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Wiens GD, Marancik DP, Chadwick CC, Osbourn K, Reid RM, Leeds TD. Plasma proteomic profiling of bacterial cold water disease-resistant and -susceptible rainbow trout lines and biomarker discovery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265386. [PMID: 37928534 PMCID: PMC10623068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation for disease resistance is present in salmonid fish; however, the molecular basis is poorly understood, and biomarkers of disease susceptibility/resistance are unavailable. Previously, we selected a line of rainbow trout for high survival following standardized challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp), the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease. The resistant line (ARS-Fp-R) exhibits over 60 percentage points higher survival compared to a reference susceptible line (ARS-Fp-S). To gain insight into the differential host response between genetic lines, we compared the plasma proteomes from day 6 after intramuscular challenge. Pooled plasma from unhandled, PBS-injected, and Fp-injected groups were simultaneously analyzed using a TMT 6-plex label, and the relative abundance of 513 proteins was determined. Data are available via ProteomeXchange, with identifier PXD041308, and the relative protein abundance values were compared to mRNA measured from a prior, whole-body RNA-seq dataset. Our results identified a subset of differentially abundant intracellular proteins was identified, including troponin and myosin, which were not transcriptionally regulated, suggesting that these proteins were released into plasma following pathogen-induced tissue damage. A separate subset of high-abundance, secreted proteins were transcriptionally regulated in infected fish. The highest differentially expressed protein was a C1q family member (designated complement C1q-like protein 3; C1q-LP3) that was upregulated over 20-fold in the infected susceptible line while only modestly upregulated, 1.8-fold, in the infected resistant line. Validation of biomarkers was performed using immunoassays and C1q-LP3, skeletal muscle troponin C, cathelcidin 2, haptoglobin, leptin, and growth and differentiation factor 15 exhibited elevated concentration in susceptible line plasma. Complement factor H-like 1 exhibited higher abundance in the resistant line compared to the susceptible line in both control and challenged fish and thus was a baseline differentiator between lines. C1q-LP3 and STNC were elevated in Atlantic salmon plasma following experimental challenge with Fp. In summary, these findings further the understanding of the differential host response to Fp and identifies salmonid biomarkers that may have use for genetic line evaluation and on-farm health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D. Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - David P. Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada
| | | | - Keira Osbourn
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Ross M. Reid
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Timothy D. Leeds
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
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Chew XZ, Gibson-Kueh S. The haematology of clinically healthy, farmed juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch)-reference intervals, and indicators of subclinical disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:1109-1124. [PMID: 37452465 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study establishes the blood reference intervals (RIs) for clinically healthy and farmed juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), within 4-6 weeks after stocking into flow-through, marine aquaculture systems. The 90% percentile RIs (n = 156, mean bodyweight 41.8 g) are as follows: glucose (GLU) 2.4-11.3 mmol/L, haematocrit (Hct) 18.9%-39.2%, haemoglobin concentration (Hb) 56.0-85.0 g/L, total plasma protein (TPP) 56.0-77.0 g/L, total red blood cell (RBC) count 4.1-11.2 × 1012 /L, total white blood cell (WBC) count 5.3-69.9 × 109 /L, total lymphocytes 4.7-51.4 × 109 /L, monocytes 0.3-16.2 × 109 /L and heterophils count 0.6-8.4 × 109 /L. Pearson's method analysis showed weak but significantly positive correlations between fish bodyweight and Hct, Hb, TPP and total RBC count (p < 0.05). Histopathology of 42 of the 156 clinically healthy fish used to derive the RIs, with blood values within the 90% percentile range, did not exhibit any abnormal pathology. In contrast, histopathology from a different group of clinically healthy L. calcarifer (n = 72, mean bodyweight 31.3 g) with blood values falling outside of these established 90% percentile RIs showed that 25% of these fish had severe, chronic granulomatous enteritis, and 13% had severely depleted lipid stores in their liver. Point biserial correlation analysis of blood values from this second group of 72 fish showed that elevated total WBC, monocyte and heterophil counts and reduced Hct levels are significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the occurrence of severe, chronic granulomatous enteritis and depleted lipid stores in their liver. Reduced blood GLU and TPP levels in the second group of fish were significantly associated with fish that had depleted lipid stores in liver (p < 0.05), corroborating a period of malnutrition. This study is among the first to establish blood RIs for clinically healthy, farmed juvenile L. calcarifer and detection of subclinical diseases in fish to support early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhe Chew
