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Abylgazina L, Senkovska I, Engemann R, Bönisch N, Gorelik TE, Bachetzky C, Kaiser U, Brunner E, Kaskel S. Chemoselectivity Inversion of Responsive Metal-Organic Frameworks by Particle Size Tuning in the Micrometer Regime. Small 2024:e2307285. [PMID: 38225688 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Gated adsorption is one of the unique physical properties of flexible metal-organic frameworks with high application potential in selective adsorption and sensing of molecules. Despite recent studies that have provided some guidelines in understanding and designing structural flexibility for controlling gate opening by chemical modification of the secondary building units, currently, there is no established strategy to design a flexible MOF showing selective gated adsorption for a specific guest molecule. In a present contribution it is demonstrated for the first time, that the selectivity in the gate opening of a particular compound can be tuned, changed, and even reversed using particle size engineering DUT-8(Zn) ([Zn2 (2,6-ndc)2 (dabco)]n , 2,6-ndc = 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane, DUT = Dresden University of Technology) experiences phase transition from open (op) to closed (cp) pore phase upon removal of solvent from the pores. Microcrystals show selective reopening in the presence of dichloromethane (DCM) over alcohols. Crystal downsizing to micron size unexpectedly reverses the gate opening selectivity, causing DUT-8(Zn) to open its nanosized pores for alcohols but suppressing the responsivity toward DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abylgazina
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard Engemann
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadine Bönisch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana E Gorelik
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science (EMMS), Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, Oberberghof 3/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Universitätscampus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science (EMMS), Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, Oberberghof 3/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Meixner M, Weber M, Lella S, Rozhon W, Dasbach M. Influence of Stirring Parameters on Creaminess of Spring Blossom Honey Measured by Crystal Size, Whiteness Index and Mouthfeel. Foods 2022; 12. [PMID: 36613260 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spring blossom honey from regions with many rape fields tends to crystalize rapidly after harvesting. The crystallization process needs to be controlled by stirring in order to avoid the formation of coarse crystals and to ensure the creaminess of honey. The aim of this study was to investigate how various parameters of the stirring process influence the creaminess of spring blossom honey in order to give recommendations for beekeeping practices. The creaminess was quantified by measuring the crystal size by microscopic analysis, measuring the whiteness index by color analysis using CIE Lab and by sensory analysis. We investigated the influence of five stirring parameters, including the type of stirring device, honey pretreatment, stirring temperature (14 °C to room temperature), stirring interval (1 to 24 times) and stirring time (1-15 min) on the creaminess of honey. We found that the stirring temperature is the most important factor for honey creaminess. At the optimal temperature of 14 °C, other factors like seed honey, stirring time and stirring interval have only a neglectable effect. If the optimal temperature of 14 °C cannot be maintained, as it may happen in beekeepers' practice, sieving the honey with a mesh size of 200 µm before stirring, the addition of seed honey prepared with a kitchen food processor, and using a stirring screw and stirring several times per day is recommended.
