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Sozcu A, Ipek A. The effects of lignocellulose supplementation on laying performance, egg quality parameters, aerobic bacterial load of eggshell, serum biochemical parameters, and jejunal histomorphological traits of laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3179-3187. [PMID: 32475454 PMCID: PMC7597654 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of lignocellulose supplementation (LS) on performance parameters, egg quality, aerobic bacterial load of eggshell, serum biochemical parameters, and jejunal histomorphological traits of laying hens between 18 and 38 wk of age. A total of 640 pullets at 16 wk of age were allotted to 4 treatment groups as 0 kg (control, CONT), 0.5 kg, 1 kg, and 2 kg LS per ton of feed. Body weight (BW), daily feed intake, egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), and efficiency of feed utilization (EF) were determined as the mean of each 3-wk period between 18 and 38 wk of age. Laying hens in the 1 kg LS group had a higher BW mean (1632.1 g, P < 0.001). The highest mean value of EP and EW were observed in 1 kg LS group (81.8% and 57.3 g, respectively), whereas the lowest values were found in the 2 kg LS group (78.6% and 54.4 g, respectively, P < 0.001). The mean of EF was the lowest in the 1 kg LS group (2.72, P < 0.001). There was a decline in eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness in the 2 kg LS, when compared with the 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). The total aerobic bacterial load of the eggshell was the lowest in the 1 kg LS group (4.7 log10 cfu/mL). The level of aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase showed an increment in both the CONT and 2 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). The high level of LS (2 kg per ton of feed) caused a decline in the levels of IgY, IgA and IgM, when compared to the 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). Laying hens in 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups had longer villus height (1335.9 μm) in the jejunum than the others (P < 0.001). These findings showed that the 1 kg LS per ton of feed improved EP and EW, eggshell quality, immunoglobulin levels and intestinal morphology, and decreased the total aerobic bacterial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sozcu
- Odemis Vocational High School, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - A Ipek
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Tomczyk Ł, Szablewski T, Stuper-Szablewska K, Nowaczewski S, Cegielska-Radziejewska R. The influence of the conditions of acquisition and storage of table eggs on changes in their quality and the presence of mycobiota and Fusarium mycotoxins. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2964-2971. [PMID: 30951601 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study showed that the hen housing system and egg storage conditions had significant influence on differences in the qualitative traits of eggs. The most rapid qualitative traits changes were observed in the eggs laid by the hens kept in the free-range and litter systems. After the first week of storage fungi were found on the eggshell surface but significant growth of fungi on the eggshell surface was noted after 3 wk, regardless of the storage conditions. Higher humidity during egg storage causes the dynamic development of fungi in the albumen. The principal component analysis proved the dependency between ergosterol and the trichothecene concentration in the albumen. Mycotoxins in the albumen indicate the presence of pathogenic species of microscopic fungi. The albumen of the eggs laid by the hens kept in cages had the lowest concentration of mycotoxins. The results of the study showed that the conditions of the henhouse environment significantly influenced the initial contamination of eggshells. Egg storage conditions, i.e., high air humidity, favor the development of fungi on the eggshell surface, affect the dynamics of fungal growth into the albumen and the production of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Tomczyk
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan 60-637, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szablewski
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan 60-637, Poland
| | | | - Sebastian Nowaczewski
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan 60-637, Poland
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Nogueira WCL, Pena ACS, Souza CND, Azevedo IL, Fariafilho DE, Almeida AC. Disinfection of Fertile Eggs of Free-Range Poultry with Essential Oils. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-9940200822019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The effect of the disinfection of fertile eggs of free-range poultry with essential oils from Cymbopogon flexuosus and Lippia rotundifolia was evaluated. The treatments applied to the eggs were (v v-1): 1% essential oil from C. flexuosus (CF), 1% essential oil from L. rotundifolia(LR), 0.1% CF + LR, and 0.1% quaternary ammonia (QA) (positive control). The eggs were incubated for 21 days, the birds from hatched eggs were counted and weighed, and not hatched eggs were opened and examined macroscopically to determine egg fertility, and embryonic death time. The antimicrobial action of the essential oils was determined through quantitative analyses, considering aerobic mesophylls, filamentous fungi, yeasts, and total coliforms. Mortality was high in the treatments, especially in the treatment with essential oil from C. flexuosus. The highest hatchability was found in the treatment with QA. The treatments with singly or combined essential oils were more efficient in decreasing microbial count than QA. The essential oils from C. flexuosus and L. rotundifolia reduced the microbial load of fertile eggs of the free-range poultry evaluated.
