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Liu H, Xing F, Yu P, Shakya S, Peng K, Liu M, Xiang Z, Ritz U. Integrated design and application of stimuli-responsive metal-organic frameworks in biomedicine: current status and future perspectives. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:8235-8266. [PMID: 39058314 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered widespread attention due to their distinctive attributes, such as high surface area, tunable properties, biodegradability, extremely low density, high loading capacity, diverse chemical functionalities, thermal stability, well-defined pore sizes, and molecular dimensions. Increasingly, biomedical researchers have turned their focus towards their multifaceted development. Among these, stimuli-responsive MOFs, with their unique advantages, have captured greater interest from researchers. This review will delve into the merits and drawbacks of both endogenous and exogenous stimuli-responsive MOFs, along with their application directions. Furthermore, it will outline the characteristics of different synthesis routes of MOFs, exploring various design schemes and modification strategies and their impacts on the properties of MOF products, as well as how to control them. Additionally, we will survey different types of stimuli-responsive MOFs, discussing the significance of various MOF products reported in biomedical applications. We will categorically summarize different strategies such as anticancer therapy, antibacterial treatment, tissue repair, and biomedical imaging, as well as insights into the development of novel MOFs nanomaterials in the future. Finally, this review will conclude by summarizing the challenges in the development of stimuli-responsive MOFs in the field of biomedicine and providing prospects for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China.
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Peiyun Yu
- LIMES Institute, Department of Molecular Brain Physiology and Behavior, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sujan Shakya
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China.
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiang Xi, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhou Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Sanya People's Hospital, 572000 Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Ulrike Ritz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Wang Y, He L, Wang M, Yuan J, Wu S, Li X, Lin T, Huang Z, Li A, Yang Y, Liu X, He Y. The drug loading capacity prediction and cytotoxicity analysis of metal-organic frameworks using stacking algorithms of machine learning. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124128. [PMID: 38621612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown excellent performance in the field of drug delivery. Despite the synthesis of a vast array of MOFs exceeding 100,000 varieties, certain formulations have exhibited suboptimal performance characteristics. Therefore, there is a pressing need to enhance their efficacy by identifying MOFs with superior drug loading capacities and minimal cytotoxicity, which can be achieved through machine learning (ML). In this study, a stacking regression model was developed to predict drug loading capacity and cytotoxicity of MOFs using datasets compiled from various literature sources. The model exhibited exceptional predictive capabilities, achieving R2 values of 0.907 for drug loading capacity and 0.856 for cytotoxicity. Furthermore, various model interpretation methods including partial dependence plots, individual conditional expectation, Shapley additive explanation, decision tree, random forest, CatBoost Regressor, and light gradient-boosting machine were employed for feature importance analysis. The results revealed that specific metal atoms such as Zn, Cr, Fe, Zr, and Cu significantly influenced the drug loading capacity and cytotoxicity of MOFs. Through model validation encompassing experimental validation and computational verification, the reliability of the model was thoroughly established. In general, it is a good practice to use ML methods for predicting drug loading capacity and cytotoxicity analysis of MOFs, guiding the development of future property prediction methods for MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Liqiang He
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Meijing Wang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiongpeng Yuan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Siwei Wu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tong Lin
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zihui Huang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Andi Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuhang Yang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xujie Liu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yan He
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Zhang Q, Yan S, Yan X, Lv Y. Recent advances in metal-organic frameworks: Synthesis, application and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:165944. [PMID: 37543345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of crystalline porous hybrid materials with high porosity, large specific surface area and adjustable channel structure and biocompatibility, which are being investigated with increasing interest for energy storage and conversion, gas adsorption/separation, catalysis, sensing and biomedicine. However, the practical applications of MOFs make them release into the environment inevitable, posing a threat to humans and organisms. In this article, we cover advances in the currently available MOFs synthesis methods and the emerging applications of MOFs, especially in the biomedical field (therapeutic agents and bioimaging). Additionally, after evaluating the current status of main exposure routes and affecting factors in the field of MOFs-toxicity, the molecular mechanism is also clarified and identified. Knowledge gaps are identified from such a summarization and frontier development are explored for MOFs. Afterwards, we also present the limitations, challenges, and future perspectives in the study of the entire life cycle of MOFs. This review emphasizes the need for a more targeted discussion of the latest, widely used and effective versatile material class in order to exploit the full potential of high-performance and non-toxicity MOFs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Shuguang Yan
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Yi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China; Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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Wiśniewska P, Haponiuk J, Saeb MR, Rabiee N, Bencherif SA. Mitigating Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Toxicity for Biomedical Applications. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2023; 471:144400. [PMID: 39280062 PMCID: PMC11394873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.144400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel class of crystalline porous materials, consisting of metal ions and organic linkers. These hybrid materials possess exceptional porosity and specific surface area, which have recently garnered significant interest due to their potential applications in gas separation and storage, energy storage, biomedical imaging, and drug delivery. As MOFs are being explored for biomedical applications, it is essential to comprehensively assess their toxicity. Although nearly ninety thousand MOFs have been investigated, evaluating and optimizing their physico-chemical properties in relevant biological systems remain critical for their clinical translation. In this review article, we first provide a brief classification of MOFs based on their chemical structures. We then conduct a comprehensive evaluation of in vitro and in vivo studies that assess the biocompatibility of MOFs. Additionally, we discuss various approaches to mitigate the critical factors associated with MOF toxicity. To this end, the effects of chemistry, particle size, morphology, and particle aggregation are examined. To better understand MOFs' potential toxicity to living organisms, we also delve into the toxicity mechanisms of nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, we introduce and evaluate strategies such as surface modification to reduce the inherent toxicity of MOFs. Finally, we discuss current challenges, the path to clinical trials, and new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wiśniewska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Józef Haponiuk
