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Jiang Q, Liu Y, Ban Z, Zhang B. Broiler Age Differently Affects Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Net Energy of Expanded Soybean Meal. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1198. [PMID: 38672346 PMCID: PMC11047715 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurately determining the energy values of ingredients is crucial for meeting energy requirements and achieving maximum production performance of animals. This study was conducted to measure the available energy values of three expanded soybean meals (ESBMs) for Arbor Acres male broilers from 14 to 16 day and 28 to 30 day using the difference method. A corn-soybean basal diet was formulated, and test diets were developed with 25% ESBMs as substitutes for energy-yielding ingredients. A completely randomized design was used for determining heat production and energy balance of broilers in 12 open-circuit respiration chambers, with six replicates per group. Prior to measurement, four (14 to 16 day) or two (28 to 30 day) birds per chamber were given a 4-day adaption to diets and chambers. The period lasted for 3 days to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen balance, gas exchanges, and heat production. Broilers fed test diets with 25% ESBM exhibited higher nitrogen intake (p < 0.05), nitrogen excreta (p < 0.05), and increased energy deposition as protein irrespective of age (p < 0.05). Furthermore, results showed that AME, nitrogen corrected AME (AMEn), and net energy (NE) values of 3 ESBMs averaged 10.48, 8.93, and 6.88 MJ/kg for broilers from 14 to 16 day, while averaged 11.91, 10.42, and 6.43 MJ/kg for broilers from 28 to 30 day. Broilers from 28 to 30 day showed significantly higher AMEn values but lower NE/AME values of ESBMs compared with those from 14 to 16 day (p < 0.05). Therefore, age-dependent energy values of a single ingredient should be considered in feed formulations to optimize economic returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.J.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Yongfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.J.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zhibin Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.J.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolism, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling 136100, China
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.J.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.)
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Ali M, Joseph M, Alfaro-Wisaquillo MC, Quintana-Ospina GA, Patiño D, Vu T, Dean LL, Fallen B, Mian R, Taliercio E, Toomer O, Oviedo-Rondón EO. Effects of high oleic full-fat soybean meal on broiler live performance, carcass and parts yield, and fatty acid composition of breast fillets. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103399. [PMID: 38281331 PMCID: PMC10840106 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of high oleic oil full-fat (HO-FF) soybean meal (SBM) on broiler meat quality could lead to value-added food products. This experiment evaluated the effects of dietary normal oleic extruded expelled (NO-EE), normal oleic full-fat (NO-FF), or HO-FF SBM on live performance, carcass and parts yield, and breast fatty acid composition. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. A total of 540 Ross-708 male broilers were raised on floor pens with 18 broilers/pen and 10 replicates/treatment. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. Chickens were fed with a starter (0-14 d), grower (15-35 d), or a finisher diet (36-47 d) up to 47 d. Chickens were weighed at 7, 14, 35, and 47 d. At 48 d, 4 broilers per pen were processed. Breast samples were collected and evaluated for quality and fatty acid content. Broilers fed diets with NO-EE were heavier (P < 0.05) than chickens fed diets with full-fat SBM (NO-FF and HO-FF) at d 7, 14, 35 while feed conversion ratio (FCR) of NO-EE was best (P < 0.05) at 7 and 47 d. Carcass yield was also higher for broilers fed NO-EE than the other treatments. Diet did not affect parts yield, breast meat color, cooking, drip loss, white stripping, or SM quality parameters. More breast fillets without wooden breast (score 1) were observed (P < 0.05) for NO-FF than the other 2 treatments. The breast meat fatty acid profile (g fatty acid/100 g of all fatty acids) was significantly affected (P < 0.001) by diet. Broilers fed the HO-FF SBM diet had 54 to 86% more oleic acid, 72.5% to 2.2 times less linoleic acid, and reduced stearic and palmitic acid levels in the breast meat than NO-FF and NO-EE. In conclusion, feeding HO-FF to broilers enriched the oleic acid content of their breast meat while reducing the saturated fatty acid content relative to the NO-FF and NO-EE treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael Joseph
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | | | - Danny Patiño