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Niu X, Bai Y, Du YE, Qi H, Chen Y. Size controllable synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite and its catalytic performance in the reaction of methanol conversion to aromatics. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:211284. [PMID: 35345428 PMCID: PMC8941405 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ZSM-5 zeolites were hydrothermally synthesized with commercial silica sol, and the crystal size was controlled by adding silicalite-1 seed in the synthetic system. The crystal size of ZSM-5 was affected by the crystallization time of seed, seed content and seed size. ZSM-5 zeolites with controllable particle size in the range of 200-2200 nm could be obtained. The prepared samples with different particle sizes were used for the reaction of methanol conversion to aromatics (MTA). The results suggested that the HZSM-5 catalyst with small crystal size showed much longer catalyst lifetime and higher selectivity for C5 + hydrocarbons and aromatics, especially C9 + aromatics in the MTA reaction. Moreover, the introduction of zinc (Zn) into the HZSM-5 zeolites can considerably promote the selectivity to aromatics in the products. Zn modified HZSM-5 zeolites with different Zn loading amounts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method, and the highest aromatics selectivity was obtained when the Zn loading was 1.0%. The improvement of methanol aromatization was ascribed to the synergistic effect of Brønsted acid sites and the newly formed Zn-Lewis acid sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-en Du
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxue Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, People's Republic of China
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Hobday CL, Krause S, Rogge SMJ, Evans JD, Bunzen H. Perspectives on the Influence of Crystal Size and Morphology on the Properties of Porous Framework Materials. Front Chem 2021; 9:772059. [PMID: 34858946 PMCID: PMC8631963 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.772059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniaturization is a key aspect of materials science. Owing to the increase in quality experimental and computational tools available to researchers, it has become clear that the crystal size and morphology of porous framework materials, including metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks, play a vital role in defining the physicochemical behaviour of these materials. However, given the multiscale and multidisciplinary challenges associated with establishing how crystal size and morphology affect the structure and behaviour of a material–from local to global structural modifications and from static to dynamic effects–a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of size and morphology effects is missing. Herein, we provide our perspective on the current state-of-the-art of this topic, drawn from various complementary disciplines. From a fundamental point of view, we discuss how controlling the crystal size and morphology can alter the mechanical and adsorption properties of porous framework materials and how this can impact phase stability. Special attention is also given to the quest to develop new computational tools capable of modelling these multiscale effects. From a more applied point of view, given the recent progress in this research field, we highlight the importance of crystal size and morphology control in drug delivery. Moreover, we provide an outlook on how to advance each discussed field by size and morphology control, which would open new design opportunities for functional porous framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Hobday
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Krause
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jack D Evans
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hana Bunzen
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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5
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Vandenhaute S, Rogge SMJ, Van Speybroeck V. Large-Scale Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal New Insights Into the Phase Transition Mechanisms in MIL-53(Al). Front Chem 2021; 9:718920. [PMID: 34513797 PMCID: PMC8429608 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.718920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft porous crystals have the ability to undergo large structural transformations upon exposure to external stimuli while maintaining their long-range structural order, and the size of the crystal plays an important role in this flexible behavior. Computational modeling has the potential to unravel mechanistic details of these phase transitions, provided that the models are representative for experimental crystal sizes and allow for spatially disordered phenomena to occur. Here, we take a major step forward and enable simulations of metal-organic frameworks containing more than a million atoms. This is achieved by exploiting the massive parallelism of state-of-the-art GPUs using the OpenMM software package, for which we developed a new pressure control algorithm that allows for fully anisotropic unit cell fluctuations. As a proof of concept, we study the transition mechanism in MIL-53(Al) under various external pressures. In the lower pressure regime, a layer-by-layer mechanism is observed, while at higher pressures, the transition is initiated at discrete nucleation points and temporarily induces various domains in both the open and closed pore phases. The presented workflow opens the possibility to deduce transition mechanism diagrams for soft porous crystals in terms of the crystal size and the strength of the external stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Valdés J, Reséndiz D, Cuán Á, Nava R, Aguilar B, Cortés-Romero CM, Navarro O. Sol-Gel Synthesis of the Double Perovskite Sr 2FeMoO 6 by Microwave Technique. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:3876. [PMID: 34300797 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The effect of microwave radiation on the hydrothermal synthesis of the double perovskite Sr2FeMoO6 has been studied based on a comparison of the particle size and structural characteristics of products from both methods. A temperature, pressure, and pH condition screening was performed, and the most representative results of these are herein presented and discussed. Radiation of microwaves in the hydrothermal synthesis method led to a decrease in crystallite size, which is an effect from the reaction temperature. The particle size ranged from 378 to 318 nm when pH was 4.5 and pressure was kept under 40 bars. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) results coupled with the size-strain plot method, the product obtained by both synthesis methods (with and without microwave radiation) have similar crystal purity. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques showed that the morphology and the distribution of metal ions are uniform. The Curie temperature obtained by thermogravimetric analysis indicates that, in the presence of microwaves, the value was higher with respect to traditional synthesis from 335 K to 342.5 K. Consequently, microwave radiation enhances the diffusion and nucleation process of ionic precursors during the synthesis, which promotes a uniform heating in the reaction mixture leading to a reduction in the particle size, but keeping good crystallinity of the double perovskite. Precursor phases and the final purity of the Sr2FeMoO6 powder can be controlled via hydrothermal microwave heating on the first stages of the Sol-Gel method.
