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Urban J, Jaworski S, Lange A, Bień D, Matuszewski A, Michalczuk M. Effects of the Addition of Crude Fibre Concentrate on Performance, Welfare and Selected Caecal Bacteria of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3883. [PMID: 38136920 PMCID: PMC10741125 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the effects of crude fibre concentrate supplementation on final body weight, mortality, feed conversion ratio, European Production Efficiency Factor, European Broiler Index, welfare parameters, colony-forming units of selected caecal bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria) and pH of broiler faeces and litter. The study comprised 990 Ross 308 male chicks divided into three groups, a control and two experimental groups, which were given crude fibre concentrate as a feed supplement. On the thirty-fifth day of rearing, the birds' welfare scores were evaluated, and 2 g of cecum was collected post-mortem from six chickens in each group. Subsequently, a series of ten-fold dilutions of the material was prepared, followed by cultures and measurement of pH in the faeces and litter. The inclusion of crude fibre concentrate resulted in a beneficial impact on the ultimate body mass (p ≤ 0.001), welfare standard (p ≤ 0.001), and quantity of colony-forming units of lactic acid bacteria (p ≤ 0.05) within the cecum. Furthermore, it had a positive influence on lowering the pH levels of both faeces and litter (p ≤ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Urban
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (D.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Sławomir Jaworski
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.); (A.L.)
| | - Agata Lange
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.); (A.L.)
| | - Damian Bień
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (D.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Arkadiusz Matuszewski
- Department of Animal Environment Biology, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Michalczuk
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (D.B.); (M.M.)
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Effects of prebiotic supplementation on the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the ceca of broiler chickens: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Božić A, Anderson RC, Crippen TL, Swaggerty CL, Hume ME, Beier RC, He H, Genovese KJ, Poole TL, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ. Inhibition of Salmonella Binding to Porcine Intestinal Cells by a Wood-Derived Prebiotic. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071051. [PMID: 32679904 PMCID: PMC7409177 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous Salmonellaenterica serovars can cause disease and contamination of animal-produced foods. Oligosaccharide-rich products capable of blocking pathogen adherence to intestinal mucosa are attractive alternatives to antibiotics as these have potential to prevent enteric infections. Presently, a wood-derived prebiotic composed mainly of glucose-galactose-mannose-xylose oligomers was found to inhibit mannose-sensitive binding of select SalmonellaTyphimurium and Escherichia coli strains when reacted with Saccharomyces boulardii. Tests for the ability of the prebiotic to prevent binding of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled S.Typhimurium to intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) cultured in vitro revealed that prebiotic-exposed GFP-labeled S.Typhimurium bound > 30% fewer individual IPEC-J2 cells than did GFP-labeled S.Typhimurium having no prebiotic exposure. Quantitatively, 90% fewer prebiotic-exposed GFP-labeled S.Typhimurium cells were bound per individual IPEC-J2 cell compared to non-prebiotic exposed GFP-labeled S.Typhimurium. Comparison of invasiveness of S.Typhimurium DT104 against IPEC-J2 cells revealed greater than a 90% decrease in intracellular recovery of prebiotic-exposed S.Typhimurium DT104 compared to non-exposed controls (averaging 4.4 ± 0.2 log10 CFU/well). These results suggest compounds within the wood-derived prebiotic bound to E. coli and S.Typhimurium-produced adhesions and in the case of S.Typhimurium, this adhesion-binding activity inhibited the binding and invasion of IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Božić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia;
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tawni L. Crippen
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Christina L. Swaggerty
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Michael E. Hume
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Ross C. Beier
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Haiqi He
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Kenneth J. Genovese
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Toni L. Poole
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Roger B. Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - David J. Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (T.L.C.); (C.L.S.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