- Trouw Nutrition-Latin America, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Thien Vu
- Food Science & Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Lisa L Dean
- Food Science & Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ben Fallen
- Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Rouf Mian
- Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Earl Taliercio
- Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ondulla Toomer
- Food Science & Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Risyahadi ST, Sukria HA, Retnani Y, Wijayanti I, Jayanegara A, Qomariyah N. Effects of dietary extrusion on the performance and apparent ileal digestion of broilers: a meta-analysis. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2023.2184277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sazli Tutur Risyahadi
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Heri Ahmad Sukria
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Yuli Retnani
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Indah Wijayanti
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Novia Qomariyah
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
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Ali M, Joseph M, Alfaro-Wisaquillo MC, Quintana-Ospina GA, Patiño D, Peñuela-Sierra LM, Vu T, Mian R, Taliercio E, Toomer O, Oviedo-Rondón EO. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of high-oleic full-fat soybean meal in broilers. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103152. [PMID: 37967503 PMCID: PMC10679806 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High-oleic (HO) soybean may serve as a value-added feed ingredient to enrich poultry meat due to its fatty acid content. However, the amino acid (AA) nutrient digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) made from these soybeans has yet to be determined. The objective of this study was to determine apparent ileal AA digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal AA digestibility (SID) of high-oleic full-fat (HO-FF) SBM compared to normal oleic full-fat (NO-FF), normal oleic extruded expeller (NO-EE), and solvent-extracted SBM (SE-SBM) in broilers. A nitrogen-free basal diet (NFD) was fed to 1 treatment group with 10 chicks/cage to determine basal endogenous losses (BEL). Titanium dioxide was used as an inert marker. The test diets contained 57.5% of the basal NFD and 42.5% of 1 of the 4 soybean sources. A total of 272 Ross-708 male broilers were placed in 40 battery cages with 5 treatments and 8 replicates per treatment. A common starter diet was provided to all the chickens for 14 d. Experimental diets were provided as a mash for 9 d before sample collection. Chickens were euthanized with CO2 on d 23, and contents of the distal ileum were collected, frozen, and freeze-dried. The BEL were similar to the values found in the literature. At d 23, broilers fed the SE-SBM had the highest body weight gain and best FCR compared to chickens fed the HO-FF and NO-FF treatments (P < 0.001). Broilers fed the SE-SBM and NO-EE experimental diets had (P < 0.001) higher apparent ileal AA digestibility and AA SID than broilers fed the HO-FF and NO-FF treatments. In conclusion, the SID of AA from HO-FF is similar to the digestibilities of other full-fat soybeans found in the literature and is lower than that of NO-EE and SE-SBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael Joseph
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootecnia, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | | | | | - Danny Patiño
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Trouw Nutrition-Latin America, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Lina-Maria Peñuela-Sierra
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootecnia, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Thien Vu
- Food Science & Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Rouf Mian
- Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Earl Taliercio
- Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ondulla Toomer
- Food Science & Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Kim HS, Li S, Zheng Y, Aldrich CG. Apparent total tract digestibility and palatability of extruded diets with graded levels of whole soybeans by dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1137788. [PMID: 37275615 PMCID: PMC10233050 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1137788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat has high energy density and is considered one of the primary energy sources for dogs, however, increasing fat level in dry dog food has been challenging due to the lubrication and limitation of the coating system. The objective was to determine the effect of whole soybeans (WSB) on nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and palatability by dogs. The corn gluten meal, chicken fat, and