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Hsieh MH, Kao TY, Hsieh TH, Kao CC, Peng CY, Lai HC, Cheng HH, Ho MW, Chi CY, Kao JT. Predictors of liver fibrosis changes assessed by paired liver biopsies in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with direct-acting antivirals. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2024:S1684-1182(24)00149-X. [PMID: 39216998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE There are limited studies performing paired liver biopsies in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAA). We aimed to investigate the predictors of liver fibrosis changes assessed by paired liver biopsies in these patients. METHODS From March 2017 to March 2020, 113 CHC patients were prospectively enrolled to receive DAA therapy at our hospital. Paired liver biopsies were performed at baseline and 12 weeks after the end of treatment. RESULTS Among the entire cohort, the rate of sustained virological response (SVR) was 100%. Four baseline variables independently predicted fibrosis regression, including age <65 years [odds ratio (OR) = 2.725, p = 0.036], fibrosis stages (METAVIR scores) < 3 (OR = 4.874, p = 0.040), hemoglobin levels ≥12.5 g/dL (OR = 3.538, p = 0.029), and platelet counts ≥160 103/μL (OR = 2.958, p = 0.023). Besides, five independent predictors of fibrosis progression included baseline age ≥66 years (OR = 16.351, p = 0.024), body mass index (BMI) ≥26.5 kg/m2 (OR = 21.666, p = 0.009), sofosbuvir/ribavirin use (OR = 29.465, p = 0.031), platelet counts <119 103/μL (OR = 33.739, p = 0.026), and the absence of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels declining from >35 U/L at baseline to ≤35 U/L at 4 weeks after baseline (OR = 284.534, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION For DAA-treated CHC patients, those with baseline age <65 years, fibrosis stages <3, hemoglobin levels ≥12.5 g/dL, or platelet counts ≥160 103/μL are more likely to attain fibrosis regression. There is a higher risk of fibrosis progression in those with baseline age ≥66 years, BMI ≥26.5 kg/m2, sofosbuvir/ribavirin use, platelet counts <119 103/μL, or the absence of early ALT normalization at 4 weeks after baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hui Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hung Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Wang Ho
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Chi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Ta Kao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Ergün O, Tepebaşi MY, Onaran İ, Öztürk SA, Baltik M, Koşar PA. Standardizing urethral stricture models in rats: a comprehensive study on histomorphologic and molecular approach. Int Urol Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s11255-024-04034-4. [PMID: 38564077 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-024-04034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To create a reproducible and standardized urethral stricture model in rats, evaluating both histomorphologic findings and gene expression data. In studies involving experimental animals, more standardization is needed for the creation of a urethral stricture model. METHODS Sixteen male rats were randomized into two groups. The Sham group (n:8) underwent only a penoscrotal incision, while the stricture group (n:8) had their urethras exposed through a penoscrotal incision, followed by electrocauterization to the corpus spongiosum. On the 15th day, blood and urethral tissues were harvested for histologic and molecular analyses. Histomorphologic, immunohistochemical, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed. RESULTS The stricture group exhibited more severe and intense spongiofibrosis, inflammation, epithelial desquamation, and congestion in vascular structures compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The urethral tissue in the stricture group showed an increased ratio of inflammation parameters, including Collagen 1A1, Collagen 3A1, elastin, Transforming growth factor β1, α Smooth muscle actin, Platelet-derived growth factor α, and Platelet-derived growth factor β. Transforming growth factor β1, Platelet-derived growth factor α, and Platelet-derived growth factor β each correlated highly with the other six parameters (r > 0.60, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Developing electrocoagulation-induced urethral stricture in rats is a simple, reliable, inexpensive, and reproducible. Reporting histologic data with qualitative and semi-quantitative scoring will enhance data standardization, aiding reader understanding and analysis. Transforming growth factor β and Platelet-derived growth factor play key roles in fibrosis during stricture development. Incorporating these cytokines in urethral stricture animal model studies can demonstrate successful stenosis creation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Ergün
- Medical Faculty, Department of Urology, Süleyman Demirel University, Akademik Kat Sekreterliği, Doğu yerleşkesi, Çünür, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Muhammet Yusuf Tepebaşi
- Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Genetic, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Onaran
- Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Sefa Alperen Öztürk
- Medical Faculty, Department of Urology, Süleyman Demirel University, Akademik Kat Sekreterliği, Doğu yerleşkesi, Çünür, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mücahit Baltik
- Department of Urology, Malazgirt State Hospital, Muş, Turkey
| | - Pinar Aslan Koşar
- Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Zhu L, Gou W, Ou L, Liu B, Liu M, Feng H. Role and new insights of microfibrillar-associated protein 4 in fibrotic diseases. APMIS 2024; 132:55-67. [PMID: 37957836 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is one of the most worrisome complications of chronic inflammatory diseases, leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and ultimately, death. The most notable pathological characteristic of fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen and fibronectin adjacent to foci of inflammation or damage. The human microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4), an important member of the superfamily of fibrinogen-related proteins, is considered to have an extremely important role in ECM transformation of fibrogenesis. This review summarizes the structure, characteristics, and physiological functions of MFAP4 and the importance of MFAP4 in various fibrotic diseases. Meanwhile, we elaborated the underlying actions and mechanisms of MFAP4 in the development of fibrosis, suggesting that a better understand of MFAP4 broadens novel perspective for early screening, diagnosis, prognostic risk assessment, and treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhu
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqun Gou
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lijia Ou
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Changsha, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Binjie Liu
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Manyi Liu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Chen W, Sun Y, Chen S, Ge X, Zhang W, Zhang N, Wu X, Song Z, Han H, Desert R, Yan X, Yang A, Das S, Athavale D, Nieto N, You H. Matrisome gene-based subclassification of patients with liver fibrosis identifies clinical and molecular heterogeneities. Hepatology 2023; 78:1118-1132. [PMID: 37098756 PMCID: PMC10524702 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Excessive deposition and crosslinking of extracellular matrix increases liver density and stiffness, promotes fibrogenesis, and increases resistance to fibrinolysis. An emerging therapeutic opportunity in liver fibrosis is to target the composition of the extracellular matrix or block pathogenic communication with surrounding cells. However, the type and extent of extracellular changes triggering liver fibrosis depend on the underlying etiology. Our aim was to unveil matrisome genes not dependent on etiology, which are clinically relevant to liver fibrosis. APPROACH RESULTS We used transcriptomic profiles from liver fibrosis cases of different etiologies to identify and validate liver fibrosis-specific matrisome genes (LFMGs) and their clinical and biological relevance. Dysregulation patterns and cellular landscapes of LFMGs were further explored in mouse models of liver fibrosis progression and regression by bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified 35 LFMGs, independent of etiology, representing an LFMG signature defining liver fibrosis. Expression of the LFMG signature depended on histological severity and was reduced in regressive livers. Patients with liver fibrosis, even with identical pathological scores, could be subclassified into LFMG Low and LFMG High , with distinguishable clinical, cellular, and molecular features. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that microfibrillar-associated protein 4 + activated HSC increased in LFMG High patients and were primarily responsible for the LFMG signature expression and dysregulation. CONCLUSIONS The microfibrillar-associated protein 4 + -activated HSC-derived LFMG signature classifies patients with liver fibrosis with distinct clinical and biological characteristics. Our findings unveil hidden information from liver biopsies undetectable using traditional histologic assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yameng Sun
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuyan Chen
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhuolun Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Romain Desert
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xuzhen Yan
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Aiting Yang
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sukanta Das
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dipti Athavale
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 1020N, MC 787, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hong You
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, No. 95 Yong’an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
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Kanaan R, Medlej-Hashim M, Jounblat R, Pilecki B, Sorensen GL. Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 in health and disease. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu B, Gou W, Feng H. Pathological investigations and correlation research of microfibrillar-associated protein 4 and tropoelastin in oral submucous fibrosis. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:588. [PMID: 34798886 PMCID: PMC8603475 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01962-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), distinguished by abnormal collagen deposition, is a potentially malignant disorder with 4.2% (95% CI 2.7–5.6%) of malignant transformation and rising global prevalence. However, the precise pathogenesis and effective treatment remain elusive and controversial despite the abundance of literature on this topic. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the clinicopathological characteristics and potential markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of OSF. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence and correlation of Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) and tropoelastin (TE) in the development of OSF patients. Material and methods Clinicopathological factors, hematoxylin–eosin (HE) and Masson trichome staining, immunohistochemical characteristics and the correlation between MFAP4 and TE were recorded and compared among different stages of OSF progression among cases (n = 60) and controls (n = 10). Student's t test, ANOVA analysis, and the chi-square test were performed to compare the categorical variables for clinicopathological characteristics and the expression level of MFAP4 and TE between the fibrotic and normal tissues. Correlation analysis of MFAP4 and TE was performed using Pearson's correlation test and linear regression. Results MFAP4 and TE proteins are upregulated and increased gradually in patients with varying stages of OSF, relative to the control group. Furthermore, statistical analyses revealed that the expression level of MFAP4 was positively associated with TE, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.3781 (p = 0.0048). Clinically, we found that OSF affected more males than females, with a ratio of 29:1. The age range was 16–60 years, and the mean age was 36.25 ± 10.25 years. In patients younger than 40 years, the positive expression rate of MFAP4 and TE was higher than in those over 40 years. All OSF cases had chewed areca nut, with 51.67% smoking tobacco. Conclusions Our study elucidates that the accumulation of MFAP4 and TE proteins may play a vital role in the occurrence and development of OSF and may be promising candidate moleculars for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for OSF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Xiangya Stomalogical Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqun Gou
- Department of Oral Medicine, Xiangya Stomalogical Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Oral Medicine, Xiangya Stomalogical Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Sækmose SG, Holst R, Lottenburger T, Ytting H, Nielsen HJ, Junker P, Schlosser A, Sorensen GL. Circadian, Week-to-Week, and Physical Exercise-Induced Variation of Serum Microfibrillar-Associated Protein 4. Biomark Insights 2021; 16:11772719211016359. [PMID: 34035648 PMCID: PMC8127734 DOI: 10.1177/11772719211016359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (sMFAP4) has been investigated as a biomarker for various diseases and is demonstrated to show significant gradual increase with severity of liver fibrosis. Ideal biomarkers used for disease diagnosis or prognosis should display deviating levels in affected individuals only and be robust to factors unrelated to the disease. Here we show the impact of normal physiological variation of sMFAP4 by characterizing the circadian variation, week-to-week variation, and physical exercise-induced levels. Serum samples from 3 groups of healthy volunteers were drawn: 7 times during a 24-hour period, 5 times during a 3-week period, and before and after a standardized physical exercise challenge. sMFAP4 was determined by AlphaLISA. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed effects modeling of repeated measurements. Circadian variation of sMFAP4 was demonstrated, with time of peak and nadir values depending on age and gender. For males, the peak values were observed during nighttime whereas for females, peak values were observed in the morning. Individual sMFAP4 levels remained stable over a period of 3 weeks and physical exercise inferred a mild negative influence. In conclusion, the circadian sMFAP4 variation was significant, and the levels could be influenced by physical activity. However, these variations were of limited magnitude relative to previously observed disease-induced levels in support of the biomarker potential of sMFAP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gjørup Sækmose
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - René Holst
- Oslo Centre of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University in Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Henriette Ytting
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Peter Junker
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Reungoat E, Grigorov B, Zoulim F, Pécheur EI. Molecular Crosstalk between the Hepatitis C Virus and the Extracellular Matrix in Liver Fibrogenesis and Early Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092270. [PMID: 34065048 PMCID: PMC8125929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the era of direct-acting antivirals against the hepatitis C virus (HCV), curing chronic hepatitis C has become a reality. However, while replicating chronically, HCV creates a peculiar state of inflammation and oxidative stress in the infected liver, which fuels DNA damage at the onset of HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This cancer, the second leading cause of death by cancer, remains of bad prognosis when diagnosed. This review aims to decipher how HCV durably alters elements of the extracellular matrix that compose the liver microenvironment, directly through its viral proteins or indirectly through the induction of cytokine secretion, thereby leading to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, ultimately, HCC. Abstract Chronic infection by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases, predisposing to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver fibrosis is characterized by an overly abundant accumulation of components of the hepatic extracellular matrix, such as collagen and elastin, with consequences on the properties of this microenvironment and cancer initiation and growth. This review will provide an update on mechanistic concepts of HCV-related liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and early stages of carcinogenesis, with a dissection of the molecular details of the crosstalk during disease progression between hepatocytes, the extracellular matrix, and hepatic stellate cells.