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Hussein SM, Frankel TL. Effect of Varying Proportions of Lignin and Cellulose Supplements on Immune Function and Lymphoid Organs of Layer Poultry ( Gallus gallus). J Poult Sci 2019; 56:71-77. [PMID: 32055199 PMCID: PMC6993883 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0180032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the benefits of different types or proportions of insoluble fiber components on growth and immunity, 4-week-old commercial layer pullets were fed supplements containing different proportions of purified lignin and cellulose or a commercial lignocellulose supplement. The 64 Hy-Line Brown pullets were provided basal diets supplemented with 1 g fiber per 100 g diet. The supplements included a commercial lignocellulose, Arbocel® RC fine (group A) with cellulose to lignin ratio of approximately 3:1, cellulose (group Ce), a 3:1 mixture of cellulose: lignin (group Ce3Lig1), and a 2:1 mixture of cellulose: lignin (group Ce2Lig1). After 3 weeks, innate immune function was measured in terms of heterophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst (n=8). After 4 weeks, ex vivo stimulated lymphocyte proliferation was determined for assessment of cell-mediated immune function (n=7). All pullets were killed at 9 weeks of age and lymphoid organs were weighed (n=16) and small intestinal Peyer's patches (PP) were measured (n=8). Pullets in both A and Ce3Lig1 groups had heavier (P<0.05) body and bursa of Fabricius weights. The number of PP in group A was higher (P<0.05) than in group Ce. The percentage of heterophil phagocytosis in A and Ce3Lig1 groups were higher (P<0.05) than in group Ce, and oxidative burst of group A was higher (P<0.05) than that of group Ce. Addition of 1% Arbocel or 1% Ce3Lig1 to the diet of layer pullets from 4 to 9 weeks of age significantly improved their growth and innate immune function compared to group Ce. This suggests that lignin either modulates the effect of cellulose or has specific mechanisms of action in the gut that improves growth and immunity. The proportion of lignin to cellulose may also be important for growth and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzad M. Hussein
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
- University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Theresa L. Frankel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Jazi V, Foroozandeh AD, Toghyani M, Dastar B, Rezaie Koochaksaraie R, Toghyani M. Effects of Pediococcus acidilactici, mannan-oligosaccharide, butyric acid and their combination on growth performance and intestinal health in young broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Poult Sci 2018. [PMID: 29514269 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the efficacy of Pediococcus acidilactici, mannan-oligosaccharide, butyric acid, and their combination on growth performance and intestinal health in broiler chickens challenged with S. Typhimurium. Ross 308 male broilers (n = 420) were randomly assigned to one of the 6 treatments, resulting in 5 replicate pens of 14 chicks per treatment. The treatments included a negative control [(NC), no additive, not challenged]; positive control [(PC), no additive, but challenged with S. Typhimurium at d 3 posthatch], and 4 groups whereby birds were challenged with S. Typhimurium at d 3 posthatch and fed diets supplemented with either probiotic [0.1 g/kg Pediococcus acidilactici (PA)], prebiotic [2 g/kg mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS)], organic acid [0.5 g/kg butyric acid (BA)], or a combination of the 3 additives (MA). The S. Typhimurium challenge decreased feed intake, body weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio and reduced jejunum villus height (VH) and VH to crypt depth (CD) ratio (P < 0.05). Birds on the MA treatment exhibited similar performance to birds on the NC treatment (P > 0.05) and had a lower population of Salmonella in the ceca compared with birds on the PC treatment, at d 14 and 21 post-challenge (P < 0.05). The lowest heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was observed in birds on the MA and NC treatments (P < 0.05). Birds fed diets supplemented with MA or PA had greater VH and VH: CD ratio than birds on the PC treatment at d 7, 14 and 21 d post-challenge (P < 0.05). Suppressed amylase and protease activity was observed as a result of the S. Typhimurium challenge; the enzyme levels were restored in birds fed the additive-supplemented diets, when compared to the birds on the PC treatment, particularly at d 21 post-challenge (P < 0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation with a combination of PA, BA, and MOS in broiler chickens could be used as an effective tool for controlling S. Typhimurium and promoting growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jazi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - A D Foroozandeh
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - B Dastar
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - R Rezaie Koochaksaraie
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Bamboo shoot fiber prevents obesity in mice by modulating the gut microbiota. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32953. [PMID: 27599699 PMCID: PMC5013436 DOI: 10.1038/srep32953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber has been shown to prevent high-fat diet induced obesity through modulating the gut microbiota; however, quality difference in fiber type is largely unknown. We performed a 6 week study on C57BL/6J mice fed a macronutrient matched high-fat diet with different fiber types including cellulose (HFC), bamboo shoot fiber (HFBS) and several other commonly consumed fibers. Our results showed that the HFBS group exhibited the lowest weight gain among all diet groups and had improved lipid profiles and glycemic control compared with the HFC group. As revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, loss of diversity in the gut microbiota induced by the HFC diet was largely prevented by the HFBS diet. Moreover, compared with the HFC diet, the HFBS diet resulted in markedly increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and strong inhibition of Verrucomicrobia, two divisions strongly correlated with body weight. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence of a quality difference among different types of dietary fibers and shows that bamboo shoot fiber is the most effective in suppressing high-fat diet induced obesity. Our findings indicate that bamboo shoot fiber is a potential prebiotic fiber which modulates the gut microbiota and improves host metabolism.
