1
|
Vargas JI, Gulizia JP, Bonilla SM, Sasia S, Pacheco WJ. Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibility of Corn of Different Origin Fed to Male Broilers from 12 to 18 Days of Age. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3111. [PMID: 37835717 PMCID: PMC10571875 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of corn samples from the United States (USA), Argentina (ARG), and Brazil (BRA) fed to 432 and 324 YPM × Ross 708 male broilers from 12 to 18 d of age were evaluated using the total collection method (experiment 1) and index method (experiment 2), respectively. In experiment 1, broilers were fed either a basal diet with 30% dextrose inclusion, or a test diet obtained by the replacement of dextrose with corn from each origin. In experiment 2, broilers were fed one of three test diets in which corn from each origin was the only source of AA. All dietary treatments had 12 replicate cages. Similar (p > 0.05) AME (dry-matter basis) values were observed between corn samples. The highest gap in AME (43 kcal/kg) was found between corn from BRA (3694 kcal/kg) and corn from the USA (3651 kcal/kg). Likewise, similar (p > 0.05) AIAAD values were observed for all AA apart from tryptophan (Trp), as corn from BRA (77.45%) had a higher (p = 0.024) Trp digestibility than corn from the USA (72.53%). Overall, a similar nutrient utilization by the birds was observed for the corn samples, regardless of origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose I. Vargas
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wilmer J. Pacheco
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Selle PH, Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Liu SY. The Contribution of Phytate-Degrading Enzymes to Chicken-Meat Production. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040603. [PMID: 36830391 PMCID: PMC9951704 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution that exogenous phytases have made towards sustainable chicken-meat production over the past two decades has been unequivocally immense. Initially, their acceptance by the global industry was negligible, but today, exogenous phytases are routine additions to broiler diets, very often at elevated inclusion levels. The genesis of this remarkable development is based on the capacity of phytases to enhance phosphorus (P) utilization, thereby reducing P excretion. This was amplified by an expanding appreciation of the powerful anti-nutritive properties of the substrate, phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate; IP6), which is invariably present in all plant-sourced feedstuffs and practical broiler diets. The surprisingly broad spectra of anti-nutritive properties harbored by dietary phytate are counteracted by exogenous phytases via the hydrolysis of phytate and the positive consequences of phytate degradation. Phytases enhance the utilization of minerals, including phosphorus, sodium, and calcium, the protein digestion, and the intestinal uptakes of amino acids and glucose to varying extents. The liberation of phytate-bound phosphorus (P) by phytase is fundamental; however, the impacts of phytase on protein digestion, the intestinal uptakes of amino acids, and the apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are intriguing and important. Numerous factors are involved, but it appears that phytases have positive impacts on the initiation of protein digestion by pepsin. This extends to promoting the intestinal uptakes of amino acids stemming from the enhanced uptakes of monomeric amino acids via Na+-dependent transporters and, arguably more importantly, from the enhanced uptakes of oligopeptides via PepT-1, which is functionally dependent on the Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE. Our comprehension of the phytate-phytase axis in poultry nutrition has expanded over the past 30 years; this has promoted the extraordinary surge in acceptance of exogenous phytases, coupled with the development of more efficacious preparations in combination with the deflating inclusion costs for exogenous phytases. The purpose of this paper is to review the progress that has been made with phytate-degrading enzymes since their introduction in 1991 and the underlying mechanisms driving their positive contribution to chicken-meat production now and into the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Shemil P. Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Complete Feed Solutions, Pakuranga, Auckland 2140, New Zealand
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang X, Li X, Xu W, Wang H, Liu C, Wang W, Yang L, Zhu Y. In vitro evaluation of efficacy of nonstarch polysaccharides enzymes on wheat by simulating the avian digestive tract. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac334. [PMID: 36259767 PMCID: PMC9831130 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the efficacy of different nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme sources on wheat ingredients and wheat basal diets in vitro were evaluated by simulating the avian digestive tract. In Exp. 1, pH level was increased from 2.0 to 8.0 by simulating the avian digestive tract. The relative enzyme activities of xylanase A, B, and C and β-glucanase X at pH 3.0-3.5 were higher (P < 0.05) than those at pH 2.0 or 7.0-8.0. The optimal pH levels of 3.5 and 7.0 were screened by simulating the proventriculus and small intestine, respectively to evaluate the efficacy of NSP enzyme on wheat sources. In Exp. 2, wheat 1 contained the highest content of NSP fractions and the lowest digestibility in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and energy (IVED) in wheat samples. Therefore, wheat 1 was selected for hydrolysis research under different NSP enzyme sources and levels (1,500, 4,500, 13,500, 40,500, 121,500 U xylanase/kg and 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 U β-glucanase/kg) in vitro. The hydrolysis of wheat on the basis of the released reducing sugar content was determined by xylanase sources A > B > C (P < 0.05) and β-glucanase sources of X > Y (P < 0.05). On the basis of the hydrolysis, the optimum dose of xylanase A and β-glucanase X were 40,500 U/kg and 2,000 U/kg, respectively. Subsequently, the completely randomized designs involving 2 NSP enzymes treatments × 2 endogenous digestive enzymes treatments (Exp. 3), as well as 2 wheat basal diets × 2 NSP enzymes treatments (Exp. 4) were used to evaluate the efficacy of NSP enzymes on dietary nutrient digestibility. The addition of NSP enzymes (40,500 U xylanase A/kg and 2,000 U β-glucanase X/kg) increased the IVDMD and IVED of wheat 1 without endogenous enzymes (P < 0.05), while the IVDMD and IVED of wheat 1 with endogenous enzyme were only slightly increased (P > 0.05). The addition of NSP enzymes could increase the IVDMD and IVED of corn-wheat-soybean meal diet (P < 0.05), but had no effect on those of wheat-cottonseed meal rapeseed meal diet (P > 0.05). In conclusion, xylanase and β-glucanase additions could effectively eliminate the adverse effects on wheat and wheat basal diets at the optimal pH levels of 3.5 and 7.0 by simulating the proventriculus and small intestine parts, respectively. The efficacy of NSP enzymes was influenced by the enzyme sources, dietary type, and the interaction of endogenous enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Weihan Xu
- Zhengzhi Poultry Industry Co. Ltd., Shantou 528100, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China
| | - Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu C, Yang Z, Yang Z, He X, Zhang C, Yang H, Rose S, Wang Z. Effects of different dietary starch sources on growth and glucose metabolism of geese. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102362. [PMID: 36566658 PMCID: PMC9803937 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effects of different dietary starch sources on the growth and glucose metabolism of geese. A total of 240 healthy 35-day-old male geese were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups, with 6 replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate. Four types of diets were prepared, with glutinous rice (rapidly-digestible starch), corn, indica rice and high amylose as their starch sources, and fed for 28 d. Results showed that after consuming different feeds, the blood glucose of geese first increased and then decreased, reaching its maximum value 0.5 h after feeding, and there were significant differences between the groups (P < 0.05). The body weight of the corn and indica rice group geese at 63 d was higher than that of the high amylose group (P < 0.05). The serum total cholesterol (TCHO) content in the glutinous rice and corn groups was higher than in the high amylose group (P < 0.05). The serum insulin content in the glutinous rice group was lower than in the corn and high amylose groups (P < 0.05), while the glucagon content was higher (P < 0.05). The α-amylase activities of the pancreas, jejunal chyme, and jejunal mucosa in the glutinous rice group were higher than in the indica rice and high amylose groups (P < 0.05). The liver glycogen content in the glutinous rice group was higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). The liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) content in the glutinous rice group was higher than the high amylose group's (P < 0.05), but the glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3β) content was lower (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the corn and indica rice diets had a positive effect on the growth performance of the geese, while the high amylose diet had a negative effect. The glutinous rice diet leads to rapid release of glucose, strengthening glucose metabolism pathways such as glycogen synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and further influencing lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Z. Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China,Corresponding author:
| | - Z.F. Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - X.X. He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - C.Y. Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - H.M. Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - S.P. Rose
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Z.Y. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thomas D, Molan A, Singh Y, Ravindran V. Influence of green tea powder on the performance, nutrient utilisation, caecal microbiota profile and meat quality of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/jaan2022.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the influence of green tea powder diet supplementation on performance, nutrient utilisation, caecal microbiota profile and meat quality in broiler chickens. A total of 144, one-day-old broiler (Ross 308) chicks were allocated to 18 cages (eight broilers/cage) which were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments: a wheat-based basal diet or supplemented with one of two types of green tea; normal (N-GT) or selenium-rich (Se-GT) tea, at an inclusion rate of 1%. Bird performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), and total tract digestibility of fat and starch were measured on d 7, 21 and 35. Effects on microbiota profile on d 7, 21 and 35 were determined in a cohort study. Green tea supplementation reduced (P<0.05) the weight gain and feed intake but improved (P<0.05) feed efficiency. Supplementation with N-GT increased the AMEn on d 7 and 21, and with Se-GT on d 7 (P<0.05). AMEn increased with age for all treatments. Fat digestibility increased (P<0.05) in birds fed N-GT on d 21 and Se-GT on d 7 and 21. Starch digestibility increased (P<0.05) on d 21 with N-GT supplementation and on d 7 with Se-GT supplementation. Carcass and breast meat yields were unaffected (P<0.05) by the dietary treatments. The abdominal fat pad decreased (P<0.05) in the N-GT diet and numerically in the Se- GT diet. Drip loss was less in meat from birds (P<0.05) fed both green tea treatments. Cooking loss was reduced in the Se-GT treatment (P<0.05). Dietary inclusion of green tea powder positively influenced microbiota profile, with increased (P<0.05) numbers of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.) and reduced (P<0.05) numbers of pathogenic bacteria (Clostridium spp. and Bacteroides spp.). Differences were observed between the two green tea types, with Se-GT being more beneficial than N-GT in the positive modulation of intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D.V. Thomas
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - A.L. Molan
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Present address: Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Y. Singh
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Present address: Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - V. Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effects of two-species probiotic combinations on production performance at peak lay, sulfur compounds in manure, and selected serum profile. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
7
|
Liu Y, Liu S, Jiang G, Dai Q. Optimization of exogenous carbohydrases supplemented in broiler diets using in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion and response surface methodology. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259865. [PMID: 34780535 PMCID: PMC8592445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the optimal zymogram of combination of 6 carbohydrases (glucoamylase, pullulanase, maltase, thermostable α-amylase, medium temperature α-amylase, and cold-active α-amylase) supplemented in corn-soybean based diet of broilers aged 1 to 3 wk for the maximum starch digestibility, by using in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion and response surface method. The third generation of simulated monogastric animal digestion system was used for in vitro digestion experiment. By using single factor completely random design, the optimal supplement levels of single carbohydras were determined by the reducing sugar release amount and improved dry matter digestibility, which were the parameters representing the starch digestibility of the diet. Additionally, Box-Behnken response surface method was used to predict the optimal combination of 6 carbohydrases. The results showed that the optimistic zymogram of 6 carbohydrases in corn-soybean based diet for broilers aged 1 to 3 wk were 297.39 U/g glucoamylase, 549.72 U/g pullulanase, 3.01 U/g maltase, 1,455.73 U/g thermostable α-amylase, 278.64 U/g medium temperature α-amylase, and 1,985.97 U/g cold-active α-amylase, and the associated reduced sugar release amount and improved dry matter digestibility were 215.98 mg/g, and 6.23%, respectively. Furthermore, we conducted in vitro digestion experiments with diets supplemented with the predicted optimistic zymogram and found that the experimental reduced sugar release amount and improved dry matter digestibility were 219.26 mg/g and 6.31% respectively, whose errors to the predicted optimistic reducing sugar release amount and the improved dry matter digestibility were 1.05% and 1.02%. To sum up, the predicted optimal zymogram of 6 carbohydrases in the present study were capable to improve the starch digestibility in diet for broilers aged 1 to 3 wk, which were represented by increased reduced sugar release amount and improved dry matter digestibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengli Liu
- Shandong Lonct Enzymes Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Guitao Jiang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuzhong Dai
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Flores KR, Fahrenholz A, Ferket PR, Biggs TJ, Grimes JL. Effect of methionine chelated Zn and Mn and corn particle size on Large White male turkey live performance and carcass yields. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101444. [PMID: 34547618 PMCID: PMC8463767 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most turkey research has been conducted with a regular corn particle size set through phase-feeding programs. This study's first objective was to determine the effect of increasing corn particle size through the feed phases on performance, processing yield, and feed milling energy usage in Large White commercial male turkey production. Zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) are essential microminerals for animals' healthy growth. The source in which these elements are supplied to the bird will determine their bioavailability, effect on bird growth, and subsequent environmental impact. This study's second objective was to measure both inorganic and chelated Zn and Mn sources on turkey performance, turkey carcass processing yields, and subsequent litter residues. Twelve hundred Nicolas Select male poults were randomly assigned to 48 concrete; litter-covered floor pens. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 sources of minerals (organic blend vs. inorganic) formulated to match breeder recommendations and 2 types of corn mean particle size (coarse corn [1,000-3,500 µm] vs. fine corn [276 µm]). The ASABE S319.4 standard was used to measure corn mean particle size. Bird performance, carcass processing yield, litter content of Zn and Mn, and pellet mill energy consumption were analyzed in SAS 9.4 in a mixed model. There was a reduction of pellet mill energy usage of 36% when coarse corn was added post-pelleting. Birds fed increasing coarse corn mean particle size were 250 g lighter on average in body weight (BW) than birds fed a constant control mean particle size. No difference was found in feed intake (FI) or feed conversion ratio (FCR). Birds fed methionine chelated Zn and Mn blended with inorganic mineral sources were 250 g heavier on average than birds fed only an inorganic source of minerals. In addition, feeding an organic blend of Zn and Mn resulted in greater breast meat yield. Litter from birds fed the control corn mean particle size, and inorganic minerals had a higher concentration of Zn in the litter but were not different when the chelated Zn/Mn were fed. In conclusion, increasing the corn mean particle size and adding it post pellet could save money during feed milling; however, birds might have a slightly lower BW. A combination of inorganic and chelated Zn and Mn may improve performance and increase total breast meat yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Flores