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Abylgazina L, Senkovska I, Engemann R, Ehrling S, Gorelik TE, Kavoosi N, Kaiser U, Kaskel S. Impact of Crystal Size and Morphology on Switchability Characteristics in Pillared-Layer Metal-Organic Framework DUT-8(Ni). Front Chem 2021; 9:674566. [PMID: 34055743 PMCID: PMC8155289 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.674566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation of the crystallite size in flexible porous coordination polymers can significantly influence or even drastically change the flexibility characteristics. The impact of crystal morphology, however, on the dynamic properties of flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is poorly investigated so far. In the present work, we systematically modulated the particle size of a model gate pressure MOF (DUT-8(Ni), Ni2(2,6-ndc)2(dabco), 2,6-ndc-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate, dabco-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) and investigated the influence of the aspect ratio, length, and width of anisotropically shaped crystals on the gate opening characteristics. DUT-8 is a member of the pillared-layer MOF family, showing reversible structural transition, i.e., upon nitrogen physisorption at 77 K. The framework crystalizes as rod-like shaped crystals in conventional synthesis. To understand which particular crystal surfaces dominate the phenomena observed, crystals similar in size and differing in morphology were involved in a systematic study. The analysis of the data shows that the width of the rods (corresponding to the crystallographic directions along the layer) represents a critical parameter governing the dynamic properties upon adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K. This observation is related to the anisotropy of the channel-like pore system and the nucleation mechanism of the solid-solid phase transition triggered by gas adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abylgazina
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard Engemann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- 3P Instruments, Odelzhausen, Germany
| | - Tatiana E. Gorelik
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science (EMMS), Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Negar Kavoosi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science (EMMS), Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Catizzone E, Giglio E, Migliori M, Cozzucoli PC, Giordano G. The Effect of Zeolite Features on the Dehydration Reaction of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether: Catalytic Behaviour and Kinetics. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E5577. [PMID: 33297548 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) is an important step in the production of chemical intermediate because it is possible to prepare it by direct hydrogenation of CO2. This paper reports the effect of different zeolitic frameworks (such as: BEA, EUO, FER, MFI, MOR, MTW, TON) on methanol conversion, DME selectivity and catalyst deactivation. The effect of crystal size, Si/Al ratio and acidity of the investigated catalysts have been also studied. Finally, the kinetic parameters (such as: ∆H, ∆S and ∆G) have been evaluated together with pre-exponential factor and activation energy for catalysts with FER and MFI structure topology.
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Gessmann R, Brückner H, Petratos K. Removing the C-terminal protecting group enlarges the crystal size: Z-(Gly-Aib) 2-OH·H 2O. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2020; 76:1057-1061. [PMID: 33273142 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229620014254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The achiral tetrapeptide monohydrate N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycyl-α-aminoisobutyrylglycyl-α-aminoisobutyric acid monohydrate, Z-Gly-Aib-Gly-Aib-OH·H2O (Z is benzyloxycarbonyl, Aib is α-aminoisobutyric acid and Gly is glycine) or C20H28N4O7·H2O, exhibits two conformations related by the symmetry operation of an inversion centre. It adopts only one of two possible intramolecular hydrogen bonds in a type I (and I') β-turn and forms a maximum of intermolecular hydrogen bonds partly mediated by water. The space group, the molecular structure and the crystal packing differ from two already described (Gly-Aib)2 peptides which vary only in the protecting groups. This structure confirms the high structural flexibility of Gly-Aib peptides and points to a strong relationship between intermolecular hydrogen bonding and crystal quality and size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Brückner
- Department of Food Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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10
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Sun XY, Chen JY, Rao CY, Ouyang JM. Size-Dependent Cytotoxicity of Hydroxyapatite Crystals on Renal Epithelial Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5043-5060. [PMID: 32764935 PMCID: PMC7369374 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s232926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a common component of most idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones and is often used as a nidus to induce the formation of CaOx kidney stones. Methods This work comparatively studies the cytotoxicity of four kinds of HAP crystals with different sizes (40 nm to 2 μm), namely, HAP-40 nm, HAP-70 nm, HAP-1 μm, and HAP-2 μm, on human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). Results HAP crystals reduce the viability and membrane integrity of HK-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and consequently cause cytoskeleton damage, cell swelling, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species level, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased intracellular calcium concentration, blocked cell cycle and stagnation in G0/G1 phase, and increased cell necrosis rate. HAP toxicity to HK-2 cells increases with a decrease in crystal size. Conclusion Cell damage caused by HAP crystals increases the risk of kidney stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ying Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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11