brewers rice were replaced by WSB at 10, 20, and 30% (WSB10, WSB20, and WSB30, respectively) in the base diet (WSB0). Twelve beagles were randomly assigned. The digestibility trial was duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design where dogs were allowed a 9-d adaptation followed by a 5-d total fecal collection for each period. Least-square means were analyzed with a single degree of freedom contrasts and significance at α = 0.05. Palatability was determined with a 2-bowl test by 20 beagles for 2 d with each WSB diet compared to the WSB0. First choice preference between two diets and total food consumption were recorded. Individual intake ratios (IR) were calculated (intake of each diet/total intake) for each dog. First choice (FC) was analyzed by a Chi-square probability, and the diet consumption was compared by a Wilcoxon signed rank test and a 2-way analysis of variance. Fecal moisture, output, and defecation frequency increased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB increased. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as dogs fed the increased level of WSB. The fresh fecal pH in dogs decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB content increased. The acetate, propionate, and the total short-chain fatty acid concentration increased linearly (P < 0.05) while the total branched-chain fatty acid concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB increased. Dogs had greater (P < 0.05) FC for WSB diets than WSB0, but there was no difference among treatments for diet consumption and IR. In conclusion, additional thermal processing before extrusion may improve nutrient digestibility of WSB. The stool quality and palatability were not affected, and fermentation in hindgut increased by WSB by dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles G. Aldrich
- Grain Science and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Colombino E, Karimi M, Ton Nu MA, Tilatti AA, Bellezza Oddon S, Calini F, Bergamino C, Fiorilla E, Gariglio M, Gai F, Capucchio MT, Schiavone A, Gasco L, Biasato I. Effects of feeding a thermomechanical, enzyme-facilitated, coprocessed yeast and soybean meal on growth performance, organ weights, leg health, and gut development of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102578. [PMID: 36933528 PMCID: PMC10031541 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a healthy gut during prestarter and starter phases is crucial to drive chicken's productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a thermomechanical, enzyme-facilitated, coprocessed yeast and soybean meal (pYSM) on growth performance, organ weights, leg health, and gut development in broiler chickens. A total of 576 as-hatched broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments (8 replicates/treatment, 24 chickens/replicate): a control group (C) without the pYSM, a treatment group 1 (T1), in which the pSYM was included at 20, 10, 5, 0, and 0% levels in the prestarter, starter, grower, finisher I, and finisher II feeding phases, respectively, and a treatment group 2 (T2), in which the pSYM was included at 5, 5, 5, 0, and 0% levels in each feeding phase. On d 3 and 10, 16 broilers/treatment were euthanized. The T1 broilers tended to show higher live weight (d 3 and 7) and average daily gain (prestarter and starter phases) than the other groups (P ≤ 0.10). Differently, pYSM-based diets did not influence the growth performance of the other feeding phases and the whole experimental period (P > 0.05). Relative weights of pancreas and liver were also unaffected by pYSM utilization (P > 0.05). Litter quality tended to have higher average scores in C group (P = 0.079), but no differences were observed for leg health (P > 0.05). Histomorphometry of gut, liver, and bursa of Fabricius was not affected by diet (P > 0.05). Gut immunity was driven to an anti-inflammatory pattern, with the reduction of IL-2, INF-γ, and TNF-α in the duodenum of treated birds (d 3, P < 0.05). Also, MUC-2 was greater in the duodenum of C and T2 group when compared to T1 (d 3, P = 0.016). Finally, T1-fed chickens displayed greater aminopeptidase activity in the duodenum (d 3 and 10, P < 0.05) and jejunum (d 3, P < 0.05). Feeding high levels of pYSM (10-20%) to broilers in the first 10 d tended to improve growth performance in the prestarter and starter phases. It also positively downregulated proinflammatory cytokines during the first 3 d, as well as stimulated the aminopeptidase activity in the prestarter and starter periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Sara Bellezza Oddon
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Bergamino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Edoardo Fiorilla
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Marta Gariglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco 10095, Italy; Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Turin, Italy.