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - A Fahrenholz
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - P R Ferket
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - T J Biggs
- Global Animal Products, Inc. Amarillo, TX 79118, USA
| | - J L Grimes
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McCafferty KW, Toghyani M, Morgan NK, Cowieson AJ, Choct M, Moss AF. Effects of protease supplementation and diet type on jejunal and ileal digestibility and total tract metabolisability of nitrogen, starch, and energy in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2021; 63:386-394. [PMID: 34468245 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1975260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. A study was conducted to assess the effects of supplemental protease (0 or 15,000 units/kg) and diet type (maize- or wheat-based) on apparent jejunal and ileal digestibility and apparent total tract metabolisability of nutrients in Cobb 500 mixed-sex broilers from 6 to 31 d of age.2. Birds were randomly distributed into 56 metabolism cages (6 birds/cage; 14 replicates/treatment). At 22 d of age, jejunal and ileal digesta contents were collected and pooled from 4 birds/cage to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (DC) and digestible energy (DE). Feed intake was measured, and total excreta were collected from 8 to 11 and 18 to 21 d of age to determine apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and total tract nitrogen and starch metabolisability coefficients.3. Broilers offered the maize-based diet with protease had greater (P < 0.05) jejunal nitrogen DC, starch DC, and DE (8.2, 6.5, and 14.9%, respectively) and ileal nitrogen DC and DE (5.1 and 6.8%, respectively) than those offered the maize-based diet without protease. Ileal starch DC was increased (P < 0.05) by 1.1% with protease supplementation.4. Broilers offered maize-based diets had greater (P < 0.05) nitrogen (7.3%) and starch (0.6%) metabolisability coefficients and AME (4.7%) from 8 to 11 d of age, and nitrogen (4.3%) metabolisability coefficients and AME (2.0%) from 18 to 21 d of age compared with those offered wheat-based diets.5. Thus, protease supplementation and diet type can affect digestive dynamics and nutrient utilisation in broilers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K W McCafferty
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - M Toghyani
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - N K Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - M Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - A F Moss
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nutrition and Digestive Physiology of the Broiler Chick: State of the Art and Outlook. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102795. [PMID: 34679817 PMCID: PMC8532940 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The first week after hatch is the most challenging period in the life of broilers. The digestive tract of the newly hatched chick is immature and must undergo dramatic changes before it can efficiently digest and absorb nutrients. The gut is the vital organ where nutrient digestion and absorption take place. Ontogenic changes that accompany improved digestion and absorption include increased secretion of digestive enzymes, increase in the gut absorptive surface area, and enhanced nutrient transporters. The obvious limiting factors are the secretion and activities of digestive enzymes, and the surface area for absorption. These limitations are overcome as the birds grow older, with concurrent improvements in nutrient utilization. In addition, substantial changes also take place in the physical and functional development of the immune system and intestinal microbial ecology. However, the focus of the current review was on nutrition-related challenges and nutritional approaches to assist the chick during this highly demanding period. Abstract Because the intestine is the primary nutrient supply organ, early development of digestive function in newly hatched chick will enable it to better utilize nutrients, grow efficiently, and achieve the genetic potential of contemporary broilers. Published data on the growth and digestive function of the gastrointestinal tract in neonatal poultry were reviewed. Several potential strategies to improve digestive tract growth and function in newly hatched chick are available and the options include breeder nutrition, in ovo feeding, early access to feed and water, special pre-starter diets, judicious use of feed additives, and early programming.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kidd MT, Maynard CW, Mullenix GJ. Progress of amino acid nutrition for diet protein reduction in poultry. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:45. [PMID: 33814010 PMCID: PMC8020538 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest among nutritionists in feeding reduced protein diets to broiler chickens. Although nearly a century of research has been conducted providing biochemical insights on the impact of reduced protein diets for broilers, practical limitation still exists. The present review was written to provide insights on further reducing dietary protein in broilers. To construct this review, eighty-nine peer reviewed manuscripts in the area of amino acid nutrition in poultry were critiqued. Hence, nutritional research areas of low protein diets, threonine, glycine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, and glutamine have been assessed and combined in this text, thus providing concepts into reduced protein diets for broilers. In addition, linkages between the cited work and least cost formation ingredient and nutrient matrix considerations are provided. In conclusion, practical applications in feeding reduced protein diets to broilers are advancing, but more work is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Kidd
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - C W Maynard
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - G J Mullenix
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Balanced nutrient density for broiler chickens using a range of digestible lysine-to-metabolizable energy ratios and nutrient density: Growth performance, nutrient utilisation and apparent metabolizable energy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:430-439. [PMID: 34258431 PMCID: PMC8245898 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, specific nutrient concentration, metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible amino acids are used as feed formulation criteria. A balanced nutrient density (BND) concept based on 2 criteria of nutrient density and balanced amino acids-to-ME ratio may offer more flexibility in optimisation of profit in formulation of diets compared with current formulation based on set values per unit of feed mass. A total of 672 one-d-old off-sex male Ross 308 broiler chickens were used across two 42-d performance trials in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with each diet replicated 8 times (14 birds per replicate). The experimental factors were 2 nutrient density levels (low [LD] and high [HD]) and 3 digestible lysine-to-ME ratios (DLYS:ME; low, medium, and high). Low density diets had ME of 2,876 and 3,023 kcal/kg for starter and finisher, respectively, while values for HD diets were 3,169 and 3,315 kcal/kg with proportionally higher non-nitrogenated nutrients. Separate digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) assays were conducted at d 21 and 42. Digestibility assays at d 7 were conducted on birds used for performance trials. Regardless of the diet density, birds fed low DLYS:ME had a lower (P < 0.01) feed intake (d 0 to 42) than medium and high DLYS:ME. Without interaction, birds fed low and medium DLYS:ME had a similar body weight gain being the heaviest while birds low DLYS:ME were the lightest. By an interaction (P < 0.05), the highest overall FCR value was observed for birds fed LD × low DLYS:ME and improved linearly when DLYS:ME increased to the highest level reaching a limit for birds fed HD × medium DLYS:ME. Calorie conversion linearly decreased (P < 0.001) with increments in DLYS:ME. Jejunal and ileal starch and protein digestibility were affected on d 21 and 42 but not on d 7 of age. Given the independence of response on BW and feed consumption, the use of BND as a flexible system in diet formulations has the potential to enable more accurate formulation for optimisation of growth performance of broiler chickens.
