Effects of the free fatty acid content in yellow grease on performance, carcass characteristics, and serum lipids in broilers

Oxidized corn oil changes the liver lipid metabolism of broilers by upregulating peroxisome proliferators activate receptor-α

The objective of the following study was to investigate the effects of naturally oxidized corn oil on the antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of broilers. A total of 450, 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 6 replicate cages and 15 birds/cage. The dietary treatment array consisted of ratios of naturally oxidized corn oil to non-oxidized corn oil from 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, respectively. Serum, liver, and abdominal fat samples were taken at 42 d. The results showed that the liver organ index, liver catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) content had significant quadratic relationships with the ratio of naturally oxidized corn oil (P < 0.05). Inflammatory infiltrating cells appeared in the liver of the 50% and 75% oxidized corn oil group. The percentage of abdominal fat, and serum free fatty acids (FFA) content increased linearly with the increased proportion of oxidized corn oil (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of NADH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), peroxisome proliferators activate receptor-α (PPARα), carnitine acyltransferase (CPT1), and acyl-coenzyme oxidase (ACO) of the liver increased linearly while oxidized corn oil increased in the diet (P < 0.05). Diets containing 100% oxidized corn oil significantly changed the mRNA expression of liver Caveolin compared with other treatment groups (P < 0.05). Taken together, this study demonstrated that naturally oxidized corn oil could change liver lipid metabolism and accelerate lipid deposition of broilers by upregulating PPARα.

Does the metabolizable energy influence the performance, carcass characteristics and biochemical parameters of European quails from 28 to 42 days of age?

This study was conducted to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) requirement for quails (Cortunix cortunix cortunix) from 28 to 42 days of age. Four hundred and twenty quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 5 treatments (2950, 3000, 3050, 3100 and 3150 kcal of ME/kg of feed), 7 replicates and 12 birds per experimental unit. Performance, relative weights of organs and viscera, carcass characteristics, meat quality, body composition and blood parameters of the birds were evaluated. There was a reduction in feed intake (ADFI) with the use of 3150 kcal ME/kg (p < 0.01), with a quadratic effect on feed efficiency (p < 0.01), estimating the energy requirement in the 3009.4 kcal ME/kg. The breast yield (BY) and the colour b* had an effect (p < 0.01), with better results for 2950 kcal ME/kg, while the meat texture reduced when the birds were fed with 3150 kcal ME/kg. HDL and LDL showed the quadratic effect (p < 0.01) when ME increased to 3111.6 and 3157.4 kcal/kg respectively. Very low density lipoprotein increased linearly (p < 0.01) in birds that received diets with 3000 kcal ME/kg. We conclude that the use of 3009.4 kcal of ME/kg for European quail meets the nutritional needs and provides an improvement in feed efficiency, without affecting the carcass parameters of the birds. Information regarding the nutritional requirements for European quails is still recent; therefore, it is essential to know the adequate levels of metabolizable energy, an important nutritional component for the maximum productive performance of birds.

Effects of dietary palm oil on broiler chicken productive performance and carcass characteristics: a comprehensive review

Palm oil is a natural energy source ingredient in poultry diets that offers a broad range of beneficial effects on the performance of broiler chickens. This review was conducted to highlight the impact of palm oil as a feed ingredient on growth performance and carcass quality, as well as the biochemical, antioxidant activity and tissue fatty acids (FA) composition of broiler chickens. Palm oil inclusion in broiler chickens' rations contributes significantly to the high metabolisable energy (ME) of feed formulation, increases feed palatability and decreases digesta passage rate in the intestine. The reviewed literature indicated that dietary palm oil has a beneficial effect on broiler chickens' overall growth performance traits. The addition of palm oil can also improve the heat tolerance of chickens reared in high ambient temperature conditions. Regardless of breed and breeding conditions, palm oil exhibits good oxidative stability in broiler chickens due to the presence of prevalent phytonutrient elements in this oil. The inclusion of palm oil increased palmitic (C_16:0) and oleic (C_18:1) acids in tissue deposits, which improves meat stability and quality. Moreover, molecular studies have revealed that higher mRNA expression of several lipid-related hepatic genes in broiler chickens fed palm oil. Nonetheless, dietary palm oil can influence FA deposition in tissues, modulate lipoprotein and triglycerides (TG) levels, and cytokine contents in the blood serum of broiler chickens.

Lipid Source and Peroxidation Status Alter Immune Cell Recruitment in Broiler Chicken Ileum

BACKGROUND

Restaurant oil in poultry diets increases energy content, reduces production costs, and promotes sustainability within the food supply chain. However, variable oil composition and heating temperatures among restaurant oil sources can impact broiler chicken health due to heat-induced lipid modifications.

OBJECTIVES

A 21-d experiment was conducted to evaluate ileal morphology, liver cytokine gene expression, and ileal immune cell populations in broilers fed control or peroxidized lipids with varying chain and saturation characteristics.