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Characterisation of the Mycobiota on the Shell Surface of Table Eggs Acquired from Different Egg-Laying Hen Breeding Systems. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070293. [PMID: 30012982 PMCID: PMC6071293 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial safety is an important factor contributing to the egg quality. During egg acquisition, there is significant risk of contamination of the eggshell surface with microscopic fungi. Mycelial hyphae may grow on the eggshell surface and penetrate into the egg content. However, there is no information on the populations of microscopic fungi on the eggshell surface and, consequently, on possible production of mycotoxins. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify the species of microscopic fungi present on the eggshell surface acquired from different breeding systems and to measure the number of selected mycotoxins. The qualitative analysis resulted in the identification of 41 isolates on the surface of eggs. There were 7 isolates from the organic production system, 11 from the free-range production system, 14 from the deep litter indoor housing system and 9 from the cage farming production system. The research proved that the diversification in the population of mycobiota on the eggshells depended on the egg-laying hen breeding system. The microscopic fungi isolated from the eggshells included toxigenic and pathogenic species such as Fusarium culmorum and F. equiseti. As the egg storage time increased, fungi, including the pathogenic species, penetrated through the eggshells. In consequence, mycotoxins were identified in the egg whites. Type-A and type-B trichothecenes were found in the eggshell samples containing F. culmorum.
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Matur E, Akyazi İ, Eraslan E, Ergul Ekiz E, Eseceli H, Keten M, Metiner K, Aktaran Bala D. The effects of environmental enrichment and transport stress on the weights of lymphoid organs, cell-mediated immune response, heterophil functions and antibody production in laying hens. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:284-92. [PMID: 26419323 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of environmental enrichment and transport stress on the immune system were investigated in laying hens. A total of 48 1-day-old chickens were used, half of the chickens were reared in conventional cages (RCC) and the rest in enriched cages (REC). Transport stress was applied in the 17th week. Liver weight decreased, spleen and bursa of Fabricius weights, white blood cell count, CD4+ and CD8+ cell proportions increased due to the transport. Environmental enrichment significantly increased antibody production and tended to increase monocyte percentage and CD8+ cell proportion. The effect of transport on, heterophil (H) and lymphocyte (L) percentages was not significant in RCC chickens. While heterophil percentage and H:L ratio increased, lymphocyte percentage decreased in REC chickens subjected to transport. Transport stress increased heterophil functions both in REC and RCC chickens, but the increase was higher in REC hens than in RCC hens. In conclusion, although environmental enrichment did not neutralize the effect of transport on lymphoid organs, it activated the non-specific immune system, cellular and the humoral branches of the specific immune system by increasing heterophil functions, CD8+ cells and antibody production, respectively. Therefore, environmental enrichment suggested for improving animal welfare may also be beneficial to improve the immune system of birds exposed to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Matur
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Akyazi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evren Eraslan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Ergul Ekiz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Eseceli
- Balikesir University, Bandirma Vocational High School, Bandirma, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Keten
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Metiner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Aktaran Bala
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Samiullah, Roberts J, Chousalkar K. Effect of production system and flock age on egg quality and total bacterial load in commercial laying hens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2013-00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Aygun A, Sert D. Effects of vacuum packing on eggshell microbial activity and egg quality in table eggs under different storage temperatures. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:1626-1632. [PMID: 23124536 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to establish the effects of vacuum packing on eggshell microbial activity and egg quality traits in table eggs during 42 days of storage at 5 and 22 °C. Treatments were no vacuum packing (control) and vacuum packing (VP). Egg quality traits measured included egg weight loss, specific gravity, shell strength, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk index, albumen pH, yolk pH, albumen colour and yolk colour. RESULTS VP eggs maintained higher specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit and yolk index and lower egg weight loss, albumen pH and yolk pH compared with control eggs after 42 days at 22 °C. VP eggs had lower levels of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp. and moulds/yeasts than control eggs over the storage period at both 5 and 22 °C. However, VP eggs had a higher level of coliforms than control eggs after 42 days at 5 °C. CONCLUSION The results indicated that vacuum packing extended the egg shelf life to at least 42 days compared with control eggs at 5 and 22 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aygun
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Selcuk University, Konya, 42075, Turkey.