Collapse
|
13
|
Haetinger VS, Park CS, Adeola O. Energy values of copra meal and cornstarch for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:858-864. [PMID: 33518139 PMCID: PMC7858148 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted with broiler chickens to determine the ileal digestible energy (IDE), ME, and MEn in copra meal (CM) and cornstarch using the regression method. On day 15 and 16 for experiments 1 and 2, respectively, 192 male birds were individually weighed and allotted into 3 dietary treatments with 8 replicate cages and 8 birds per cage in a randomized complete block design with the BW as a blocking factor in each experiment. Dietary treatments consisted of 3 inclusion levels of test ingredients (i.e., 0, 100, or 200 g/kg) in corn-soybean meal-based diets using CM or cornstarch as test ingredients for experiment 1 or 2, respectively. Titanium dioxide was added as an indigestible marker to determine the ileal digestibility and utilization of energy by the index method. Experiments lasted 5 d, and excreta collection was conducted during the last 3 d of each experiment. At the end of experiments, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, and ileal digesta samples were collected. Data were analyzed by the ANOVA using the GLM procedure. In experiment 1, the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM and gross energy (GE) and IDE in test diets linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with substitution of CM in test diets. In experiment 2, there were quadratic increases (P < 0.01) in the AID of DM and GE and IDE in diets as the concentration of cornstarch in test diets increased. In addition, linear increases (P < 0.05) in the apparent total tract utilization of DM, N, and GE and ME and MEn in test diets were observed. The estimates of IDE, ME, and MEn in CM were 2,493, 3,727, and 3,546 kcal/kg DM, respectively, whereas respective values of cornstarch were estimated at 4,181, 3,992, and 3,946 kcal/kg DM, respectively. In conclusion, inclusion of CM in diets may reduce the digestibility of GE, whereas the digestibility and utilization of GE may increase when adding cornstarch into diets for broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vítor S Haetinger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Chan Sol Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Córdova-Noboa HA, Oviedo-Rondón EO, Ortiz A, Matta Y, Hoyos S, Buitrago GD, Martinez JD, Yanquen J, Peñuela L, Sorbara JOB, Cowieson AJ. Corn drying temperature, particle size, and amylase supplementation influence growth performance, digestive tract development, and nutrient utilization of broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5681-5696. [PMID: 33142486 PMCID: PMC7647712 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler live performance may be influenced by postharvest corn drying temperature, and results could depend on particle size after grinding. The supplementation with an exogenous amylase may improve performance parameters, but responses to enzymes are also affected by particle size. Two parallel experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of hard-kernel corn dried at 2 temperatures (35°C and 120°C), ground at 2 particle sizes (coarse or fine), and 3 supplementation levels (0, 133, and 266 g ton-1) of an exogenous amylase on live performance, gastrointestinal organ development, energy utilization, and nutrient digestibility. Twelve dietary treatments resulting from a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of drying temperature, particle size, and amylase supplementation were evaluated in both experiments. A total of 1,920 day-old male chicks were randomly allocated to 96 floor pens, while 480 chicks were distributed among 4 battery brooder units. Ileal and fecal samples were collected to determine energy utilization and nutrient digestibility using titanium dioxide as inert marker. At 42 D, organs were collected, and relative weight or length was determined. Data were analyzed using a three-way ANOVA in a randomized complete block design. Feeding fine corn-based diets showed improvements on live performance for both studies. At 40 D, supplementing 266 g ton-1 of amylase improved feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) by 1 point compared to chickens that consumed nonsupplemented diets and feed with amylase at 133 g ton-1. Broilers fed coarse corn-based diets had heavier gizzard (P < 0.001) and liver (P < 0.05) than chickens that consumed fine corn-based diets. In addition, starch digestibility was improved by amylase (P < 0.05) at 133 g ton-1 and by feeding coarse corn-based diets (P = 0.06). For chicks raised in cages (16 D), AMEn was increased (P < 0.01) by amylase supplementation regardless of its inclusion level. In conclusion, drying temperature and particle size interactions influenced broiler live performance, gastrointestinal organ development, nutrient digestibility, and energy utilization, and these parameters were improved by supplementing amylase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar O Oviedo-Rondón
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
| | - Andrés Ortiz
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Yilmar Matta
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Sebastian Hoyos
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Gherly D Buitrago
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Juan D Martinez
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Jose Yanquen
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Lina Peñuela
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aderibigbe A, Cowieson A, Sorbara JO, Adeola O. Intestinal starch and energy digestibility in broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with α-amylase. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5907-5914. [PMID: 33142508 PMCID: PMC7647871 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary starch is the major energy source for broiler chickens; therefore, relevant information on its intestinal utilization is important. The present study was designed to evaluate intestinal starch and energy digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with α-amylase. A total of 240 day-0 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 3 nutritionally adequate corn-soybean-based experimental diets comprising 3 levels of α-amylase supplementation (0, 80, or 160 KNU/kg diet). Each treatment comprised 8 replicate cages of 10 birds each. At day 21 after hatching, digesta was collected from 4 intestinal sites: the anterior jejunum (AJ), posterior jejunum (PJ), anterior ileum (AI), and posterior ileum. Increasing α-amylase supplementation linearly improved (P < 0.01) overall BW gain and feed efficiency of the birds. There were linear and quadratic (P < 0.01) responses of increasing α-amylase supplementation on starch and energy digestibility at the PJ and AI. The total tract digestibility of starch increased (P < 0.05) with increasing α-amylase supplementation. Starch disappearance and digestible energy (kcal/kg) linearly increased (P < 0.01) with digesta flow from the AJ to PJ as dietary α-amylase supplementation increased. There were linear (P < 0.01) and quadratic (P < 0.05) effects of increasing α-amylase supplementation on the villus height in the jejunum. The viscosity of the jejunal digesta decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary α-amylase supplementation. The results from this study showed the efficacy of exogenous amylase in improving growth performance and starch and energy digestibility in broiler chickens. Furthermore, the digestibility of starch and energy and the impact of the exogenous amylase were higher at the PJ than other intestinal sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Aderibigbe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - A Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - J O Sorbara
