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Hiltunen Thorén M, Onuț-Brännström I, Alfjorden A, Pecková H, Swords F, Hooper C, Holzer AS, Bass D, Burki F. Comparative genomics of Ascetosporea gives new insight into the evolutionary basis for animal parasitism in Rhizaria. BMC Biol 2024; 22:103. [PMID: 38702750 PMCID: PMC11069148 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascetosporea (Endomyxa, Rhizaria) is a group of unicellular parasites infecting aquatic invertebrates. They are increasingly being recognized as widespread and important in marine environments, causing large annual losses in invertebrate aquaculture. Despite their importance, little molecular data of Ascetosporea exist, with only two genome assemblies published to date. Accordingly, the evolutionary origin of these parasites is unclear, including their phylogenetic position and the genomic adaptations that accompanied the transition from a free-living lifestyle to parasitism. Here, we sequenced and assembled three new ascetosporean genomes, as well as the genome of a closely related amphizoic species, to investigate the phylogeny, origin, and genomic adaptations to parasitism in Ascetosporea. RESULTS Using a phylogenomic approach, we confirm the monophyly of Ascetosporea and show that Paramyxida group with Mikrocytida, with Haplosporida being sister to both groups. We report that the genomes of these parasites are relatively small (12-36 Mb) and gene-sparse (~ 2300-5200 genes), while containing surprisingly high amounts of non-coding sequence (~ 70-90% of the genomes). Performing gene-tree aware ancestral reconstruction of gene families, we demonstrate extensive gene losses at the origin of parasitism in Ascetosporea, primarily of metabolic functions, and little gene gain except on terminal branches. Finally, we highlight some functional gene classes that have undergone expansions during evolution of the group. CONCLUSIONS We present important new genomic information from a lineage of enigmatic but important parasites of invertebrates and illuminate some of the genomic innovations accompanying the evolutionary transition to parasitism in this lineage. Our results and data provide a genetic basis for the development of control measures against these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hiltunen Thorén
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden.
- Present Address: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius V. 20 A, Stockholm, SE-114 18, Sweden.
- Present Address: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, SE-114 18, Sweden.
| | - Ioana Onuț-Brännström
- Present Address: Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden
- Present Address: Natural History Museum, Oslo University, Oslo, 0562, Norway
| | - Anders Alfjorden
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Hana Pecková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Fiona Swords
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, H91R673, Ireland
| | - Chantelle Hooper
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - David Bass
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Natural History Museum (NHM), Science, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Fabien Burki
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Martin S, Cheslett D, Collins E, Georgieva S, Connor IO, Swords F, Dwyer KO. Variation in Paramarteilia canceri infections in velvet crab Necora puber. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 157:61-72. [PMID: 38421008 DOI: 10.3354/dao03772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable management of crustacean populations requires an understanding of the range of factors affecting different crustacean species. Recently, a high prevalence of a paramyxid parasite, Paramarteilia canceri, was reported in velvet crabs Necora puber in Ireland. Similar parasites have been known to cause mass mortalities in bivalves and, as velvet crabs are an important commercial species, these parasite infections are cause for concern. The main objective of this study was to examine variation in P. canceri infections in relation to host biology and season over a 2 yr period. In addition, we tested a range of host tissues and organs to gain more information on the host-parasite interaction. The parasite was present in all tissues and organs investigated, including the gonad and eggs of a berried female. Parasite prevalence was highest in the cuticular epithelium and hepatopancreas. Both annual and seasonal variation was found in parasite prevalence and parasite load. No difference was found in parasite prevalence or parasite load with either crab size or crab sex. Granulomas as a response to infection were significantly more abundant in infected velvet crab individuals. The results of this study provide important information on the host-parasite interaction between P. canceri and the velvet crab and highlight the importance of including parasite monitoring in the management of crustacean fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Martin
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Old Dublin Road, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland
| | | | | | - Simona Georgieva
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 28644 Cheongju, South Korea
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ian O Connor
- Natural Resources and the Environment, Atlantic Technological University, Old Dublin Road, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland
| | - Fiona Swords
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Katie O Dwyer
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Old Dublin Road, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland
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Alimin AWF, Yusoff NAH, Kadriah IAK, Anshary H, Abdullah F, Jabir N, Susianingsih E, Hassan M. Parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium in marine decapod crustaceans: a review on current knowledge and future perspectives. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:49. [PMID: 38095702 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic dinoflagellates of the genus Hematodinium are known to infect various marine crustaceans worldwide, especially crabs and several species of shrimp and lobster. Some of these species are new host species and components of commercial fishery products. These parasitic species are predominantly found in the hemolymph of the host and cause pathological changes and functional damage to organs and tissues, leading to death. In recent years, these parasites have infected important commercially valuable species, particularly in European waters, US waters, Australian waters, and recently in Shandong Peninsula in China. These Hematodinium pathogens were also reported to affect wild shrimp in Chinese waters and in the English North Sea. These rapid spreads affect crustacean aquaculture industries, where they are indeed a significant threat to the sustainability of the aquaculture of important crustaceans. The fishery products industries are also under pressure from the invasion of this pathogen, as the crab meat produced has a bitter taste, which may reduce its marketability. In response to these threats, this review was aimed at providing a broader understanding of the development of parasite distribution and ecological aspects of Hematodinium. In addition, the interaction of these pathogens with their hosts, the environmental drivers of Hematodinium disease, and future research perspectives were discussed.
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Grants
- Vot 63933 and 56053 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
- Vot 63933 and 56053 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
- Vot 63933 and 56053 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
- Vot 63933 and 56053 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
- Vot 63933 and 56053 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
- Vot 63933 and 56053 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
- Vot 63933 and 56053 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
- Vot 63933 and 56053 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
- Vot 55318 International Partnership Research Grant, University Malaysia Terengganu (IPRG)
- Vot 55318 International Partnership Research Grant, University Malaysia Terengganu (IPRG)
- Vot 55318 International Partnership Research Grant, University Malaysia Terengganu (IPRG)
- Vot 55318 International Partnership Research Grant, University Malaysia Terengganu (IPRG)
- Vot 55318 International Partnership Research Grant, University Malaysia Terengganu (IPRG)
- Vot 55318 International Partnership Research Grant, University Malaysia Terengganu (IPRG)
- Vot 55318 International Partnership Research Grant, University Malaysia Terengganu (IPRG)
- Vot 55318 International Partnership Research Grant, University Malaysia Terengganu (IPRG)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ade Wahyul Fajri Alimin
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Research Centre of Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Kab. Bogor, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nor Asma Husna Yusoff
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ince Ayu Khairana Kadriah
- Research Centre of Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Kab. Bogor, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Hilal Anshary
- Laboratory of Fish Parasites and Diseases, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, 90245, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Farizan Abdullah
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nurhidayah Jabir
- Research Centre of Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Kab. Bogor, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Endang Susianingsih
- Research Centre of Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Kab. Bogor, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Marina Hassan
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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