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Bingre R, Losch P, Megías-Sayago C, Vincent B, Pale P, Nguyen P, Louis B. PFG-NMR as a Tool for Determining Self-Diffusivities of Various Probe Molecules through H-ZSM-5 Zeolites. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2874-2880. [PMID: 31502391 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of major zeolite applications is partially based on diffusion of molecules inside or outside microporous networks. However, it is still a challenge to measure such phenomena. The diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY) technique has been reported to measure a probe molecule's diffusion inside porous solids. Pulsed-field gradient (PFG)-NMR has been used herein to measure the self-diffusivity of different probe molecules, such as neopentane, benzene, toluene and 1-dodecene with increasing dynamic diameter, respectively, on a series of H-ZSM-5 zeolites. The latter materials exhibit different crystal sizes, Si/Al ratios and the presence (or absence) of crystalline defects. In addition, shaped zeolite bodies representing industrial catalysts were compared with the afore-mentioned samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogéria Bingre
- Energy and Fuels for a Sustainable Environment Team Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515 CNRS - ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Pit Losch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Cristina Megías-Sayago
- Energy and Fuels for a Sustainable Environment Team Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515 CNRS - ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institut de Chimie - UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Patrick Pale
- Institut de Chimie - UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Patrick Nguyen
- Saint-Gobain C.R.E.E., 550 Avenue Alphonse Jauffret, BP 224, 84306, Cavaillon cedex, France
| | - Benoît Louis
- Energy and Fuels for a Sustainable Environment Team Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515 CNRS - ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg cedex, France
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12
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Zheng D, Yang H, Yu F, Zhang B, Cui H. Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate by C 3S Carbonation. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12132045. [PMID: 31247916 PMCID: PMC6651350 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the crystallization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is explored in this paper. Precipitation of CaCO3 was carried out by bubbling carbon dioxide (CO2) through tricalcium silicate (C3S) hydration solution with different graphene oxide admixture contents (0.2%, 1% and 2% mass ratios based on C3S). The polymorph, morphology, crystal size and particle size of CaCO3 were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), an environmental scanning electronic microscope (ESEM), and laser particle size analysis. The results showed that addition of GO was able to promote the conversion of CaCO3 to a calcite crystal phase with higher thermal stability and crystallinity than the control. However, as the dosage of GO increased, the growth of the calcite crystal particles was somewhat suppressed, resulting in a decrease in the crystal particle size and a narrow particle size distribution. When the amount of GO was 0.2%, 1% and 2%, the crystal size of the calcite was 5.49%, 12.38%, and 24.61% lower than that of the sample without GO, respectively, while the particle size of the calcite also decreased by 17.21%, 39.26%, 58.03%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zheng
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haibin Yang
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hongzhi Cui
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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13
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Krause S, Bon V, Du H, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Stoeck U, Senkovska I, Kaskel S. The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal-organic framework DUT-98. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2019; 10:1737-1744. [PMID: 31501745 PMCID: PMC6719731 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution we analyze the influence of adsorption cycling, crystal size, and temperature on the switching behavior of the flexible Zr-based metal-organic framework DUT-98. We observe a shift in the gate-opening pressure upon cycling of adsorption experiments for micrometer-sized crystals and assign this to a fragmentation of the crystals. In a series of samples, the average crystal size of DUT-98 crystals was varied from 120 µm to 50 nm and the obtained solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We analyzed the adsorption behavior by nitrogen and water adsorption at 77 K and 298 K, respectively, and show that adsorption-induced flexibility is only observed for micrometer-sized crystals. Nanometer-sized crystals were found to exhibit reversible type I adsorption behavior upon adsorption of nitrogen and exhibit a crystal-size-dependent steep water uptake of up to 20 mmol g-1 at 0.5 p/p 0 with potential for water harvesting and heat pump applications. We furthermore investigate the temperature-induced structural transition by in situ powder X-ray diffraction. At temperatures beyond 110 °C, the open-pore state of the nanometer-sized DUT-98 crystals is found to irreversibly transform to a closed-pore state. The connection of crystal fragmentation upon adsorption cycling and the crystal size dependence of the adsorption-induced flexibility is an important finding for evaluation of these materials in future adsorption-based applications. This work thus extends the limited amount of studies on crystal size effects in flexible MOFs and hopefully motivates further investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krause