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Alvarez-Fernández E, Domínguez-Rodríguez J, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C. Influence of housing systems on microbial load and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolates from eggs produced for human consumption. J Food Prot 2012; 75:847-53. [PMID: 22564932 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbial counts (aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophs, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and molds and yeasts) were obtained for the shells of 240 table eggs in northwestern Spain. Eggs from six sources (40 samples in each) were analyzed: chicken eggs from five different housing systems (conventional battery cages, barn, free range, organic, and domestic breeding) and quail eggs (cages). A total of 120 Escherichia coli strains (20 from each source) were tested by the disk diffusion method for resistance to 12 antimicrobial drugs of veterinary and human health significance. Aerobic plate counts ranged from 1.96 ± 1.0 (barn) to 3.69 ± 0.7 (domestic) log CFU/cm(2). Counts for most microbial groups differed significantly between sources. Eggs from domestic production had the highest contamination loads (P < 0.05) for aerobic bacteria, Enterococcus spp., and molds and yeasts and the highest prevalence of E. coli. Twenty-three E. coli isolates (19.17%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, and 80.83 % were resistant to one (22.50%) or more (58.33%) antimicrobials. The housing system had a significant influence (P < 0.05) on the average resistance per strain, with the highest resistance in conventional cage (2.85) and barn (3.10) systems followed by free range (1.55) and quail (1.95). Eggs from organic (1.00) and domestic (0.75) production systems had the lowest resistance per strain. The highest prevalence of resistance was observed for the groups of antimicrobials more frequently used on poultry farms. Our results suggest that a relationship exists between the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli strains and the more frequent use of antimicrobials in conventional (cage, barn, and free range) than in domestic and organic chicken housing systems. Education covering good sanitary practices for handling eggs to avoid cross-contamination or inadequate cooking is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alvarez-Fernández
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
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Guinebretière M, Huneau-Salaün A, Huonnic D, Michel V. Cage hygiene, laying location, and egg quality: the effects of linings and litter provision in furnished cages for laying hens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:808-16. [PMID: 22399718 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of litter provision and linings used for nests and pecking and scratching areas on cage hygiene, laying location, and egg quality. Research was carried out in furnished cages, each housing 60 beak-trimmed ISA Brown hens. Four different treatments were compared in a factorial arrangement, including 2 different nest linings (artificial turf vs. plastic mesh), either used alone or combined with the use of litter (wheat bran) spread over the rubber mat in the pecking and scratching area (PSA). An additional treatment, using artificial turf mat in the PSA and nests (as commonly used in commercial flocks), was used to compare the effect of PSA lining in the other treatments. We observed laying location, the number of dirty and broken eggs, the microbiological contamination of eggshells according to laying location, and general cage hygiene. The use of nests for laying decreased when they were lined with plastic mesh. Eggs laid outside the nest were of lower quality than those laid inside it, and this was particularly true for eggs laid in the PSA. Although hygiene was low on artificial turf mats, eggs laid on PSA covered with a rubber mat were dirtier and had a higher count of mesophilic bacteria on the eggshell than those laid on PSA covered with an artificial turf mat. Rubber mats in PSA were rapidly destroyed and proved to be unsuitable. The provision of litter had no effect on cage hygiene but substantially increased wear on mats. This study shows nest lining and litter provision methods to be key factors that need to be taken into account to encourage the use of nest boxes for laying, and hence, to ensure good egg quality. Further research into new linings for PSA is needed for the future improvement of egg-laying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guinebretière