- James Cook University Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Susan Gibson-Kueh
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University, Singapore City, Singapore
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Harris SJ, Bray DP, Adamek M, Hulse DR, Steinhagen D, Hoole D. Effect of β-1/3,1/6-glucan upon immune responses and bacteria in the gut of healthy common carp (Cyprinus carpio). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:444-455. [PMID: 31782796 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans are frequently included in the diet of healthy common carp Cyprinus carpio as a pre-emptive measure for combatting disease. In order to study the effect this has on the relationship between the gut bacteria and host immune response, carp were maintained on either a β-glucan free diet or feed containing 0.1% MacroGard®, a β-1/3, 1/6-glucan, for up to 7 weeks and analysis of innate immune gene expression and molecular analysis of the gut bacteria was performed. The data reveals feeding of MacroGard® to healthy carp does not induce bactericidal innate immune gene expression in the gut but does appear to alter bacterial species richness that did not have a negative effect on overall health. Analysis of innate immune gene expression within the upper midgut revealed that there were significant changes over time in the expression of Interleukin (il)-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), mucin (muc2) and C-reactive protein (crp2). Diet did not affect the number of copies of the bacterial 16s rDNA gene in the gut, used as a as a measure of total bacteria population size. However, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed a shift in bacterial species richness with MacroGard feeding. Bactericidal immune gene expression of crp2, muc2 and il-1β was weakly correlated with gut bacteria population size indicating a potentially limited role of these genes in interacting with the gut bacteria in healthy carp in order to maintain gut homeostatic conditions. These findings highlight the importance of considering both host immunity and the microbiome together in order to fully elucidate the effeect of immunomodulants, such as β-glucans, upon gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Harris
- School of Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Newcastle, UK
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Daniel P Bray
- Agriculture, Health and Environment Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - David R Hulse
- School of Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - David Hoole
- School of Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Newcastle, UK
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Transcriptomic response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skeletal muscle to Flavobacterium psychrophilum. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 31:100596. [PMID: 31174158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the etiologic agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS). This pathogen infects a wide variety of salmonid species during freshwater stages, causing significant losses in the aquaculture industry. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with F. psychrophilum, presents as the main external clinical sign ulcerative lesions and necrotic myositis in skeletal muscle. We previously reported the in vitro cytotoxic activity of F. psychrophilum on rainbow trout myoblast, however little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the in vivo pathogenesis in skeletal muscle. In this study, we examined the transcriptomic profiles of skeletal muscle tissue of rainbow trout intraperitoneally challenged with low infection dose of F. psychrophilum. Using high-throughput RNA-seq, we found that 233 transcripts were up-regulated, mostly associated to ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and apoptosis. Conversely, 189 transcripts were down-regulated, associated to skeletal muscle contraction. This molecular signature was consistent with creatine kinase activity in plasma and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle. Moreover, the increased caspase activity suggests as a whole skeletal muscle atrophy induced by F. psychrophilum. This study offers an integrative analysis of the skeletal muscle response to F. psychrophilum infection and reveals unknown aspects of its pathogenesis in rainbow trout.