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Lee HW, Han DH, Shin HJ, Lee JS, Kim SU, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Kim BK. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk According to Regimens for Eradication of Hepatitis C Virus; Interferon or Direct Acting Antivirals. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3414. [PMID: 33217965 PMCID: PMC7698608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
By pegylated interferon (PegIFN)-free direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a sustained virological response (SVR) rate >95% can be attained with a satisfactory tolerability and shorter treatment duration. However, it remains controversial whether there is any difference in prognosis depending on regimens-PegIFN or DAAs. We compared the probabilities of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development between patients achieving an SVR by PegIFN/ribavirin (PegIFN group, n = 603) and DAAs (DAAs group, n = 479). The DAAs group was significantly older and had a higher proportion of cirrhosis than the PegIFN group. Before adjustment, the DAAs group had a higher HCC incidence than the PegIFN group (p < 0.001). However, by multivariate analyses, the DAAs (vs. PegIFN) group was not associated with HCC risk (adjusted hazard ratio 0.968, 95% confidence interval 0.380-2.468; p = 0.946). Old age, male, higher body mass index, cirrhosis, and lower platelet count were associated with increased HCC risk (all p < 0.05). After propensity score matching (PSM), a similar HCC risk between the two groups was observed (p = 0.372). We also compared HCC incidences according to sofosbuvir (SOF)-based and SOF-free DAAs, showing a similar risk in both groups before adjustment (p = 0.478) and after PSM (p = 0.855). In conclusion, post-SVR HCC risks were comparable according to treatment regimens; PegIFN- vs. DAA-based regimens and SOF-based vs. SOF-free DAA regimens. Further studies with a longer follow-up period are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.W.L.); (J.S.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Liver Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dai Hoon Han
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Liver Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Shin
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.W.L.); (J.S.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Liver Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.W.L.); (J.S.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Liver Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.W.L.); (J.S.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Liver Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.W.L.); (J.S.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Liver Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.W.L.); (J.S.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Liver Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Beom Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.W.L.); (J.S.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Liver Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea
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The fibrotic response of primary liver spheroids recapitulates in vivo hepatic stellate cell activation. Biomaterials 2020; 261:120335. [PMID: 32891040 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle in the development of efficient therapies for progressive liver fibrosis is the lack of representative in vitro models of liver fibrosis to aid in understanding the mechanisms of the disease and to promote the development of pharmaceuticals. Our aim was to develop a relevant in vitro mouse liver fibrosis model, based on the central hypothesis that liver fibrosis in vitro cannot be studied using only hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)-the main producer of scar tissue during fibrosis-, but requires cultures in which at least hepatocytes are integrated. We established robust methods to generate co-culture spheroids from freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes and HSCs. Characteristics and functionality of these spheroids were analyzed by qPCR of cell-type specific markers, CYP induction and immunohistochemistry. Compound toxicity was determined by ATP-assays. Hepatocytes and HSCs maintained their cell-type specific marker expression over a 15-day culture period without major hepatocyte dedifferentiation or HSC activation. Exposure of spheroids to TGFβ can directly activate HSCs, while acetaminophen exposure mounts a hepatocyte damage dependent activation of HSCs. Pharmaceuticals with known anti-fibrotic properties, such as Valproic acid and Verteporfin, reduce HSC activation in response to hepatocyte damage in these cultures. A comparison between the fibrotic response of the spheroid co-cultures and in vivo activated HSCs showed that these 3D co-cultures are more representative than the commonly used 2D HSC monocultures. Finally, we showed that the 3D cultures can be integrated in microfluidic chips. We conclude that our hepatocyte-stellate cell-spheroid cultures are a robust in vitro model of liver fibrosis. This model could be used to further unravel the mechanism of HSC activation and facilitate the discovery of, or testing for novel anti-fibrotic compounds, as these spheroids better reproduce HSC in vivo activation compared to the more traditional 2D mono-culture models.