- Anses-French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, BP 53 Route de Beaucemaine, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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Wall H. Production performance and proportion of nest eggs in layer hybrids housed in different designs of furnished cages. Poult Sci 2011; 90:2153-61. [PMID: 21933995 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare use of nests, production performance, and egg quality in 4 designs of furnished cages (FC) housing 8 (T8), 10 (T10), 20 (T20), or 40 (T40) layers. The FC housing 8 and 10 hens were commonly used in commercial egg production in Sweden, whereas the cages housing 20 and 40 hens constituted new designs, at present not allowed in Sweden. The FC also differed in design and location of litter facilities. The study comprised 2 full production cycles (20-72 wk of age). Trial 1 included 588 Hy-Line White W98 and 460 Hy-Line Brown layers, and trial 2 used 572 Lohmann Selected Leghorn and 588 Lohmann Brown layers. In accordance with Swedish prohibition, beak treatment was not conducted. In both trials production parameters and mortality were considered normal and levels were unaffected by cage design. Deaths attributable to cannibalistic pecking were rare. Overall, exterior egg quality was superior in T8 compared with T20 and T40, whereas T10 generated intermediate results. Genotype differences were found in production performance, exterior egg quality, and use of nests. In T8 and T10 at least 95% of the eggs were laid in nest whereas in T20 and T40 a considerable percentage of eggs were laid on the litter mat, constituting the litter facility in those cage models. Additional lighting of litter mats (trial 2) had no effect on layers' choice of site for egg laying. Dividing T40 cages in 2 identical cage halves by a rear partition with pop holes had no effect on any of the traits measured. In conclusion, housing larger groups of non-beak-treated hens together in FC is possible, with acceptable levels of production and mortality, provided that cannibalism does not develop. The inferior egg quality in T20 and T40, likely caused by the large proportions of misplaced eggs, needs to be considered in the further development of those cage designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wall
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hannah J, Wilson J, Cox N, Cason J, Bourassa D, Musgrove M, Richardson L, Rigsby L, Buhr R. Comparison of shell bacteria from unwashed and washed table eggs harvested from caged laying hens and cage-free floor-housed laying hens. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1586-93. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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De Reu K, Rodenburg T, Grijspeerdt K, Messens W, Heyndrickx M, Tuyttens F, Sonck B, Zoons J, Herman L. Bacteriological contamination, dirt, and cracks of eggshells in furnished cages and noncage systems for laying hens: An international on-farm comparison. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2442-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wall H, Tauson R, Elwinger K. Effects of litter substrate and genotype on layers' use of litter, exterior appearance, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios in furnished cages. Poult Sci 2009; 87:2458-65. [PMID: 19038800 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of sand versus sawdust as a litter bath substrate in furnished cages for laying hens were studied. The study used 112 Hy-Line White (HYW) and 140 Hy-Line Brown (HYB) layers housed in 18 furnished cages with 14 hens in each cage, generating 4 or 5 replicates per combination of genotype and litter substrate. Traits studied were mortality, feather cover, hygiene of hens, pecking wounds, heterophil/lymphocyte ratios, and hens' use of litter baths. Hens' litter bath use was measured by direct observations and by use of the passive integrated transponder technique. The latter technique allowed for recording of an individual hen's visits to litter baths during the 420-d study. There were no indications of differences between sand and sawdust as litter substrates in mortality rates, exterior appearance, or heterophil/lymphocyte ratios. Litter baths with sand or sawdust were occupied to the same extent but dustbathing behaviors were more frequently seen in baths with sawdust. Hens of both lines visited the litter bath to the same extent but HYB performed more dustbathing. There was large variation in the number of days that individual hens visited litter baths; in fact, 30% of the hens never entered litter baths, whereas some hens visited baths almost every day. The HYB hens had inferior feather cover compared with HYW, indicating that feather pecking occurred more frequently in cages with brown hens. The HYW hens had lower body weight, longer claws, and more comb wounds than HYB. In conclusion, sawdust seems to be an acceptable alternative to sand as a litter substrate in furnished cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wall
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-753 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Singh R, Cheng K, Silversides F. Production performance and egg quality of four strains of laying hens kept in conventional cages and floor pens. Poult Sci 2009; 88:256-64. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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