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Kutyrev I, Cleveland B, Leeds T, Wiens GD. Proinflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor gene expression kinetics following challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum in resistant and susceptible lines of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:542-553. [PMID: 27693200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp) is the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) which causes appreciable economic losses in rainbow trout aquaculture. We previously reported development of a genetic line, designated ARS-Fp-R that exhibits higher survival relative to a susceptible line, designated ARS-Fp-S, following either laboratory or natural on-farm challenge. The objectives of this study were to determine the temporal kinetics of gene expression between experimentally-challenged ARS-Fp-R and ARS-Fp-S fish and the correlation between gene expression and pathogen load. We developed a GeXP multiplex RT-PCR assay to simultaneously examine expression of immune-relevant genes, concentrating on tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 ligand/receptor systems and acute phase response genes. Spleen tissue was sampled at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h and 144 h post-challenge and pathogen load quantified by qPCR. Transcript abundance of cytokine genes tnfa1, tnfa2, tnfa3, il1b1, il1b2, il11a; acute phase response genes saa and drtp1; and putative cytokine receptors il1r1-like-b, il1r2, tnfrsf1a, tnfrsf9, tnfrsf1a-like-b increased following challenge while the transcript abundance of il1r-like-1 and tnfrsf1a-like-a decreased compared to PBS-injected line-matched control fish. Principal component analysis identified transcript levels of genes il1r-like-1 and tnfrsf1a-like-a as exhibiting differential expression between genetic lines. In summary, Fp i.p. injection challenge elicited a proinflammatory cytokine gene expression response in the spleen, with ARS-Fp-R line fish exhibiting modestly higher basal expression levels of several putative cytokine receptors. This study furthers the understanding of the immune response following Fp challenge and differences in gene expression associated with selective breeding for disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kutyrev
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 11861 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA; Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi St., 6, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia.
| | - Beth Cleveland
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 11861 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - Timothy Leeds
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 11861 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 11861 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
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Marancik D, Gao G, Paneru B, Ma H, Hernandez AG, Salem M, Yao J, Palti Y, Wiens GD. Whole-body transcriptome of selectively bred, resistant-, control-, and susceptible-line rainbow trout following experimental challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Front Genet 2015; 5:453. [PMID: 25620978 PMCID: PMC4288049 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic improvement for enhanced disease resistance in fish is an increasingly utilized approach to mitigate endemic infectious disease in aquaculture. In domesticated salmonid populations, large phenotypic variation in disease resistance has been identified but the genetic basis for altered responsiveness remains unclear. We previously reported three generations of selection and phenotypic validation of a bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) resistant line of rainbow trout, designated ARS-Fp-R. This line has higher survival after infection by either standardized laboratory challenge or natural challenge as compared to two reference lines, designated ARS-Fp-C (control) and ARS-Fp-S (susceptible). In this study, we utilized 1.1 g fry from the three genetic lines and performed RNA-seq to measure transcript abundance from the whole body of naive and Flavobacterium psychrophilum infected fish at day 1 (early time-point) and at day 5 post-challenge (onset of mortality). Sequences from 24 libraries were mapped onto the rainbow trout genome reference transcriptome of 46,585 predicted protein coding mRNAs that included 2633 putative immune-relevant gene transcripts. A total of 1884 genes (4.0% genome) exhibited differential transcript abundance between infected and mock-challenged fish (FDR < 0.05) that included chemokines, complement components, tnf receptor superfamily members, interleukins, nod-like receptor family members, and genes involved in metabolism and wound healing. The largest number of differentially expressed genes occurred on day 5 post-infection between naive and challenged ARS-Fp-S line fish correlating with high bacterial load. After excluding the effect of infection, we identified 21 differentially expressed genes between the three genetic lines. In summary, these data indicate global transcriptome differences between genetic lines of naive animals as well as differentially regulated transcriptional responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marancik
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Guangtu Gao
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Bam Paneru
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Hao Ma
- Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alvaro G Hernandez
- High-Throughput Sequencing and Genotyping Unit, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Jianbo Yao
- Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yniv Palti
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Kearneysville, WV, USA
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