METHODS

Day-old broilers were housed in battery cages (5 birds per cage) and fed diets containing 5% control or peroxidized oils. Eight diets were randomly assigned in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of oil source (palm, soybean, flaxseed, or fish) and peroxidation status (control or peroxidized). At day 21, samples were collected for ileal histomorphology [villus height (VH), crypt depth (CrD), and the VH:CrD ratio], and liver cytokine expression (qPCR). Ileum cytokine expression and T-cell markers were analyzed by RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH). Data were analyzed as a mixed model (SAS 9.4) with fixed effects of lipid source, peroxidation, and lipid × peroxidation interaction.

RESULTS

CD3+ T-cells in the ileum decreased 16.2% due to peroxidation (P = 0.001) with 30.3% reductions observed in birds fed peroxidized flaxseed oil (P = 0.01). Peroxidation increased IL6+ and IL1B+ cells by 62.0% and 40.3%, respectively (P = 0.01). Soybean oil increased IFNG+ cells by 55.1% compared with palm oil, regardless of peroxidation status (P = 0.007). Lipid source and peroxidation did not alter ileal histomorphology or liver cytokine expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Lipid peroxidation increased ileal IL1B and IL6 in broiler chickens, whereas soybean oil diets increased IFNG. Generally, peroxidation decreased overall CD3+ T-cell populations, suggesting impaired T-cell presence or recruitment. These results identify potential immunomodulatory lipid profiles in restaurant oil while supporting RNAscope-ISH as a method to describe avian tissue-level immune responses.

Presence of lipid oxidation products in swine diet lowers pork quality and stability during storage

Studies examining the effects of feeding lipid oxidation products (LOPs) to pigs on pork quality and storage stability have mostly focused on refrigerated storage and produced mixed results. We investigated the effects of adding yellow grease, containing commercially relevant levels of LOPs, to swine diets on quality and storage stability of ground salted pork. Twenty-four domestic pigs were divided into three study groups and fed the following diet regimens for five months: (1) Standard Diet (STD), (2) STD + yellow grease (YG, high LOPs), or (3) STD + corn oil (CO, negligible LOPs). Post-harvest carcass characteristics and the effects of frozen and refrigerated storage on color and lipid oxidation of salted pork patties were studied. While feeding of yellow grease had no impact on color, it increased the susceptibility of pork patties to lipid oxidation during storage (186% and 73% higher accumulation of LOPs in patties from pigs fed STD + YG when compared to those fed STD and STD + CO, respectively).

Effects of dietary inclusion levels of palm oil on growth performance, antioxidative status and serum cytokines of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary palm oil inclusion levels on growth performance, serum antioxidative status and cytokines in Sanhuang broiler chickens. A total of 208 one-day-old female Sanhuang chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with four replicates per group and of 13 birds each for a 42-day feeding trial. Dietary treatments were basal diet without palm oil (control) and diets containing 2%, 4% or 6% palm oil. During days 22 to 42 and the overall experimental period, chickens fed diets supplemented with 4% and 6% palm oil had a lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p = 0.019) and feed to gain ratio (F/G) (p = 0.031). Average daily gain (ADG) tended to be higher (p = 0.089) for palm oil inclusion treatments compared with the control treatment from days 1 to 42. Dietary 2% and 4% palm oil treatments significantly lowed serum malondialdehyde concentration on day 21 when compared to the control and 6% palm oil treatments (p = 0.027). Dietary 6% palm oil treatment significantly reduced the catalase (CAT) activity (p = 0.018) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p = 0.027) in serum in comparison with the control treatment on day 21. No significant differences were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in serum among dietary treatments on day 21. There were no significant differences in T-AOC, CAT, SOD and GSH-Px activities among dietary treatments on day 42. Dietary inclusion of 4% and 6% palm oil significantly increased (p = 0.01) serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) content, but improved transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) content in serum on both days 21 and 42 (p = 0.032 and 0.022 respectively) as well as IL-10 content on day 42 (p = 0.022) when compared with the control treatment. Furthermore, dietary inclusion of 6% palm oil significantly reduced tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content on days 21 and 42 (p = 0.021 and 0.001 respectively) compared with the control treatment. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of 4% and 6% palm oil could improve the growth performance, modulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and show limited effect on antioxidative status in Sanhuang broiler chickens.

Further evaluation of a slope-ratio precision-fed rooster assay and a limit-fed broiler chicken growth assay for relative metabolizable energy and relative bioavailable energy values of fats and oils