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Zhang X, Zhou S, Liang Y, Xie G, Zhu M, Wang Z, Qu Q, Long Y, Lv Y, Peng J, Yuan Y, Huang Y, Wang W. Effects of Astragalus, Epimedium, and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extractive on antioxidant capacity, production performance, and immune mechanism of breeding pigeons under stress. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102350. [PMID: 36577268 PMCID: PMC9803782 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the large-scale and intensive development of pigeon breeding industry and the improvement of production level, stress factors have an important impact on the immune, antioxidant capacity, and productivity of pigeons. In this study, the extenuating effect of Astragalus, Epimedium, and Ligustrum lucidum (AEF) on the antioxidant, production performance, and immune mechanism was investigated in breeding pigeons. Eighty pairs of 11-month-old healthy breeding pigeons with the same egg production batch were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (C group), treated with AEF (AEF group), in restraint stress (S group) and treated with AEF and in restraint stress (S+AEF group). Results showed that AEF reduces weight loss during lactation and increases spleen weight, increased IgA, IgG, T4, GSH-Px, and SOD in serum and decreased T3 and MDA (P < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment with AEF declined HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, GR levels in liver and cFOS, GR mRNA levels in the Hypothalamus, GR mRNA levels in the pituitary (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the results of the intestine studies showed that AEF promoted relative abundances of Firmicutes and relieve intestinal injury in the colon of pigeons. These results indicated AEF enhanced stress resistance, immunity, production performance and antioxidant capacity of pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Yayan Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Gaijie Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Zifan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Qing Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Yifei Long
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Yantao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Jie Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Yaohui Yuan
- Shenyang Weijia Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenyang 110027, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanhua Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China,Corresponding author:
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8
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Extrusion and product parameters for extruded dog diets with graded levels of whole soybeans. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Effect of dietary incorporation of peanut and linseed meals with or without enzyme mixture on physiological performance of broilers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103291. [PMID: 35521356 PMCID: PMC9065897 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of feeding peanut meal and linseed meal (LSM) with or without enzyme mixture on growth, plasma metabolites, muscle amino acid (AA) profile, nutrient digestibility, and expression of nutrient absorption-related genes in broilers. A total of 560 one-day-old Cobb-500 male broiler chicks were distributed into eight experimental treatments (7 replications of 10 chicks each) as follows: This study was designed by using 560 one-day-old Cobb-500 male broiler chicks were distributed into eight experimental groups (7 replications of 10 chicks each) to evaluate the differences in body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, carcass parts, blood biochemical and mRNA expression genes. Group 1 (C) control fed the basal diet without supplements, Group 2 (C + E) is control group fed on 350 g/ton enzyme mixture, Group 3 (C + PNM100) is control group fed 100 kg/ton peanut meal, Group 4 (C + E + PNM100) is a control group fed on 350 g/ton enzyme mixture and 100 kg/ton peanut meal, Group 5 (C + LSM100) is a control group fed on 100 kg/ton linseed meal, Group 6 (C + E + LSM100) is a control group fed on 350 g/ton enzyme mixture and 100 kg/ton linseed meal, Group 7 (C + PNM50 + LSM50) is control group fed on 50 kg/ton peanut meal and 50 kg/ton linseed meal. Group 8 (C + E + PNM50 + LSM50) is the control group fed on 50 kg/ton peanut meal and 50 kg/ton linseed meal. Each gram of the enzyme mixture contains 11,000 U Xylanase, 6000 U Cellulase, 700 U β-Mannanase, 1500 U Phytase, 5 mg α-Amylase, and 2 mg Protease. No differences in Bodyweight, Bodyweight gain, Feed intake, and carcass parts were noticed among experimental groups, while abdominal fat (%) and FCR were reduced (P < 0.05) in PNM50 + LSM50 + E and LSM100 groups. Plasma metabolites were not altered except total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL, reduced (P < 0.01) in treated birds. Dietary inclusion of 100 kg PNM or LSM reduced (P < 0.05) methionine concentration in muscle, while all remaining AA and ammonia concentrations were unaffected. Hepatic MDA contents were reduced (P < 0.001) in treated groups. Nutrient digestibility was not altered among groups except for protein digestibility, which was elevated (P < 0.05) in PNM50 + LSM50 + E, E, and PNM100 + E groups. The highest mRNA expressions of PepT1, APN, SGLT1, HMGCR, GHr, and IGF-1 genes were noticed in PNM50 + LSM50 + E. Conclusively, PNM and LSM can efficiently substitute corn and soybean meal in broiler diets, particularly when fortified with exogenous enzymes, without negative impacts on broiler performance.