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu H, Sorbara J, Cowieson A, Romero L, Wang S, Wu J, Kluenter A. Exogenous α-amylase supplementation reduces the variability of ileal digestible energy in broiler chickens fed complete diets with maize batches of variable protein solubility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Moss AF, Khoddami A, Chrystal PV, Sorbara JOB, Cowieson AJ, Selle PH, Liu SY. Starch digestibility and energy utilisation of maize- and wheat-based diets is superior to sorghum-based diets in broiler chickens offered diets supplemented with phytase and xylanase. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
18
|
Chrystal PV, Moss AF, Khoddami A, Naranjo VD, Selle PH, Liu SY. Impacts of reduced-crude protein diets on key parameters in male broiler chickens offered maize-based diets. Poult Sci 2020; 99:505-516. [PMID: 32416837 PMCID: PMC7587812 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 294 male, off-sex Ross 308 chickens were offered 7 dietary treatments with crude protein (CP) contents of 210, 195, 180, and 165 g/kg. One of the four 165 g/kg diet was consistent with the higher protein diets and 3 were modified to investigate the effects of increased methionine levels, pre-pellet inclusion of whole maize, and whey protein concentrate in reduced-CP broiler diets. There were 7 replicate cages, 6 birds per cage, from 14 to 35 D post-hatch. The average feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds offered 210, 195, 180 g/kg CP diets was 1.555 which was superior (P < 0.05) to the 1.608 FCR of their 165 g/kg counterparts. The transition from 210 to 165 g/kg (diet 4) CP diets linearly increased (P < 0.001) relative fat-pad weights from 8.64 to 14.62 g/kg. The same transition linearly increased jejunal and ileal starch digestibility coefficients (P < 0.001), metabolizable to gross energy ratios (ME:GE) ratios (P < 0.001) and nitrogen (N)-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) (P = 0.001) but did not influence N retention. Starch:protein disappearance rate ratios increased linearly (P < 0.001) from 2.68 to 3.82 in the jejunum and from 1.76 to 2.94 in the ileum following dietary CP reductions. Ileal disappearance rate ratios were quadratically related to FCR (r = 0.486; P < 0.005) and linearly related to relative fat-pad weights (r = 0.663; P < 0.001) where both parameters were disadvantaged by widening ratios. The transition from 210 to 165 g/kg crude protein diets linearly increased the average digestibility coefficient of 17 amino acids from 0.459 to 0.594 in jejunum and from 0.744 to 0.790 in the ileum. The present study demonstrates that dietary CP can be reduced from 210 to 180 g/kg without negatively influencing broiler performance but the further reduction to 165 g/kg compromised FCR. However, the three modifications to the 165 g/kg CP diet failed to enhance broiler performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia; Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill NSW, Australia
| | - Amy F Moss
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Ali Khoddami
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Peter H Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- B. Carré
- Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wiseman J, Nicol N, Norton G. Relationship between apparent metabolisable (AME) values and in vivo/in vitro starch digestibility of wheat for broilers. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps20000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wiseman
- Division of Agiculture and Horticulture University of Nottingham, School of Biological Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough,Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - N.T. Nicol
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Nottingham, School of Biological Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - G. Norton
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Nottingham, School of Biological Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
|
23
|
Identifying variation in the nutritional value of corn based on chemical kernel characteristics. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
|
26
|
Cowieson A, Vieira S, Stefanello C. Exogenous Microbial Amylase in the Diets of Poultry: What do We Know? J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
27
|
Moran E. Starch: Granule, Amylose-Amylopectin, Feed Preparation, and Recovery by the Fowl's Gastrointestinal Tract. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
28
|
Pelpolage S, Murayama D, Tani M, Palta J, Yamauchi H, Koaze H. Effects of Calcium Fertilizer Application on the Physicochemical Properties of Starch Isolated from the Processing Type Potato <i>cv</i>. Toyoshiro. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.24.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samanthi Pelpolage
- Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Daiki Murayama
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University
| | - Masayuki Tani
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Jiwan Palta
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Hiroaki Yamauchi
- Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Koaze
- Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Moss AF, Truong HH, Liu SY, Selle PH. Inclusion levels and modes of whole grain incorporation into wheat-based rations differentially influence the performance of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2017; 59:110-120. [PMID: 29115143 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1400658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective was to compare three whole grain (WG) inclusion levels (7.5, 15 and 30%) offered to broiler chickens by three modes of WG incorporation: (i) pre-pellet WG inclusion, (ii) post-pellet WG inclusion as a blend of WG and pelleted concentrate and (iii) post-pellet WG inclusion where WG and pelleted concentrate were provided in separate feed trays against a ground-grain, wheat-based control diet. 2. Ten dietary treatments were offered to 6 replicate cages (6 birds per cage) of male Ross 308 chickens from 7 to 28 d post-hatch. The effects of treatment on relative gizzard weights, gizzard contents, pancreatic weights and pH of gizzard digesta were monitored. Parameters of growth performance, nutrient utilisation (apparent metabolisable energy [AME], metabolisable to gross energy [ME:GE] ratios, nitrogen [N] retention and N-corrected AME [AMEn]), apparent starch and protein (N) digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates in for small intestinal segments and concentrations of free amino acids in plasma taken from the anterior mesenteric vein were determined. 3. Whole grain feeding (WGF) did not influence weight gain, but 30% post-pellet blended and 15 and 30% post-pellet separated treatments significantly depressed (P < 0.05) feed intakes while the 30% post-pellet separated treatment improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratios (FCR). WGF regimes significantly increased relative gizzard weights. 4. Overall, WGF generated profound responses in AME, ME:GE ratios, N retention and AMEn that were highly correlated with relative gizzard weights. In general, WGF improved starch and protein (N) digestibilities and again there were some correlations with these outcomes and relative gizzard weights. 5. Post-pellet WG inclusions where WG and pelleted concentrate were offered separately provided chickens with the opportunity to choice feed. Birds showed a preference for the relatively high-protein pelleted concentrate and at 30% WG, this resulted in an improvement in FCR of 7.69% (1.260 versus 1.365; P < 0.001) relative to the ground-grain control diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Moss
- a Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney , Camden , NSW , Australia
| | - H H Truong
- a Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney , Camden , NSW , Australia.,b Poultry CRC , University of New England , Armidale , NSW , Australia
| | - S Y Liu
- a Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney , Camden , NSW , Australia