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150 Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109 Australia
| | - Sidi A Bencherif
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02155, USA
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Yuan H, Li J, Pan L, Li X, Yuan Y, Zhong Q, Wu X, Luo J, Yang ST. Particulate toxicity of metal-organic framework UiO-66 to white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114275. [PMID: 36356528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) are emerging materials with fantastic properties and wide applications. The release of metal ions from MOF materials is usually regarded as the origin of soluble MOF toxicity. However, whether the stable MOF particulates would induce environmental hazards is not clear. Herein, we aimed to reveal the particulate toxicity of MOF materials using the insoluble UiO-66 as the representative MOF and Phanerochaete chrysosporium as the model microorganism. UiO-66 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by solvothermal method and their diameter was 68.4 ± 8.5 nm. UiO-66 NPs were stable in the culture system and the dissolution rate of 500 mg/L group was 0.26% after 14 d incubation. UiO-66 NPs did not affect the fungus growth according to the fresh weight increases and unchanged dry weights. Fungus mycelia kept even at concentrations up to 500 mg/L. Ultrastructural observation showed that UiO-66 NPs did not enter the fungal cells, but slightly destroyed the cell wall. UiO-66 NPs inhibited the laccase activity and promoted the activity of manganese peroxidase. The overall impact on the decomposition activity of P. chrysosporium was low in dye coloration test and sawdust degradation assay. Meaningful oxidative stress was aroused by UiO-66 NPs, as indicated by the decreases of catalase, glutathione, and total superoxide dismutase, and the increases of H2O2. Our results collectively suggested that the MOF particulates could induce mild mechanical damage to fungi and the toxicity was low comparing to other instable MOF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Juncheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lejie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qinmei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Luo
- Analytical and Metrical Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610023, China.
| | - Sheng-Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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6
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Hao F, Yan Z, Yan X. Recent Advances in Research on the Effect of Physicochemical Properties on the Cytotoxicity of Metal–Organic Frameworks. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhu‐Ying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xiu‐Ping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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7
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Ettlinger R, Lächelt U, Gref R, Horcajada P, Lammers T, Serre C, Couvreur P, Morris RE, Wuttke S. Toxicity of metal-organic framework nanoparticles: from essential analyses to potential applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:464-484. [PMID: 34985082 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00918d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, the field of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has exploded, and MOF nanoparticles in particular are being investigated with increasing interest for various applications, including gas storage and separation, water harvesting, catalysis, energy conversion and storage, sensing, diagnosis, therapy, and theranostics. To further pave their way into real-world applications, and to push the synthesis of MOF nanoparticles that are 'safe-and-sustainable-by-design', this tutorial review aims to shed light on the importance of a systematic toxicity assessment. After clarifying and working out the most important terms and aspects from the field of nanotoxicity, the current state-of-the-art of in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies of MOF nanoparticles is evaluated. Moreover, the key aspects affecting the toxicity of MOF nanoparticles such as their chemical composition, their physico-chemical properties, including their colloidal and chemical stability, are discussed. We highlight the need of more targeted synthesis of MOF nanoparticles that are 'safe-and-sustainable-by-design', and their tailored hazard assessment in the context of their potential applications in order to tap the full potential of this versatile material class in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Ettlinger
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK.
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruxandra Gref
- Institut de Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Serre
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Russell E Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK.
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Basque Center for Materials, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Spain.
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Hobday CL, Krause S, Rogge SMJ, Evans JD, Bunzen H. Perspectives on the Influence of Crystal Size and Morphology on the Properties of Porous Framework Materials. Front Chem 2021; 9:772059. [PMID: 34858946 PMCID: PMC8631963 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.772059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniaturization is a key aspect of materials science. Owing to the increase in quality experimental and computational tools available to researchers, it has become clear that the crystal size and morphology of porous framework materials, including metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks, play a vital role in defining the physicochemical behaviour of these materials. However, given the multiscale and multidisciplinary challenges associated with establishing how crystal size and morphology affect the structure and behaviour of a material–from local to global structural modifications and from static to dynamic effects–a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of size and morphology effects is missing. Herein, we provide our perspective on the current state-of-the-art of this topic, drawn from various complementary disciplines. From a fundamental point of view, we discuss how controlling the crystal size and morphology can alter the mechanical and adsorption properties of porous framework materials and how this can impact phase stability. Special attention is also given to the quest to develop new computational tools capable of modelling these multiscale effects. From a more applied point of view, given the recent progress in this research field, we highlight the importance of crystal size and morphology control in drug delivery. Moreover, we provide an outlook on how to advance each discussed field by size and morphology control, which would open new design opportunities for functional porous framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Hobday
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Krause
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jack D Evans
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hana Bunzen
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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