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hongchu Du
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy (GFE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stoeck
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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14
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Bryant RN, Pasteris JD, Fike DA. Variability in the Raman Spectrum of Unpolished Growth and Fracture Surfaces of Pyrite Due to Laser Heating and Crystal Orientation. Appl Spectrosc 2018; 72:37-47. [PMID: 28945099 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817736516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two probable causes of variability in the Raman spectrum of unpolished pyrite are well recognized, in principle, but not always in practice, namely: (1) downshifting of band positions due to laser heating; and (2) variations in the ratios of band intensities due to crystallographic orientation of the sample with respect to the laser's dominant polarization plane. The aims of this paper are to determine whether these variations can be used to acquire additional information about pyrites. Here, using laser Raman microprobe analysis of natural, unpolished pyrite samples, we investigate the magnitude of downshifting of band positions associated with laser heating of different sizes of pyrite grains. We demonstrate that the magnitude of this effect can be large (up to ∼10 cm-1), negatively proportional to grain size, of greater magnitude than the effect typically attributable to natural intersample differences in trace element (TE) solid solution, and of similar magnitude among bands. Through Raman analysis of naturally occurring faces on pyrite samples at various angles of rotation, we also demonstrate that the three most common faces on pyrite can be distinguished by the ratio of the intensities of the dominant bands. We conclude that for unpolished samples, laser Raman microprobe analysis is most effective as a means of identifying pyrite, and the presence of solid solution therein, when laser power is low enough to avoid substantial heating. Once pyrite has been identified, higher laser powers can be used to produce spectra whose ratios of band intensities indicate the face or crystallographic plane being irradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger N Bryant
- 1 Department of Earth & 7548 Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jill D Pasteris
- 1 Department of Earth & 7548 Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- 2 Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Fike
- 1 Department of Earth & 7548 Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- 2 Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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15
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Luo J, Martinez-Casado FJ, Balmes O, Yang J, Persson C, Engqvist H, Xia W. In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Setting Process of Brushite Cement: Reaction and Crystal Growth. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:36392-36399. [PMID: 28948757 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Brushite cements are fast self-setting materials that can be used as bone substitute materials. Although tracing their fast setting process is a challenge, it is important for the understanding of the same, which in turn is important for the material's further development and use in the clinics. In this study, the setting rate, phase formation, and crystal growth of brushite cements were quantitatively studied by in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (SXRD) on a time scale of seconds. The influence of reactant ratios and a retardant (citric acid) on the setting reaction were analyzed. To complement the in situ investigations, scanning electron microscopy was carried out for ex situ morphological evolution of crystals. The initial reaction followed a four-step process, including a fast nucleation induction period, nucleation, crystal growth, and completion of the setting. The brushite crystal size grew up to the micro scale within 1 min, and the brushite content increased linearly after the nucleation until all monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM; Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O) had dissolved within minutes, followed by a slow increase until the end of the monitoring. By adjusting the MCPM to the β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP, β-Ca3(PO4)2) ratio in the starting powders, the brushite/monetite ratio in the cements could be modified. In the presence of citric acid, the formation of brushite nuclei was not significantly retarded, whereas the increase in brushite content and the growth of crystal size were effectively hindered. The amount of monetite also increased by adding citric acid. This is the first time that the brushite setting process has been characterized in the first seconds and minutes of the reaction by SXRD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Javier Martinez-Casado
- Max IV Laboratory, Lund University , Fotongatan 2, 225 94 Lund, Sweden
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Institut Laue-Langevin , 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Balmes
- Max IV Laboratory, Lund University , Fotongatan 2, 225 94 Lund, Sweden
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16