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Zhu S, Ye L, Bennett S, Xu H, He D, Xu J. Molecular structure and function of microfibrillar-associated proteins in skeletal and metabolic disorders and cancers. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:41-48. [PMID: 32572962 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfibrillar-associated proteins (MFAPs) are extracellular matrix glycoproteins, which play a role in microfibril assembly, elastinogenesis, and tissue homeostasis. MFAPs consist of five subfamily members, including MFAP1, MFAP2, MFAP3, MFAP4, and MFAP5. Among these, MFAP2 and MFAP5 are most closely related, and exhibit very limited amino acid sequence homology with MFAP1, MFAP3, and MFAP4. Gene expression profiling analysis reveals that MFAP2, MFAP5, and MFAP4 are specifically expressed in osteoblastic like cells, whereas MFAP1 and MFAP3 are more ubiquitously expressed, indicative of their diverse role in the tropism of tissues. Molecular structural analysis shows that each MFAP family member has distinct features, and functional evidence reveals discrete purposes of individual MFAPs. Animal studies indicate that MFAP2-deficient mice exhibit progressive osteopenia with elevated receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression, whereas MFAP5-deficient mice are neutropenic, and MFAP4-deficient mice displayed emphysema-like pathology and the impaired formation of neointimal hyperplasia. Emerging data also suggest that MFAPs are involved in cancer progression and fat metabolism. Further understanding of tissue-specific pathophysiology of MFAPs might offer potential novel therapeutic targets for related diseases, such as skeletal and metabolic disorders, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dengwei He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Kara SP, Özkan G, Gür DÖ, Emeksiz GK, Yılmaz A, Bayrakçı N, Güzel S. Relationship between Microfibrillar-Associated Protein 4 Levels and Subclinical Myocardial Damage in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cardiorenal Med 2020; 10:257-265. [PMID: 32268335 DOI: 10.1159/000506827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem, in which mortality is most frequently due to cardiovascular diseases. Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is an extracellular matrix protein. MFAP4 is involved in several biological processes, particularly the maintenance of vascular integrity and extracellular matrix remodeling. Our review of the literature revealed no data concerning MFAP4 levels in CKD and its relationship with myocardial functions. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate MFAP4 levels in CKD, parameters affecting these, and the relationship with myocardial functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-nine CKD patients and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Routine biochemical tests and echocardiography were performed once demographic data had been recorded. Blood specimens were collected for MFAP4 analysis, and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS MFAP4 levels were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p< 0.001). Doppler parameters revealed more frequent LV diastolic impairment in the patient group. Tissue Doppler systolic velocity and global longitudinal strain were significantly impaired, revealing the subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in CKD patients. MFAP4 elevation in the patient group was positively correlated with aortic root (AR), global circumferential strain (GCS), and GCS rate. CONCLUSION Our results showed MFAP4 elevation in CKD for the first time in the literature, and that this elevation may be related to GCS and AR dilation. We think that, once supported by further studies, MFAP4 may constitute a marker in the evaluation of myocardial functions in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonat Pınar Kara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Gülsüm Özkan
- Department of Nephrology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey,
| | - Demet Özkaramanlı Gür
- Department of Cardiology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Gaye Kübra Emeksiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Ahsen Yılmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Nergiz Bayrakçı
- Department of Nephrology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Savaş Güzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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Lee SH, Shin HP, Lee JI. Real-world single-center experience with direct-acting antivirals for improvement of the liver fibrosis after chronic hepatitis C treatment. Antivir Chem Chemother 2020; 28:2040206620974835. [PMID: 33215505 PMCID: PMC7683836 DOI: 10.1177/2040206620974835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are known to eradicate chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus infection and prevent the progression of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis may predispose to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. We investigated the effect of DAAs on liver fibrosis using non-invasive methods, and evaluated the correlations of these methods. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 68 patients with CHC who were treated with DAAs and reached sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post-treatment from January 2016 to October 2018. The degree of liver fibrosis was assessed using serum biomarkers, such as AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index. Liver stiffness was assessed using two-dimensional shear-wave elastography (2 D-SWE). The pre- and post-treatment serum biomarker levels and SWE findings were evaluated and compared. RESULTS A total of 68 patients with CHC were enrolled. The median age was 58 years (52.3-73 years) and 37 patients (54.4%) were female. After treatment, the median APRI was decreased from 0.701 to 0.328 (P < 0.0001), and the median FIB-4 was decreased from 2.355 to 1.860 (P < 0.0001). The median kPa in 2 D-SWE significantly reduced from 6.85 to 5.66 (P = 0.013). APRI and FIB-4 were significantly correlated pre- and post-treatment; however, the correlation between the serum biomarkers and 2 D-SWE was partially significant. CONCLUSION The serum fibrosis biomarkers and liver stiffness on 2 D-SWE were shown to be improved after the treatment with DAAs. Further research including larger number of patients is needed to compare the efficacy of each evaluating method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Phil Shin
- Hyun Phil Shin, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea.
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Eom YW, Baik SK. Biomarker microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 for non-invasive diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C. Clin Mol Hepatol 2018; 25:37-39. [PMID: 30531664 PMCID: PMC6435975 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2018.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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