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Khadem A, Lourenço M, Delezie E, Maertens L, Goderis A, Mombaerts R, Höfte M, Eeckhaut V, Van Immerseel F, Janssens GPJ. Does release of encapsulated nutrients have an important role in the efficacy of xylanase in broilers? Poult Sci 2016; 95:1066-76. [PMID: 26908893 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in cell walls can act as a barrier for digestion of intracellular nutrients. This effect is called "cage effect." Part of the success of fibrolytic enzymes in broiler feed is assumed to be attributed to cage effect reduction. Further, changes in viscosity and potential prebiotic action should also be considered. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the relative importance of the cage effect in xylanase efficacy in broilers. Using a 2×2 factorial design, 24 pens with 30 Ross 308 male chicks were fed corn-soy based diets consisting of normal and freeze-thawed (5 d at -18°C) corn, both with and without xylanase. The freeze-thaw method was used to eliminate the cage effect, whereas a corn-based diet was used to exclude viscosity effects. Body weights (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined at d 13, 26, and 39. A balance study was executed at the end of the growing phase. These birds were euthanized at d 34 (non-fasted) to determine the viscosity of digesta, blood metabolites, intestinal morphology, and microbiota composition. During the finisher period, there was a significant interaction between enzyme supplementation and freeze-thawing for FCR, in which FCR was improved by freeze-thawed corn and tended to be improved by normal corn+enzyme compared with the control group. The improvement in performance (finisher period) of freeze-thawed corn and xylanase coincided with increased gut absorption of glucose (based on postprandial plasma concentrations) and increased number of Clostridiumcluster IV in the caecum, and agreed with the higher gut villus height. In addition, xylanase inclusion significantly increased the postprandial plasma glycine and triglycerides concentration, and led to elevated bacterial gene copies of butyryl CoA:acetate CoA-transferase, suggesting a prebiotic effect of xylanase addition through more than just the cage effect reduction. The applied model managed to rule out viscosity by using corn, and it was possible to isolate the cage effect by freeze-thawing the dietary corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khadem
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium Animal Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - M Lourenço
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Delezie
- Animal Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - L Maertens
- Animal Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - A Goderis
- Nutrex NV, Achterstenhoek 5, 2275 Lille, Belgium
| | - R Mombaerts
- Nutrex NV, Achterstenhoek 5, 2275 Lille, Belgium
| | - M Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - V Eeckhaut
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G P J Janssens
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Chen P, Lv J, Zhang J, Sun H, Chen Z, Li H, Wang F, Zhao X. Evaluation of immune protective efficacies of Eimeria tenella EtMic1 polypeptides with different domain recombination displayed on yeast surface. Exp Parasitol 2015; 155:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sun H, Wang L, Wang T, Zhang J, Liu Q, Chen P, Chen Z, Wang F, Li H, Xiao Y, Zhao X. Display of Eimeria tenella EtMic2 protein on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a potential oral vaccine against chicken coccidiosis. Vaccine 2014; 32:1869-76. [PMID: 24530147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
S. cerevisiae is generally regarded as safe and benign organism and its surface display system may be used as a unique eukaryotic expression system that is suitable for expressing eukaryotic antigen. In addition to the convenience of vaccine delivery, the yeast cell wall has been shown to enhance the innate immunity when immunized with the yeast live oral vaccine. In the present study, we expressed the chicken coccidian E. tenella EtMic2, a microneme protein, on the surface of the S. cerevisiae and evaluated it as a potential oral vaccine for chicken against E. tenella challenge. The protective efficacy against a homologous challenge was evaluated by body weight gains, lesion scores and fecal oocyst shedding. The results showed that the live oral vaccine can improve weight gains, reduced cecal pathology and lower oocyst fecal shedding compared with non immunized controls. In addition, the yeast oral vaccine could stimulate humoral as well as cell mediate immune responses. These results suggested that EtMic2 displayed on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae could be used as potential live vaccine against chicken coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Longjiang Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China.
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