| | - P H Selle
- a Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney , Camden , NSW , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Truong HH, Liu SY, Selle PH. Starch utilisation in chicken-meat production: the foremost influential factors. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Starch is the chief dietary energy source for chicken-meat production, the majority of which is derived from the grain basis of diets for broiler chickens. The utilisation of starch from maize is of a high order in terms of ileal starch digestibility coefficients but this is not necessarily the case with wheat or sorghum. This may stem from the fact that maize essentially lacks the soluble non-starch polysaccharides in wheat and ‘non-tannin’ phenolic compounds found in sorghum. Numerous factors may influence starch digestibility with emphasis placed on starch–protein interactions as starch granules are located in the prolamin protein matrixes of grain endosperm. This close proximity facilitates any physical and chemical interactions and in this connection particular attention has been paid to kafirin, the dominant protein fraction in sorghum. Nevertheless, despite their apparent importance, the precise nature of starch–protein interactions has not been well defined. Exogenous phytases are routinely included in broiler diets primarily to liberate phytate-bound phosphorus; however, phytate may impede starch digestion and may retard glucose absorption. Additional feed additives, including non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, other exogenous enzymes and reducing agents may have the capacity to influence starch utilisation. Nevertheless, ileal and total tract starch digestibility coefficients are static parameters and overlook the digestive dynamics of starch, which is inappropriate given the possibility that slowly digestible starch enhances energy utilisation and feed conversion efficiency. However, if the slowly digestible starch concept is valid, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Consideration is given to the suggestion that slowly digestible starch ameliorates the catabolism of amino acids to provide energy to the gut mucosa by increasing the provision of glucose to posterior small intestinal segments. There is the prospect that whole grain feeding provides slowly digestible starch in addition to generating heavier relative gizzard weights. The digestive dynamics of starch and protein are inter-related and the digestion of starch and absorption of glucose should not be considered in isolation from protein digestion and amino acid absorption in the quest to improve the performance of broiler chickens. The foremost factor influencing starch utilisation in chicken-meat production may be the interaction between starch and protein digestive dynamics.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zaefarian F, Abdollahi M, Ravindran V. Starch digestion in broiler chickens fed cereal diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
32
|
Stefanello C, Vieira SL, Santiago GO, Kindlein L, Sorbara JOB, Cowieson AJ. Starch digestibility, energy utilization, and growth performance of broilers fed corn-soybean basal diets supplemented with enzymes. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2472-9. [PMID: 26316335 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary α-amylase and β-xylanase supplementation of corn-soy diets, formulated with or without supplemental phytase, on growth performance, energy utilization, and starch digestibility in broiler chickens. A total of 336 slow-feathering, Cobb × Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly distributed to 6 treatments having 8 replicates of 7 birds each. Birds were fed a common starter diet to d 14 post-hatch (3,050 kcal/kg AMEn, 21.7% CP, 1.05% Ca, and 0.53% nPP). The experimental diets were provided afterwards until d 25. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of 2 control diets (basal = corn-soy diet without added phytase or PHY = corn-soy diet formulated with 1,000 phytase units/kg) and 3 carbohydrase supplementations (0, 80 kilo-Novo α-amylase units/kg, or 80 kilo-Novo α-amylase units/kg + 100 fungal β-xylanase units/kg) was used from d 14 to 25. Excreta were collected from 21 to 24 d and all birds were euthanized at 25 d for jejunum and ileum content collection. Samples of feed, excreta, and jejunal and ileal digesta were analyzed for determination of total tract retention and ileal apparent digestibility. No interactions between diet and carbohydrase were observed. Broilers fed diets formulated with phytase or supplemented with amylase + xylanase had higher BW gain (BWG) and lower FCR (P < 0.05) when compared with birds fed diets without carbohydrases. Relative to the basal diet, AMEn was increased (P < 0.01) by 70 kcal/kg and 99 kcal/kg when birds were fed the diet supplemented with amylase and amylase + xylanase, respectively. Starch digestibility in the jejunum and ileum was increased (P < 0.05) by 3.5% and 2.4%, respectively, when birds were fed the diet supplemented with amylase + xylanase. Results from this experiment show that corn-soy diets having phytase and supplemented with amylase and xylanase led to increased growth performance, AMEn, and starch digestibility in broilers. Furthermore, the efficacy of exogenous amylase and xylanase was independent of the presence of microbial phytase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Stefanello
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - S L Vieira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - G O Santiago
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - L Kindlein
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 8834, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - J O B Sorbara
- DSM Nutritional Products, Av. Engº Billings, 1729, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05321-010
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu SY, Truong HH, Selle PH. Whole-grain feeding for chicken-meat production: possible mechanisms driving enhanced energy utilisation and feed conversion. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The practice of offering some whole grain to broiler chickens alongside a balancing concentrate is meeting increasing acceptance in certain regions, including Europe, Canada and Australia. Whole-grain feeding (WGF) regimes provide economic advantages by effectively reducing feed costs but, to varying extents, WGF regimes also generate improvements in energy utilisation and feed conversion efficiency. However, the context in which these improvements are best realised has yet to be defined adequately. The outstanding response to WGF is the development of heavier relative gizzard weights; however, the causative factors and biophysical and biochemical consequences of heavier, and presumably more functional, gizzards have not been properly investigated. It follows that heavier gizzards would enhance the initiation of protein digestion by pepsin and hydrochloric acid and facilitate amylase-induced starch digestion in the small intestine by the prior physical disruption of starch granules. However, it appears that improvements realised by WGF in energy utilisation and feed efficiency cannot be attributed entirely to heavier gizzards. One alternative or additional possibility is that WGF may influence starch digestive dynamics and provide more gradually or slowly digestible starch, which would benefit energy utilisation and feed efficiency. However, if this is the case, the genesis of this provision is not clear, although it may be associated with larger grain particle sizes and/or increased episodes of reverse peristalsis, but not retarded gut passage rates. The present paper reviews the essentially positive impacts of WGF on energy utilisation and feed conversion efficiency and considers the contexts in which these responses may be best realised and the possible mechanisms driving better performance under WGF regimes for chicken-meat production.
