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Hanusch F, Petrus M, Docampo P. Towards Optimum Solution-processed Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells. Unconventional Thin Film Photovoltaics 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782624066-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have been proven to be excellent photovoltaic materials, exhibiting outstanding light absorption, high carrier mobility and facile solution processability. Besides the low-cost manufacturing of perovskite thin-films, the power conversion efficiencies demonstrated for this class of materials are already at the same level as those of poly-crystalline silicon. The pursuit of efficiency in the field of metal halide perovskite solar cells has been achieved mainly through the improvement to perovskite deposition processing and optimization of the contact materials. In this chapter, we review the commonly employed perovskite deposition techniques, with special emphasis on the morphological quality of the prepared perovskite films. Films which exhibit the largest grains and highest orientation also achieve the highest performance, as long as full surface coverage is ensured. Here, it is also important to tune the energy levels of the electron and hole acceptors, and several strategies have led to champion devices with open circuit voltages between 1.1 and 1.15 V for state-of-the-art systems. However, most of the organic materials used currently are synthesized using expensive cross-coupling reactions that require stringent reaction conditions and extensive product purification, so that they cannot be produced at a low-cost at present. For perovskite solar cells to be able to enter the photovoltaic market, their cost and stability need to be competitive with current established technologies. The development of new chemistries resulting in simple compound purification, such as those based on azomethine bonds, will be an essential part of future molecular design for perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hanusch
- Centre for Nanoscience (CeNS), LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Michiel Petrus
- Centre for Nanoscience (CeNS), LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Pablo Docampo
- Centre for Nanoscience (CeNS), LMU Munich Munich Germany
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Schlipf J, Docampo P, Schaffer CJ, Körstgens V, Bießmann L, Hanusch F, Giesbrecht N, Bernstorff S, Bein T, Müller-Buschbaum P. A Closer Look into Two-Step Perovskite Conversion with X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1265-1269. [PMID: 26262985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hybrid perovskites have gathered much interest as alternative materials for the fabrication of highly efficient and cost-competitive solar cells; however, many questions regarding perovskite crystal formation and deposition methods remain. Here we have applied a two-step protocol where a crystalline PbI2 precursor film is converted to MAPbI3-xClx perovskite upon immersion in a mixed solution of methylammonium iodide and methylammonium chloride. We have investigated both films with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering to probe the inner film morphology. Our results demonstrate a strong link between lateral crystal sizes in the films before and after conversion, which we attribute to laterally confined crystal growth. Additionally, we observe an accumulation of smaller grains within the bulk in contrast with the surface. Thus, our results help to elucidate the crystallization process of perovskite films deposited via a two-step technique that is crucial for controlled film formation, improved reproducibility, and high photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schlipf
- †Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Pablo Docampo
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Christoph J Schaffer
- †Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Volker Körstgens
- †Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- †Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Fabian Hanusch
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Nadja Giesbrecht
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- §Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Bein
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- †Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Tan ZK, Moghaddam RS, Lai ML, Docampo P, Higler R, Deschler F, Price M, Sadhanala A, Pazos LM, Credgington D, Hanusch F, Bein T, Snaith HJ, Friend RH. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat Nanotechnol 2014; 9:687-92. [PMID: 25086602 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1608] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state light-emitting devices based on direct-bandgap semiconductors have, over the past two decades, been utilized as energy-efficient sources of lighting. However, fabrication of these devices typically relies on expensive high-temperature and high-vacuum processes, rendering them uneconomical for use in large-area displays. Here, we report high-brightness light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed organometal halide perovskites. We demonstrate electroluminescence in the near-infrared, green and red by tuning the halide compositions in the perovskite. In our infrared device, a thin 15 nm layer of CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) perovskite emitter is sandwiched between larger-bandgap titanium dioxide (TiO2) and poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene) (F8) layers, effectively confining electrons and holes in the perovskite layer for radiative recombination. We report an infrared radiance of 13.2 W sr(-1) m(-2) at a current density of 363 mA cm(-2), with highest external and internal quantum efficiencies of 0.76% and 3.4%, respectively. In our green light-emitting device with an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CH3NH3PbBr3/F8/Ca/Ag structure, we achieved a luminance of 364 cd m(-2) at a current density of 123 mA cm(-2), giving external and internal quantum efficiencies of 0.1% and 0.4%, respectively. We show, using photoluminescence studies, that radiative bimolecular recombination is dominant at higher excitation densities. Hence, the quantum efficiencies of the perovskite light-emitting diodes increase at higher current densities. This demonstration of effective perovskite electroluminescence offers scope for developing this unique class of materials into efficient and colour-tunable light emitters for low-cost display, lighting and optical communication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kuang Tan
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Reza Saberi Moghaddam
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - May Ling Lai
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Pablo Docampo
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Ruben Higler
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Felix Deschler
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Michael Price
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Aditya Sadhanala
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Luis M Pazos
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dan Credgington
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Fabian Hanusch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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Tan ZK, Moghaddam RS, Lai ML, Docampo P, Higler R, Deschler F, Price M, Sadhanala A, Pazos LM, Credgington D, Hanusch F, Bein T, Snaith HJ, Friend RH. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat Nanotechnol 2014; 9:687-692. [PMID: 25086602 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state light-emitting devices based on direct-bandgap semiconductors have, over the past two decades, been utilized as energy-efficient sources of lighting. However, fabrication of these devices typically relies on expensive high-temperature and high-vacuum processes, rendering them uneconomical for use in large-area displays. Here, we report high-brightness light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed organometal halide perovskites. We demonstrate electroluminescence in the near-infrared, green and red by tuning the halide compositions in the perovskite. In our infrared device, a thin 15 nm layer of CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) perovskite emitter is sandwiched between larger-bandgap titanium dioxide (TiO2) and poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene) (F8) layers, effectively confining electrons and holes in the perovskite layer for radiative recombination. We report an infrared radiance of 13.2 W sr(-1) m(-2) at a current density of 363 mA cm(-2), with highest external and internal quantum efficiencies of 0.76% and 3.4%, respectively. In our green light-emitting device with an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CH3NH3PbBr3/F8/Ca/Ag structure, we achieved a luminance of 364 cd m(-2) at a current density of 123 mA cm(-2), giving external and internal quantum efficiencies of 0.1% and 0.4%, respectively. We show, using photoluminescence studies, that radiative bimolecular recombination is dominant at higher excitation densities. Hence, the quantum efficiencies of the perovskite light-emitting diodes increase at higher current densities. This demonstration of effective perovskite electroluminescence offers scope for developing this unique class of materials into efficient and colour-tunable light emitters for low-cost display, lighting and optical communication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kuang Tan
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Reza Saberi Moghaddam
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - May Ling Lai
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Pablo Docampo
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Ruben Higler
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Felix Deschler
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Michael Price
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Aditya Sadhanala
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Luis M Pazos
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dan Credgington
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Fabian Hanusch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 11, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is a key regulator of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, and acts via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). In recent years, an increasing number of studies revealed deleterious effects of aldosterone via its receptor. Especially in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) a significant higher risk of developing cardiovascular comorbidities and comortalities was reported. Also renal insufficiency is clearly increased in patients with PHA indicating a role of aldosterone and the MR in the pathogenesis of renal injury. It has been shown that aldosterone in combination with an elevated salt intake, leads to renal inflammation, fibrosis, podocyte injury, and mesangial cell proliferation. This review focuses on the current knowledge of aldosterone effects in the kidney and highlights this topic from 2 perspectives: from clinical medicine and from experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Fourkiotis
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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