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Janocha A, Milczarek A, Pietrusiak D, Łaski K, Saleh M. Efficiency of Soybean Products in Broiler Chicken Nutrition. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030294. [PMID: 35158618 PMCID: PMC8833819 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The studies show how replacing soybean meal with soybean expeller cake or extruded full-fat soybean in feed rations for broiler chickens affects rearing results (weight gain, intake and conversion of feed), carcass composition (dressing percentage, musculature, fattens) and meat quality (physical properties: pH, colour, water holding capacity; the chemical composition: basic components, fatty acids and organoleptic value: flavour, tenderness, palatability and juiciness). Based on the results the use of soybean expeller cake in broiler chicken starter/grower diets can be recommended as it allowed for obtaining the best production and slaughter results. However, from the point of view of the human diet, extruded full-fat soybean should be suggested since it best modified the lipid fraction of muscles. Abstract The study aimed to determine the overall effect of replacing soybean meal completely with soybean expeller cake or extruded full-fat soybean in feed rations for broiler chickens on their carcass composition and meat quality. The experiment involved one hundred and twenty Ross 308 broiler chickens randomly allocated to three equinumerous groups (SBM, SEC, EFS). Each group was divided into five subgroups—each consisting of eight birds of both sexes (1:1). From Day 1 to Day 21 of life the birds were fed with loose starter rations, and from Day 22 to Day 42 they were fed grower rations based on a wheat meal, protein products and mineral and vitamin admixtures. The experimental factor was a protein raw material comprising: SBM group—soybean meal from GM (genetically modified) seeds, SEC—soybean expeller cake from n-GM seeds, and EFS—extruded full-fat soybean from n-GM seeds. The experimental diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. It was demonstrated that replacing soybean meal with SEC or EFS in feed rations for broiler chickens led to a significant (p < 0.05) weight gain on Day 42 of rearing by 4.57% and 2.88%, respectively. The chickens fed diets with EFS had worse (more than 4.14%) feed conversion rate (FCR) in comparison to the others (p < 0.05). Broiler chickens from the SBM and SEC groups showed a higher share of breast and leg muscles (by 4.74% and 7.54%) and a lower share of abdominal fat (by 31.1%) and skin with subcutaneous fat (by 18.8% and 13.4%) in comparison with birds from the EFS group (p < 0.05). The highest content of intramuscular fat with the best fatty acids profile was determined in the muscles of birds fed with diets containing EFS, while the muscles of chickens receiving SEC scored the highest. The results provide grounds for recommending SEC in broiler chicken nutrition as it allowed for obtaining the best production and slaughter results, whereas—from the point of view of the human diet—EFS should be recommended since it best modified the lipid fraction of muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Janocha
- Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Bolesława Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (A.J.); (D.P.); (K.Ł.)
| | - Anna Milczarek
- Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Bolesława Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (A.J.); (D.P.); (K.Ł.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-25-643-13-77
| | - Daria Pietrusiak
- Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Bolesława Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (A.J.); (D.P.); (K.Ł.)
| | - Kamil Łaski
- Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Bolesława Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (A.J.); (D.P.); (K.Ł.)
| | - Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture Production, Sohag University, Street Nasser City, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
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Norozi M, Rezaei M, Kazemifard M. Effect of different acid processing methodologies on the nutritional value and reduction of anti‐nutrients in soybean meal. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masomeh Norozi
- Department of Animal Science Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari Iran
| | - Mansour Rezaei
- Department of Animal Science Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemifard
- Department of Animal Science Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari Iran
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Growth performance of male broilers fed ExPress® soybean meal and high-shear dry extruded corn. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Biesek J, Banaszak M, Kuźniacka J, Adamski M. Characteristics of carcass and physicochemical traits of meat from male and female ducks fed a diet based on extruded soybean. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101170. [PMID: 34049212 PMCID: PMC8165568 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck' meat is characterized by good nutritional properties and gaining popularity in the consumer market. Extruded soybean is potentially more digestible than commonly use soybean meal (SBM), and is expected to influence carcass traits and the quality of breast and leg muscles. The study' aim was to compare meat quality from both sexes' ducks fed a diet with extruded soybean (ESB) as a substitute for SBM. Cherry Valley ducks were divided into two groups. The control group (1) was fed an SBM-based diet, and the treatment group (2) with ESB. Each group was divided into sex subgroups with 50 birds in each (5 replicates, 10 ducks each). Dissection and analysis of meats' pH, colour, water-holding capacity (WHC), drip loss and chemical composition of breast and leg muscles were done. Interaction of Diet and Sex was calculated. In group 2 higher carcass weight, dressing percentage, weight of wings, leg muscles, total muscles, and better WHC were found. Dressing percentage, the proportion of neck with skin, breasts' and stomach' weight, and the weight and proportion of fat, and pH45min were higher in females (P < 0.05). The interaction was found for the pre-slaughter body weight, the weight of carcass remains, WHC in breasts (P < 0.05). The ESB feed had no negative effect on the analyzed traits and can be used in the ducks' diet. Improved the WHC indicates the high suitability of meat for processing. A positive effect of diet on the muscles' proportion and dressing percentage was noticed, which is important for consumers' market. The sex-related differences and interactions between variables suggest separate rearing due to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Biesek
- Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP - University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Banaszak
- Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP - University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Kuźniacka
- Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP - University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Adamski
- Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP - University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Devi S, Varkey A, Dharmar M, Holt RR, Allen LH, Sheshshayee MS, Preston T, Keen CL, Kurpad AV. Amino Acid Digestibility of Extruded Chickpea and Yellow Pea Protein is High and Comparable in Moderately Stunted South Indian Children with Use of a Dual Stable Isotope Tracer Method. J Nutr 2020; 150:1178-1185. [PMID: 32006007 PMCID: PMC7198288 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legumes are an excellent plant source of the limiting indispensable amino acid (IAA) lysine in vegetarian, cereal-based diets. However, their digestibility is poor largely because of their antiprotease content. Extrusion can enhance digestibility by inactivating trypsin inhibitors and thus potentially improve the protein quality of legumes. OBJECTIVE We measured the digestibility of extruded chickpea and yellow pea protein with use of a dual stable isotope method in moderately stunted South Indian primary school children. METHODS Twenty-eight moderately stunted children (height-for-age z scores <-2.0 SD and >-3.0 SD) aged 6-11 y from low to middle socioeconomic status were randomly assigned to receive a test protein (extruded intrinsically [2H]-labeled chickpea or yellow pea) along with a standard of U-[13C]-spirulina protein to measure amino acid (AA) digestibility with use of a dual stable isotope method. Individual AA digestibility in the test protein was calculated by the ratios of AA enrichments in the test protein to the standard protein in the food and their appearance in blood plasma collected at 6 and 6.5 h during the experiment, representing a plateau state. RESULTS The mean AA digestibility of extruded chickpea and yellow pea protein in moderately stunted children (HAZ; -2.86 to -1.2) was high and similar in both extruded test proteins (89.0% and 88.0%, respectively, P = 0.83). However, lysine and proline digestibilities were higher in extruded chickpea than yellow pea (79.2% compared with 76.5% and 75.0% compared with 72.0%, respectively, P < 0.02). CONCLUSION Extruded chickpea and yellow pea protein had good IAA digestibility in moderately stunted children, which was 20% higher than an earlier report of their digestibility when pressure-cooked, measured by the same method in adults. Higher digestibility of lysine and proline highlights better retention of these AA in chickpea during extrusion-based processing. Extrusion might be useful for developing high-quality protein foods from legumes. This trial was registered at www.ctri.nic.in as CTRI/2018/03/012439.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Devi