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Patel RB, Stepanov V, Qiu H. Dependence of Raman Spectral Intensity on Crystal Size in Organic Nano Energetics. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:1339-1345. [PMID: 27449371 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816654077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectra for various nitramine energetic compounds were investigated as a function of crystal size at the nanoscale regime. In the case of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), there was a linear relationship between intensity of Raman spectra and crystal size. Notably, the Raman modes between 120 cm(-1) and 220 cm(-1) were especially affected, and at the smallest crystal size, were completely eliminated. The Raman spectral intensity of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), like that of CL-20's, depended linearly on crystal size. The Raman spectral intensity of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), however, was not observably changed by crystal size. A non-nitramine explosive compound, 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5- trinitrobenzene (TATB), was also investigated. Its spectral intensity was also found to correlate linearly with crystal size, although substantially less so than that of HMX and CL-20. To explain the observed trends, it is hypothesized that disordered molecular arrangement, originating from the crystal surface, may be responsible. In particular, it appears that the thickness of the disordered surface layer is dependent on molecular characteristics, including size and conformational flexibility. Furthermore, as the mean crystal size decreases, the volume fraction of disordered molecules within a specimen increases, consequently, weakening the Raman intensity. These results could have practical benefit for allowing the facile monitoring of crystal size during manufacturing. Finally, these findings could lead to deep insights into the general structure of the surface of crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajen B Patel
- U.S. Army, Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA
| | - Victor Stepanov
- U.S. Army, Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA
| | - Hongwei Qiu
- Engineering and Technology Solutions Division, Leidos, Inc., Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA
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17
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Correa-Baena JP, Anaya M, Lozano G, Tress W, Domanski K, Saliba M, Matsui T, Jacobsson TJ, Calvo ME, Abate A, Grätzel M, Míguez H, Hagfeldt A. Unbroken Perovskite: Interplay of Morphology, Electro-optical Properties, and Ionic Movement. Adv Mater 2016; 28:5031-7. [PMID: 27122472 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite materials have risen up as leading components for light-harvesting applications. However, to date many questions are still open concerning the operation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A systematic analysis of the interplay among structural features, optoelectronic performance, and ionic movement behavior for FA0.83 MA0.17 Pb(I0.83 Br0.17 )3 PSCs is presented, which yield high power conversion efficiencies up to 20.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Anaya
- Institute of Materials Science of Seville, Spanish National Research Council-University of Seville, Av. Americo Vespucio 49, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Gabriel Lozano
- Institute of Materials Science of Seville, Spanish National Research Council-University of Seville, Av. Americo Vespucio 49, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Tress
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Domanski
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Saliba
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Taisuke Matsui
- Research Division, Panasonic Corporation, 1006 (Oaza Kadoma), Kadoma City, Osaka, 571-8501, Japan
| | - Tor Jesper Jacobsson
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauricio E Calvo
- Institute of Materials Science of Seville, Spanish National Research Council-University of Seville, Av. Americo Vespucio 49, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Abate
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hernán Míguez
- Institute of Materials Science of Seville, Spanish National Research Council-University of Seville, Av. Americo Vespucio 49, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Liebschner D, Yamada Y, Matsugaki N, Senda M, Senda T. On the influence of crystal size and wavelength on native SAD phasing. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2016; 72:728-41. [PMID: 27303793 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316005349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Native SAD is an emerging phasing technique that uses the anomalous signal of native heavy atoms to obtain crystallographic phases. The method does not require specific sample preparation to add anomalous scatterers, as the light atoms contained in the native sample are used as marker atoms. The most abundant anomalous scatterer used for native SAD, which is present in almost all proteins, is sulfur. However, the absorption edge of sulfur is at low energy (2.472 keV = 5.016 Å), which makes it challenging to carry out native SAD phasing experiments as most synchrotron beamlines are optimized for shorter wavelength ranges where the anomalous signal of sulfur is weak; for longer wavelengths, which produce larger anomalous differences, the absorption of X-rays by the sample, solvent, loop and surrounding medium (e.g. air) increases tremendously. Therefore, a compromise has to be found between measuring strong anomalous signal and minimizing absorption. It was thus hypothesized that shorter wavelengths should be used for large crystals and longer wavelengths for small crystals, but no thorough experimental analyses have been reported to date. To study the influence of crystal size and wavelength, native SAD experiments were carried out at different wavelengths (1.9 and 2.7 Å with a helium cone; 3.0 and 3.3 Å with a helium chamber) using lysozyme and ferredoxin reductase crystals of various sizes. For the tested crystals, the results suggest that larger sample sizes do not have a detrimental effect on native SAD data and that long wavelengths give a clear advantage with small samples compared with short wavelengths. The resolution dependency of substructure determination was analyzed and showed that high-symmetry crystals with small unit cells require higher resolution for the successful placement of heavy atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Liebschner