Three slope-ratio precision-fed rooster assays were conducted wherein roosters were precision-fed 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% (levels varied among experiments) refined soy oil, refined corn oil (RCO), poultry fat, crude soy oil, crude corn oil, palm oil, vegetable blend acid oil 1 and 2, soy acid oil, tallow, or choice white grease as part of a ground corn diet. Multiple regression slope-ratio analysis of nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy regressed on dietary fat level was used to estimate relative metabolizable energy (RME) values. The RME values were calculated as the regression coefficient of the test lipid divided by the regression coefficient of the reference refined soy oil or RCO (set at 100%). The results of the rooster experiments indicated that only the RME values of palm oil 1 (83%) and tallow (74%) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of refined soy oil or RCO. It was observed that the differences among fat sources were often greater at the higher inclusion levels of 15 and 20%. In addition to the slope-ratio precision-fed rooster assays, a limit-fed broiler chicken growth assay was conducted. The broilers were limit-fed to 70% of their expected daily intake from 11 to 20 d of age, and four lipid sources (RCO, palm oil 2, choice white grease, and vegetable blend acid oil 2) were tested at 0, 5, and 10% inclusion levels. Multiple regression slope-ratio analysis of body weight gain regressed on dietary fat intake indicated that the relative bioavailability values (RBV) of palm oil 2 (80%) and choice white grease (85%) were significantly lower than the 100% for RCO (P < 0.05), whereas the RBV of the vegetable blend acid oil 2 (93%) was not significantly different from 100%. In general, both the precision-fed rooster assay and the limit-fed broiler chicken assay were able to detect differences in RME or RBV among lipids; however, using higher inclusion rates of 15 or 20% of the lipids may increase sensitivity of the rooster assay.

1 H-NMR-based water-soluble low molecular weight compound characterization and fatty acid composition of boiled Wuding chicken during processing

BACKGROUND

Boiled Wuding chicken was produced using whole chicken by washing, boiling 1 h with salt, deep frying, and boiling 2 h. The effect of the process on the water-soluble low molecular weight (WLOM) compound profiles of products was characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the fatty acid composition of products was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The metabolome was dominated by 49 WLOM compounds, and 22 fatty acid compounds were detected. Principal component (PC)1 and PC2 explained a total of 93.4% and 3% of variance respectively. Compared with the control group, the total WLOM compound and fatty acid contents of the chicken breast were significantly decreased in the other three processing stages (P < 0.05). Comprehensive multivariate data analysis showed significant differences about precursor substance between the different processing including creatine, lactate, creatinine, glucose, taurine, anserine, and acetate (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

These results contribute to a more accurate understanding of precursor substance changes of flavor in chicken meat during processing. Boiled, treated chicken had significant effects on fatty acid and WLOM compounds. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

The effects of high-fat diets composed of different animal and vegetable fat sources on the health status and tissue lipid profiles of male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Objective

The current study aimed to investigate the impact of high-fat diets composed of different animal and vegetable fat sources on serum metabolic health markers in Japanese quail, as well as the overall lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the edible bird tissues following significantly increased dietary lipid supplementation.

Methods

Fifty seven male quail were divided into six groups and fed either a standard diet or a diet enriched with one of five different fats (22% coconut oil, lard, palm oil, soybean oil, or sunflower oil) for 12 weeks. The birds were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test following the feeding period, after which they were euthanized and blood, liver, breast, and thigh muscle samples collected. Total fat content and fatty acid profiles of the tissue samples, as well as serum uric acid, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, aspartate transaminase, and total bilirubin concentrations were assessed.

Results

High-fat diet feeding had no significant effects on the glucose tolerance of the birds. Dietary fatty acid profiles of the added fats were reflected in the lipid profiles of both the liver and breast and thigh muscle tissues, indicating successful transfer of dietary fatty acids to the edible bird tissues. The significantly increased level of lipid inclusion in the diets of the quail used in the present study was unsuccessful in increasing the overall lipid content of the edible bird tissues. Serum metabolic health markers in birds on the high-fat diets were not significantly different from those observed in birds on the standard diet.

Conclusion

Thus, despite the various high-fat diets modifying the fatty acid profile of the birds’ tissues, unlike in most mammals, the birds maintained a normal health status following consumption of the various high-fat diets.

Effects of nano-selenium on performance, meat quality, immune function, oxidation resistance, and tissue selenium content in broilers

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nano-selenium (nano-Se) on performance, meat quality, immune function, oxidation resistance, and tissue selenium content in broilers. A total of five hundred forty 1-d-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with each treatment being applied to 6 replicates of 18 chicks. The 5 treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg of nano-Se. The selenium content of the unsupplemented control diet was 0.09 mg/kg for the starter phase (0 to 21 d) and 0.08 mg/kg for the grower phase (22 to 42 d). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in performance, meat color, or immune organ index (thymus, bursa, and spleen) due to supplementation with nano-Se. On d 42, a significant quadratic effect of nano-Se was observed on glutathione peroxidase activity, free radical inhibition, contents of IgM, glutathione, and malondialdehyde in serum, on glutathione peroxidase activity, free radical inhibition in liver, and on glutathione peroxidase activity in muscle, with birds fed 0.30 mg/kg of nano-Se exhibiting the best effect and birds fed 2.0 mg/kg of nano-Se showing the worst effect on these parameters. Liver and muscle selenium content increased linearly and quadratically as the dietary nano-Se level increased (P < 0.01), and reached the highest value when 2.0 mg/kg of nano-Se was fed. Based on a consideration of all experiment indexes, 0.3 to 0.5 mg/kg is suggested to be the optimum level of supplementation of nano-Se, and the maximum supplementation of nano-Se could not be more than 1.0 mg/kg in broilers.