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Aneesia Varkey
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Madan Dharmar
- Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Roberta R Holt
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M S Sheshshayee
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Thomas Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, UK
| | - Carl L Keen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Mollaei Berenti A, Yari M, Khalaji S, Hedayati M, Akbarian A, Yu P. Effect of extrusion of soybean meal on feed spectroscopic molecular structures and on performance, blood metabolites and nutrient digestibility of Holstein dairy calves. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:855-866. [PMID: 32138470 PMCID: PMC8100470 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Performance and physiological responses of dairy calves may change by using extruded soybean meal (ESBM) instead of common soybean meal (SBM) in starter feed. The aims of the current study were i) to determine the effect of extrusion processing of SBM on protein electrophoretic size, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) structures and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) protein sub-fractions and ii) to determine the effect of substitution of SBM with ESBM in starter feed of Holstein heifer calves during pre and post-weaning on performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites. Methods The SBM was substituted with ESBM at the level of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (dry matter [DM] basis). Fifty heifer calves (initial body weight 40.3±0.63 kg) were used for the study. After birth, animals were fed colostrum for 3 days and then they were fed whole milk until weaning. Animals had free access to starter feed and water during the study. Results Extrusion of SBM decreased electrophoretic protein size and increased rapidly degradable true protein fraction, changed FTIR protein and amide II region. With increasing level of ESBM in the diet, starter intake increased quadratically during the pre-weaning period (p<0.05) and body weight, DM intake and average daily gain increased linearly during the post-weaning and the whole study period (p<0.05). Tbe DM and crude protein digestibilities at week 14 and blood glucose and beta hydroxybutyric acid increased linearly in calves as the level of ESBM increased in the diet (p<0.05). Conclusion Dairy calves performance and physiological responses were sensitive to SBM protein characteristics including electrophoretic size, FTIR structures and CNCPS protein fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Mollaei Berenti
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Malayer University, 65719-95863, Malayer, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Yari
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Malayer University, 65719-95863, Malayer, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalaji
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Malayer University, 65719-95863, Malayer, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hedayati
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Malayer University, 65719-95863, Malayer, Iran
| | - Amin Akbarian
- Nardaneh Faravar Feedar Company, Kharazmi Industrial Park, Sharif Abad, Pak Dasht, Tehran, 33931-99008, Iran
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
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Pirmohammadi A, Khalaji S, Yari M. Effects of Linseed Expansion on its Dietary Molecular Structures, and on Broiler Chicks Digestive Enzymes Activity, Serum Metabolites, and Ileal Morphology. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Effectiveness Evaluation of Use of Various Protein Feeds for Broiler Chicken Feeding. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to assess the suitability of various protein feeds in broiler chicken feeding. The study covered 160 birds split into 5 equipotent groups (SBM, EFFS, RFFS, EL, DDGS). Four protein feeds were an experimental factor: extruded full-fat soybean (EFFS group), raw full-fat soybean (RFFS group), extruded lupine (EL group) and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS group) that were added to starter rations in an amount replacing 30%, and in grower and finisher rations 50% of extracted soybean meal protein. Results showed that after replacing an identical amount of extracted soybean meal protein with protein from extruded soybean or DDGS in chicken rations, the final body weight and feed conversion ratio were similar to those of birds from the control group. Deterioration (P≤0.01) in the above-mentioned parameters was observed for chickens fed with rations containing raw soybean or extruded lupine. Birds that were given rations containing raw soybean (RFFS group) were characterized by the lowest dressing percentage, and, compared to the control group, the difference was significant (P≤0.01). The type of protein feed contained in the rations did not affect the musculature of chickens, however it did impact their fat deposition. Fat deposition was the lowest in birds from RFFS and DDGS groups that reached the lowest final body weight. Microscopic images of all examined livers showed a normal histological structure. The results of the studies carried out provide a basis for recommending the use of extruded full-fat soybean or DDGS in broiler chicken rations as partial substitutes for extracted soybean meal protein.