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Vieira SL, Stefanello C, Sorbara JOB. Formulating poultry diets based on their indigestible components. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2411-6. [PMID: 25012849 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it started as an organized economic activity, poultry production has been undergoing an evolution toward the optimization of its feed formulation features. Notably, advances in the knowledge of birds' nutrient requirements have allowed recommendations that are increasingly closer to the needs of the birds. Over time, availability of nutrients and energy has been incorporated into those recommendations, especially to compensate for the variability in the digestibility of nutrients originating from variable feed ingredient sources. Instead of using the total energy and nutrient content, current tables of nutrient recommendations provide an estimate of the digestible fractions of the nutrients in ingredients. For instance, nonphytate P is preferred instead of total P to account for the unavailable phytate P, and digestible amino acids to account for the differences in digestibility of amino acids in different ingredients, whereas energy is usually expressed as a proportion that has been digested and metabolized (AME). With the increasing interest in the use of exogenous enzymes in poultry feeds, special attention is directed to the feed substrates such that an added enzyme can match it, forming an enzyme-substrate complex that will be followed by a chemical reaction within the gastrointestinal tract. As a consequence of a degradation reaction, nutrients released can be absorbed and metabolized. In general, nutritional data banks used in linear feed formulation software have limited data on the proportions of fractions of ingredients that are indigestible. Therefore, estimations of the presence of many substrates in the feeds, and therefore the benefits of adding exogenous enzymes, are frequently limited because of the scarcity of adequate information. The objective of this review paper is to provide insights into the use of expanded nutrient databanks to include all the molecules considered potentially indigestible for poultry such that the inclusion of exogenous enzymes allows the estimation of the values of the product originated by their hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Vieira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil 91540-000
| | - C Stefanello
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil 91540-000
| | - J O B Sorbara
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Av. Eng° Billings, 1729, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 3003, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu L, Qin D, Wang X, Feng Y, Yang X, Yao J. Effect of immune stress on growth performance and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2014.882884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
37
|
Kong C, Adeola O. Ileal endogenous amino acid flow response to nitrogen-free diets with differing ratios of corn starch to dextrose in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1276-82. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
38
|
Lee TT, Huang YF, Chiang CC, Chung TK, Chiou PWS, Yu B. Starch characteristics and their influences on in vitro and pig prececal starch digestion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7353-7359. [PMID: 21609031 DOI: 10.1021/jf200402u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to study the characteristics of starch granules and their influences on in vitro and pig prececal starch digestion of corn, dehulled barley, wheat, and potato. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the starch endosperm structure in the parent material as well as in vitro starch digestion. The results showed that corn starch granules were polyhedral, with a diameter ranging from 2 to 10 μm, whereas those of dehulled barley and wheat were spherical, with a diameter ranging from 5 to 20 μm. Potato had the largest starch granules among starch sources reported herein, with oval spheres of 10-50 μm in diameter. In vitro starch hydrolysis showed that starch granules of corn degraded faster than the starch of dehulled barley and wheat, with the potato starch being degraded the slowest. The in vivo digestibility trial using ileal-cannulated pigs confirmed the starch degradation of grains. The in vitro (x, %) and in vivo (y, %) digestibility were highly correlated [y = 6.5304x - 538.48 (R(2) = 0.9924)]. On the basis of the results, in vitro starch hydrolysis might be useful in predicting in vivo prececal starch digestibility. The digestion kinetic characteristics of different starch sources might be employed to evaluate the starch digestive rate at the pig ileum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Tai Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Dao University, Changhau 523, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Svihus B. Limitations to wheat starch digestion in growing broiler chickens: a brief review. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an10271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Starch digestibility may be suboptimal in broilers fed pelleted wheat-based diets. In the present review, the digestion and absorption process related to starch is presented, followed by a discussion of the effect of wheat characteristics and bird-related effects. Enzyme secretion or glucose absorption and metabolism have not been shown to be limiting factors. Suboptimal starch digestibility is primarily observed when a large proportion of wheat is included in the diet, and appears to be partly associated with characteristics of the wheat such as hardness and cell wall structure, which cause starch granules to remain entrapped in the protein matrix and the cell wall of the endosperm or aleurone layer. There are indications that low starch digestibility is negatively correlated with feed intake, and that such a feed over-consumption is linked to an under-developed gizzard.
Collapse
|
40
|
Enzyme supplementation of low or high crude protein concentration diets for broiler chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0003356100005547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTPrevious investigations have established that supplementing broiler chicken diets with appropriate endosperm cell wall degrading enzymes can improve nutrient digestion, and indicated that this could allow lower protein diets to be used. In this study the effect of enzyme supplementation on the productive value of low (192 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and high (227 g/kg DM) protein diets was studied. The diets employed were based on barley, wheat and rye, and the two enzyme preparations used, Glucanase GP 5000® and Novozym-343®, contained β3-glucanase and arabinoxylanase activities.The high protein diet gave a higher incidence of sticky droppings, but resulted in a higher growth rate and improved food conversion ratio than the low protein diet. Enzyme supplementation reduced the incidence of sticky droppings and also improved growth rate, food intake and food conversion efficiency for both diets, with the Glucanase GP 5000 preparation generally being more effective. Enzyme supplementation improved growth rate on the low protein diet to a level equal to or better than that on the high protein diet, although this was achieved by a better food intake and an inferior food conversion ratio. This study demonstrated that supplementation with appropriate enzymes could allow a reduction in dietary protein level without affecting broiler growth rate.
