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Jung-Schroers V, Jung A, Ryll M, Bauer J, Teitge F, Steinhagen D. Diagnostic methods for identifying different Aeromonas species and examining their pathogenicity factors, their correlation to cytotoxicity and adherence to fish mucus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:189-219. [PMID: 30521094 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, acting as facultative or obligate pathogens for fish. Identifying Aeromonas spp. is important for pathogenesis and prognosis in diagnostic cases but can be difficult because of their close relationship. Forty-four already characterized isolates of Aeromonas spp. were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, by gyrase B sequencing, by analysing their fatty acid profiles, by biochemical reactions and by MALDI-TOF MS. To determine their pathogenicity, cytotoxicity, adhesion to mucus and the expression of 12 virulence factors were tested. The susceptibility of the isolates towards 13 different antibiotics was determined. MALDI-TOF MS was found to be an acceptable identification method for Aeromonas spp. Although the method does not detect all species correctly, it is time-effective and entails relatively low costs and no other methods achieved better results. A high prevalence of virulence-related gene fragments was detected in almost all examined Aeromonas spp., especially in A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida, and most isolates exhibited a cytotoxic effect. Single isolates of A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida showed multiple resistance to antibiotics. These results might indicate the potentially pathogenic capacity of Aeromonas spp., suggesting a risk for aquatic animals and even humans, given their ubiquitous nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne Jung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Ryll
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Torabi Delshad S, Soltanian S, Sharifiyazdi H, Bossier P. Effect of quorum quenching bacteria on growth, virulence factors and biofilm formation of Yersinia ruckeri in vitro and an in vivo evaluation of their probiotic effect in rainbow trout. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1429-1438. [PMID: 30014501 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Five N-acyl homoserine lactone-degrading bacteria (quorum quenching (QQ) strains) were selected to evaluate their impacts on growth, virulence factors and biofilm formation in Yersinia ruckeri in vitro. No difference was observed among the growth pattern of Y. ruckeri in monoculture and coculture with the QQ strains. To investigate the regulation of virulence factors by quorum sensing in Y. ruckeri, cultures were supplemented with 3oxo-C8-HSL. The results indicated that swimming motility and biofilm formation are positively regulated by QS (p < 0.05), whereas caseinase, phospholipase and haemolysin productions are not influenced by 3oxo-C8-HSL (p > 0.05). The QQs were able to decrease swimming motility and biofilm formation in Y. ruckeri. QQ bacteria were supplemented to trout feed at 108 CFU/g (for 40 days). Their probiotic effect was verified by Y. ruckeri challenge either by immersion or injection in trout. All strains could significantly increase fish survival with Bacillus thuringiensis and Citrobacter gillenii showing the highest and lowest relative percentage survival (RPS) values (respectively, 85% and 38%). Besides, there was no difference between the RPS values by either immersion or injection challenge expect for B. thuringiensis. The putative involvement of the QQ capacity in the protection against Yersinia is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Torabi Delshad
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siyavash Soltanian
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Sharifiyazdi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vanhooren V, Vandenbroucke RE, Dewaele S, Van Hamme E, Haigh JJ, Hochepied T, Libert C. Mice overexpressing β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase I are resistant to TNF-induced inflammation and DSS-induced colitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79883. [PMID: 24339869 PMCID: PMC3855152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an essential post-translational modification, which determines the function of proteins and important processes such as inflammation. β-1,4-galactosyltransferase I (βGalT1) is a key enzyme involved in the addition of galactose moieties to glycoproteins. Intestinal mucins are glycoproteins that protect the gut barrier against invading pathogens and determine the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Proper glycosylation of mucus is important in this regard. By using ubiquitously expressing βGalT1 transgenic mice, we found that this enzyme led to strong galactosylation of mucus proteins, isolated from the gut of mice. This galactosylation was associated with a drastic change in composition of gut microbiota, as TG mice had a significantly higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. TG mice were strongly protected against TNF-induced systemic inflammation and lethality. Moreover, βGalT1 transgenic mice were protected in a model of DSS-induced colitis, at the level of clinical score, loss of body weight, colon length and gut permeability. These studies put βGalT1 forward as an essential protective player in exacerbated intestinal inflammation. Optimal galactosylation of N-glycans of mucus proteins, determining the bacterial composition of the gut, is a likely mechanism of this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Vanhooren
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylviane Dewaele
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Hamme
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jody J. Haigh
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Estensoro I, Jung-Schroers V, Álvarez-Pellitero P, Steinhagen D, Sitjà-Bobadilla A. Effects of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa) infection on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) (Teleostei) intestinal mucus: glycoprotein profile and bacterial adhesion. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:567-76. [PMID: 23086443 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei causes severe desquamative enteritis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) (Teleostei) that impairs nutrient absorption causing anorexia and cachexia. In fish, as in terrestrial vertebrates, intestinal goblet cells are responsible for the adherent mucus secretion overlying epithelial cells, which constitutes a first line of innate immune defense against offending microorganisms but serves also as substrate and nutrient source for the commensal microflora. The secreted intestinal mucus of parasitized (n = 6) and unexposed (n = 8) gilthead sea bream was isolated, concentrated, and subjected to downward gel chromatography. Carbohydrate and protein contents (via PAS and Bradford stainings), terminal glycosylation (via lectin ELISA), and Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginolyticus adhesion were analyzed for the isolated intestinal mucins. Parasitized fish, compared with unexposed fish, presented intestinal mucus mucins with a lower glycoprotein content and glycosylation degree at the anterior and middle intestine, whereas both glycoprotein content and glycosylation degree increased at the posterior intestine section, though only significantly for the total carbohydrate content. Additionally, a slight molecular size increase was detected in the mucin glycoproteins of parasitized fish. Terminal glycosylation of the mucus glycoproteins in parasitized fish pointed to an immature mucin secretion (N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine increase, α-L-fucose, and neuraminic-acid-α-2-6-galactose reduction). Bacterial adhesion to large-sized mucus glycoproteins (>2,000 kDa) of parasitized fish was significantly lower than in unexposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Estensoro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Torre de Sal s/n, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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Estensoro I, Benedito-Palos L, Palenzuela O, Kaushik S, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. The nutritional background of the host alters the disease course in a fish-myxosporean system. Vet Parasitol 2010; 175:141-50. [PMID: 20947256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to determine if a practical plant protein-based diet containing vegetable oils (VO) as the major lipid source could alter the disease course when challenged with the myxosporean Enteromyxum leei, a wide-spread parasite in the Mediterranean basin causing heavy economic losses. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed for 9 months either a fish oil (FO) diet or a blend of VOs at 66% of replacement (66VO diet) were challenged by exposure to parasite-contaminated water effluent. All fish were periodically and non-lethally sampled to obtain biometrical data and to know their infection status. After 102 days of exposure, fish were euthanized and haematological, biometrical, histological, immunological, glutathione and anti-oxidant data were obtained from tissue, blood and serum samples. Anorexia appeared in both exposed groups, but feed intake reduction was higher in 66VO fish. The signs of disease (lower growth, condition factor, specific growth rate, haematocrit) as well as the disease course were worse in fish from 66VO group, with a higher prevalence and intensity of infection, a higher percentage of fish harbouring the parasite in the entire intestinal tract, and a faster establishment of the parasite. Parasite intensity of infection was negatively correlated with growth parameters and haematocrit in both groups, and with complement, lysozyme and hepatic total glutathione in 66VO fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Department of Marine Species Biology, Culture and Pathology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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