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Wu P, Han Z, Mo W, Wu X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cui Y, Dong Y, Sun H, Zou X. Soybean processing wastewater supported the removal of propyzamide and biochemical accumulation from wastewater by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1375-1384. [PMID: 31172262 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous (SPW and propyzamide) wastewater treatment and the production of biochemicals by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata (R. capsulata) were investigated with supplement of soybean processing wastewater (SPW). Compared to control group, propyzamide was removed and biochemicals production were enhanced with the supplement of SPW. Propyzamide induced camH gene expression through activating MAPKKKs gene in MAPK signal transduction pathway. The induction of camH gene and CamH occurs after 1 day for R. capsulata. However, lack of organics in original wastewater did not maintain R. capsulata growth for over 1 day. The supplement of SPW provided sufficient carbon source for R. capsulata under three addition dosages. This new method resulted in the mixed (SPW and propyzamide) wastewater treatment and improvement of biochemicals simultaneously, as well as the realization of reutilization of wastewater and R. capsulata as sludge. Meanwhile, high-order nonlinear mathematical model of the relationship between propyzamide removal rate, Xt and Xt/r, was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wu
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ziqiao Han
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Wentao Mo
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wu
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Zhaobo Chen
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China.
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China.
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yubo Cui
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yuying Dong
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Hongjie Sun
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xuejun Zou
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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Woyengo TA, Patterson R, Levesque CL. Nutritive value of extruded or multi-enzyme supplemented cold-pressed soybean cake for pigs. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:5230-5238. [PMID: 28046184 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA and NE value of cold-pressed soybean cake (CP-SBC), and the effect of extrusion or adding multi-enzyme to CP-SBC diet for growing pigs. Eight ileal-cannulated pigs (initial BW = 79.7 ± 3.97 kg) were fed 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to give 8 replicates per diet. Diets included a cornstarch-based diet with CP-SBC, extruded CP-SBC, and SBC plus multi-enzyme (1,200 U of xylanase, 150 U of glucanase, 500 U of cellulase, 60 U of mannanase, 700 U of invertase, 5,000 U of protease, and 12,000 U of amylase/kilogram of diet; Superzyme-CS, 0.5 g/kg); and a N-free diet. The CP-SBC was the sole source of protein in the CP-SBC-containing diets. The ratio of cornstarch to sugar and soybean oil in CP-SBC-containing diets was identical to the N-free diet to allow calculation of energy digestibility of CP-SBC by the difference method. The evaluated CP-SBC had been produced by heating the soybean seed at 105°C for 60 min followed by pressing of the heated soybean seeds at less than 42°C (barrel temperature). On a DM basis, CP-SBC and extruded CP-SBC contained 47.8 and 47.1% CP, 15.6 and 10.5% ADF, 7.23 and 8.85% ether extract, 3.11 and 3.08% Lys, and 2.25 and 3.70 trypsin inhibitor units per mg, respectively. Extrusion increased ( < 0.001) the SID of AA for the CP-SBC by an average of 12%. Also, extrusion increased ( < 0.001) the NE value of the CP-SBC from 2,743 to 2,853 kcal/kg of DM. Supplementation of CP-SBC diet with the multi-enzyme increased ( < 0.05) the SID of Arg and Pro, and tended to increase ( < 0.1) the SID of Ile and Tyr. However, the multi-enzyme supplementation did not affect the NE value of CP-SBC. In conclusion, the CP-SBC evaluated in the present study could be an alternative source of AA and energy in swine diets, and its nutritive value can be increased by extrusion following cold-pressing. The multi-enzyme used in this study improved the digestibility of some AA, but had limited effect on energy digestibility and hence NE value of the CP-SBC.
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