Collapse
|
41
|
Cowieson AJ, Bedford MR, Ravindran V. Interactions between xylanase and glucanase in maize-soy-based diets for broilers. Br Poult Sci 2010; 51:246-57. [PMID: 20461586 DOI: 10.1080/00071661003789347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of various doses of xylanase and glucanase on the performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens fed on maize/soy-based diets was evaluated. 2. A total of 960 male broilers were used in separate growth and digestibility trials with each involving 10 treatments and 6 replicates. The 10 treatments included a positive control reference diet, a negative control diet with a lower energy density and 8 further diets where xylanase and glucanase were added to the negative control, individually and in combination. 3. Birds which received the negative control diet returned poorer (6 points; P < 0.05) feed conversion ratios compared with those fed on the positive control, confirming the lower energy density of the negative control diet. Ileal digestibility of energy determined at 21 and 42 d was also significantly lower for the negative control compared with the positive control. At d 21 birds that received the negative control diet returned lower ileal amino acid digestibility (for most amino acids) compared with their counterparts fed on the positive control whereas at d 42 this effect was not apparent. 4. Supplementation of the negative control with both glucanase and xylanase improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and ileal nutrient digestibility. When both enzymes were added simultaneously a sub-additive effect (i.e. simultaneous use resulted in benefits greater than either enzyme independently but less than the sum of the individual effects) was observed, with the best performance achieved with the combination of xylanase (16 000 BXU/kg) and glucanase (30 000 BU/kg). 5. It can be concluded that the removal of oil to accommodate the anticipated energy digestibility improvement with enzymes can have deleterious effects on FCR and ileal amino acid digestibility in young broilers which enzymes may not adequately mitigate. Thus, in order to maximise the response to non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes in maize/soy-based broiler diets, it may be beneficial to consider a combination of xylanase and glucanase and to apply moderation when removing added fat in the starter diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Cowieson
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, SN8 4AN, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Al-Marzooqi W, Wiseman J. Effect of extrusion under controlled temperature and moisture conditions on ileal apparent amino acid and starch digestibility in peas determined with young broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
44
|
Thomas D, Ravindran V, Ravindran G. Nutrient digestibility and energy utilisation of diets based on wheat, sorghum or maize by the newly hatched broiler chick. Br Poult Sci 2008; 49:429-35. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660802213467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
45
|
Moore SM, Stalder KJ, Beitz DC, Stahl CH, Fithian WA, Bregendahl K. The correlation of chemical and physical corn kernel traits with production performance in broiler chickens and laying hens. Poult Sci 2008; 87:665-76. [PMID: 18339987 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the influence on broiler chicken growth and laying hen performance of chemical and physical traits of corn kernels from different hybrids. A total of 720 male 1-d-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were allotted to floor pens in 2 replicated experiments with a randomized complete block design. A total of 240 fifty-two-week-old Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were allotted to cages in a randomized complete block design. Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated for 3 broiler growth phases and one 14-wk-long laying hen phase to be marginally deficient in Lys and TSAA to allow for the detection of differences or correlations attributable to corn kernel chemical or physical traits. The broiler chicken diets were also marginally deficient in Ca and nonphytate P. Within a phase, corn- and soybean-based diets containing equal amounts of 1 of 6 different corn hybrids were formulated. The corn hybrids were selected to vary widely in chemical and physical traits. Feed consumption and BW were recorded for broiler chickens every 2 wk from 0 to 6 wk of age. Egg production was recorded daily, and feed consumption and egg weights were recorded weekly for laying hens between 53 and 67 wk of age. Physical and chemical composition of kernels was correlated with performance measures by multivariate ANOVA. Chemical and physical kernel traits were weakly correlated with performance in broiler chickens from 0 to 2 wk of age (P<0.05, | r |<0.42). However, from 4 to 6 wk of age and 0 to 6 wk of age, only kernel chemical traits were correlated with broiler chicken performance (P<0.05, | r |<0.29). From 53 to 67 wk of age, correlations were observed between both kernel physical and chemical traits and laying hen performance (P<0.05, | r |<0.34). In both experiments, the correlations of performance measures with individual kernel chemical and physical traits for any single kernel trait were not large enough to base corn hybrid selection on for feeding poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Moore
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Kidd M, Corzo A, Hill S, Zumwalt C, Robinson E, Dozier W. Growth and Meat Yield Responses of Broilers Provided Feed Subjected to Extrusion Cooking. J APPL POULTRY RES 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/14.3.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
48
|
Effect of starch granule structure, associated components and processing on nutritive value of cereal starch: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
49
|
|
50
|
Batal AB, Parsons CM. Utilization of various carbohydrate sources as affected by age in the chick. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1140-7. [PMID: 15285505 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.7.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 3 experiments, New Hampshire x Columbian male chicks were fed carbohydrate-soybean meal (SBM) or casein diets from 0 to 21 d of age, and MEn was determined at 0 to 2, 3 to 4, 7, 14, and 21 d of age. Carbohydrate sources evaluated in experiment 1 were dextrose (D-glucose), conventional cornstarch, dextrinized cornstarch, corn-syrup solids, pregelatinized unmodified cornstarch, pregelatinized tapioca starch, tapioca dextrin, high-amylose starch, and polycose (mixed glucose polymers). Carbohydrate sources evaluated in experiments 2 and 3 were conventional corn, waxy corn, high-oil corn, corn flour, rice flour, dextrose, and sucrose. In experiment 1, chicks fed the dextrose diet had the highest weight gains, and the chicks fed high-amylose starch and pregelatinized unmodified cornstarch diets had the lowest weight gains. The MEn values varied among carbohydrate sources with MEn being highest for the dextrose diet and lowest for the high amylose starch diet. In experiment 2, chicks fed waxy corn, high-oil corn, or dextrose-SBM diets had (P < 0.05) higher growth rates than chicks fed conventional corn, corn flour, or rice flour. The MEn values increased with age for all diets except the dextrose-SBM, which was consistently high at all ages. In experiment 3, the dextrose diets (SBM or casein) yielded higher growth performance and MEn values than the sucrose-diets, and the differences were greater at younger ages. The MEn values were also much higher for the casein than the SBM diets, and MEn of the SBM diets increased with increasing age. The results of this study indicate that MEn, varies among carbohydrate sources and increases with age for most carbohydrate-SBM diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Batal
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|