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Acuña K, Sapahia R, Jiménez IN, Antonietti M, Anzola I, Cruz M, García MT, Krishnan V, Leveille LA, Resch MD, Galor A, Habash R, DeBuc DC. Functional Near-Infrared Spectrometry as a Useful Diagnostic Tool for Understanding the Visual System: A Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:282. [PMID: 38202288 PMCID: PMC10779649 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the role of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) in advancing our understanding of the visual system. Beginning with an introduction to fNIRS, we delve into its historical development, highlighting how this technology has evolved over time. The core of the review critically examines the advantages and disadvantages of fNIRS, offering a balanced view of its capabilities and limitations in research and clinical settings. We extend our discussion to the diverse applications of fNIRS beyond its traditional use, emphasizing its versatility across various fields. In the context of the visual system, this review provides an in-depth analysis of how fNIRS contributes to our understanding of eye function, including eye diseases. We discuss the intricacies of the visual cortex, how it responds to visual stimuli and the implications of these findings in both health and disease. A unique aspect of this review is the exploration of the intersection between fNIRS, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI). We discuss how these cutting-edge technologies are synergizing with fNIRS to open new frontiers in visual system research. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective, envisioning the future of fNIRS in a rapidly evolving technological landscape and its potential to revolutionize our approach to studying and understanding the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Acuña
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA;
| | - Rishav Sapahia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Irene Newman Jiménez
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Arts & Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Michael Antonietti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Ignacio Anzola
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Marvin Cruz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Michael T. García
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Varun Krishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Lynn A. Leveille
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Miklós D. Resch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Anat Galor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Ranya Habash
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Delia Cabrera DeBuc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
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Shi W, He L, Lv B, Li L, Wu T. Evaluating the Acute Effect of Stereoscopic Recovery by Dichoptic Stimulation Using Electroencephalogram. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9497369. [PMID: 32351615 PMCID: PMC7174909 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9497369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amblyopia is a common developmental disorder in adolescents and children. Stereoscopic loss is a symptom of amblyopia that can seriously affect the quality of patient's life. Recent studies have shown that the push-pull perceptual learning protocol had a positive effect on stereoscopic recovery. In this study, we developed a stereoscopic training method using a polarized visualization system according to the push-pull protocol. Dichoptic stimulation for 36 anisometropic and amblyopic subjects and 33 children with normal visual acuity (VA) has been conducted. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to evaluate the neurophysiological changes before, during, and after stimulation. For the anisometropic and amblyopic subjects, the statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.01) in the beta rhythm at the middle temporal and occipital lobes, while the EEG from the normal VA subjects indicated no significant changes when comparing the results before and after training. We concluded that the dichoptic training in our study can activate the middle temporal visual area and visual cortex. The EEG changes can be used to evaluate the training effects. This study also found that the beta band EEG acquired during visual stimulation at the dorsal visual stream can be potentially used for predicting acute training effect. The results facilitated the optimization of the individual training plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang He
- China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Lv
- China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tongning Wu
- China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China
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Improvement of Adherence with Occlu-Pad Therapy for Pediatric Patients with Amblyopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2018:2394562. [PMID: 30596086 PMCID: PMC6282136 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2394562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to examine visual acuity improvement effect and adherence in amblyopia training using tablet type vision training equipment (Occlu-pad). The subjects were 138 patients with amblyopia (average age of 5.5 ± 1.6 years old); their amblyopic visual acuity at the start of training was logMAR 0.15 to 1.3. Occlu-pad is a device that processes images such that amblyopic eyes can only view the image as it passes through polarized glasses; this is achieved by peeling off the polarizing film layer in the liquid crystal display of an iPad (Apple). Amblyopia training comprised either the instructional training with Occlu-pad or the eye patch (Patching) as a family training, after wearing perfectly corrected glasses. Visual acuity improvement following amblyopia training by Occlu-pad and Patching was significantly different after 6 months in patients with anisometropic amblyopia (p <0.05). In patients with strabismic amblyopia, a significant difference between training methods was observed after 9 months (p <0.05). Use of the Occlu-pad resulted in better adherence for patients with either anisometropic amblyopia or strabismic amblyopia; a significant difference in adherence was observed after 3 months, compared with Patching (p <0.05). Amblyopia training with Occlu-pad supports greater visual acuity improvement and adherence than Patching.
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