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamada
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Naohiro Matsugaki
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Miki Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
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19
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Basu S, Omadjela O, Gaddes D, Tadigadapa S, Zimmer J, Catchmark JM. Cellulose Microfibril Formation by Surface-Tethered Cellulose Synthase Enzymes. ACS Nano 2016; 10:1896-907. [PMID: 26799780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are pseudocrystalline arrays of cellulose chains that are synthesized by cellulose synthases. The enzymes are organized into large membrane-embedded complexes in which each enzyme likely synthesizes and secretes a β-(1→4) glucan. The relationship between the organization of the enzymes in these complexes and cellulose crystallization has not been explored. To better understand this relationship, we used atomic force microscopy to visualize cellulose microfibril formation from nickel-film-immobilized bacterial cellulose synthase enzymes (BcsA-Bs), which in standard solution only form amorphous cellulose from monomeric BcsA-B complexes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques show that surface-tethered BcsA-Bs synthesize highly crystalline cellulose II in the presence of UDP-Glc, the allosteric activator cyclic-di-GMP, as well as magnesium. The cellulose II cross section/diameter and the crystal size and crystallinity depend on the surface density of tethered enzymes as well as the overall concentration of substrates. Our results provide the correlation between cellulose microfibril formation and the spatial organization of cellulose synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehasish Basu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Okako Omadjela
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - David Gaddes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Srinivas Tadigadapa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Catchmark
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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20
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Park SH, Jo YJ, Chun JY, Hong GP, Davaatseren M, Choi MJ. Effect of Frozen Storage Temperature on the Quality of Premium Ice Cream. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2015; 35:793-9. [PMID: 26877639 PMCID: PMC4726959 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.6.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The market sales of premium ice cream have paralleled the growth in consumer desire for rich flavor and taste. Storage temperature is a major consideration in preserving the quality attributes of premium ice cream products for both the manufacturer and retailers during prolonged storage. We investigated the effect of storage temperature (−18℃, −30℃, −50℃, and −70℃) and storage times, up to 52 wk, on the quality attributes of premium ice cream. Quality attributes tested included ice crystal size, air cell size, melting resistance, and color. Ice crystal size increased from 40.3 μm to 100.1 μm after 52 wk of storage at −18℃. When ice cream samples were stored at −50℃ or −70℃, ice crystal size slightly increased from 40.3 μm to 57-58 μm. Initial air cell size increased from 37.1 μm to 87.7 μm after storage at −18℃ for 52 wk. However, for storage temperatures of −50℃ and −70℃, air cell size increased only slightly from 37.1 μm to 46-47 μm. Low storage temperature (−50℃ and −70℃) resulted in better melt resistance and minimized color changes in comparison to high temperature storage (−18℃ and −30℃). In our study, quality changes in premium ice cream were gradually minimized according to decrease in storage temperature up to−50℃. No significant beneficial effect of −70℃ storage was found in quality attributes. In the scope of our experiment, we recommend a storage temperature of −50℃ to preserve the quality attributes of premium ice cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Park
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Jo
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Chun
- Department of Food Bioengineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Geun-Pyo Hong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | | | - Mi-Jung Choi
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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21
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Schlipf J, Docampo P, Schaffer CJ, Körstgens V, Bießmann L, Hanusch F, Giesbrecht N, Bernstorff S, Bein T, Müller-Buschbaum P. A Closer Look into Two-Step Perovskite Conversion with X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1265-1269. [PMID: 26262985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hybrid perovskites have gathered much interest as alternative materials for the fabrication of highly efficient and cost-competitive solar cells; however, many questions regarding perovskite crystal formation and deposition methods remain. Here we have applied a two-step protocol where a crystalline PbI2 precursor film is converted to MAPbI3-xClx perovskite upon immersion in a mixed solution of methylammonium iodide and methylammonium chloride. We have investigated both films with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering to probe the inner film morphology. Our results demonstrate a strong link between lateral crystal sizes in the films before and after conversion, which we attribute to laterally confined crystal growth. Additionally, we observe an accumulation of smaller grains within the bulk in contrast with the surface. Thus, our results help to elucidate the crystallization process of perovskite films deposited via a two-step technique that is crucial for controlled film formation, improved reproducibility, and high photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schlipf
