisal of the role of intracellular Ca2+-signaling pathways in Kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease is a multi-systemic vasculitis that generally occurs in children and that can lead to coronary artery lesions. Recent studies showed that Kawasaki disease has an important genetic component. In this review, we discuss the single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding proteins with a role in intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase C, caspase-3, the store-operated Ca²⁺-entry channel ORAI1, the type-3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger 1, and phospholipase Cß4 and Cß1. An increase of the free cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration is proposed to be a major factor in susceptibility to Kawasaki disease and disease outcome, but only for polymorphisms in the genes encoding the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase C and the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger 1, the free cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration was actually measured and shown to be increased. Excessive cytosolic Ca²⁺ signaling can result in hyperactive calcineurin in T cells with an overstimulated nuclear factor of activated T cells pathway, in hypersecretion of interleukin-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-α by monocytes/macrophages, in increased urotensin-2 signaling, and in an overactivation of vascular endothelial cells.