- †Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Pablo Docampo
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Christoph J Schaffer
- †Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Volker Körstgens
- †Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- †Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Fabian Hanusch
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Nadja Giesbrecht
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- §Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Bein
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- †Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are groups of compounds isolated from citrus peels that have been documented with wide arrays of health-promoting bioactivities. Because of their hydrophobic structure and high melting point, crystallized PMFs usually have poor systemic bioavailability when consumed orally. To improve the oral efficiency of PMFs, a viscoelastic emulsion system was formulated. Because of the crystalline nature, the inclusion of PMFs into the emulsion system faces great challenges in having sufficient loading capacity and stabilities. In this study, the process of optimizing the quality of emulsion-based formulation intended for PMF oral delivery was systematically studied. With alteration of the PMF loading concentration, processing temperature, and pressure, the emulsion with the desired droplet and crystal size can be effectively fabricated. Moreover, storage temperatures significantly influenced the stability of the crystal-containing emulsion system. The results from this study are a good illustration of system optimization and serve as a great reference for future formulation design of other hydrophobic crystalline compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Ting
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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23
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Kim HS, Park NG. Parameters Affecting I-V Hysteresis of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells: Effects of Perovskite Crystal Size and Mesoporous TiO2 Layer. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2927-34. [PMID: 26278238 DOI: 10.1021/jz501392m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells are studied using a time-dependent current response with stepwise sweeping of the bias voltage. Compared with the crystalline Si solar cell showing time-independent current at a given bias voltage, the perovskite solar cells exhibit time-dependent current response. The current increases with time and becomes steady at forward scan from short-circuit to open-circuit, whereas it is decayed and saturated with time at reverse scan from open-circuit to short-circuit. Time-dependent current response eventually leads to I-V hysteresis depending on the scan direction and the scan rate. Crystal size of CH3NH3PbI3 and the mesoporous TiO2 (mp-TiO2) film are found to influence I-V hysteresis, where the I-V hysteresis is alleviated as crystal size increases and in the presence of mp-TiO2. The capacitance observed at low frequency (0.1 to 1 Hz), associated with dipole polarization, tends to diminish as size of perovskite and mp-TiO2 layer thickness increases, which suggests that the origin of hysteresis correlates to the capacitive characteristic of CH3NH3PbI3 and the degree of hysteresis depends strongly on perovskite crystal size and mesoporous TiO2 layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Seon Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Markovic M, Fowler BO, Tung MS. Preparation and Comprehensive Characterization of a Calcium Hydroxyapatite Reference Material. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2004; 109:553-68. [PMID: 27366634 PMCID: PMC4856200 DOI: 10.6028/jres.109.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous biological and chemical studies involve the use of calcium hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. In this study detailed physicochemical characterization of HA, prepared from an aqueous solution, was carried out employing different methods and techniques: chemical and thermal analyses, x-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopies, scanning and transmission microscopies, and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface-area method. The contents of calcium (Ca(2+)), phosphate (PO4 (3-)), hydroxide (OH(-)), hydrogenphosphate (HPO4 (2-)), water (H2O), carbonate (CO3 (2-)), and trace constituents, the Ca/P molar ratio, crystal size and morphology, surface area, unit-cell parameters, crystallinity, and solubility of this HA were determined. This highly pure, homogeneous, and highly crystalline HA is certified as a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material, SRM 2910.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milenko Markovic
- American Dental Association Foundation, Paffenbarger Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Bruce O Fowler
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch Research Associate Program at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Ming S Tung
- American Dental Association Foundation, Paffenbarger Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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