1
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Khobragade TP, Giri P, Pagar AD, Patil MD, Sarak S, Joo S, Goh Y, Jung S, Yoon H, Yun S, Kwon Y, Yun H. Dual-function transaminases with hybrid nanoflower for the production of value-added chemicals from biobased levulinic acid. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1280464. [PMID: 38033815 PMCID: PMC10687574 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1280464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Energy has listed levulinic acid (LA) as one of the top 12 compounds derived from biomass. LA has gained much attention owing to its conversion into enantiopure 4-aminopentanoic acid through an amination reaction. Herein, we developed a coupled-enzyme recyclable cascade employing two transaminases (TAs) for the synthesis of (S)-4-aminopentanoic acid. TAs were first utilized to convert LA into (S)-4-aminopentanoic acid using (S)-α-Methylbenzylamine [(S)-α-MBA] as an amino donor. The deaminated (S)-α-MBA i.e., acetophenone was recycled back using a second TAs while using isopropyl amine (IPA) amino donor to generate easily removable acetone. Enzymatic reactions were carried out using different systems, with conversions ranging from 30% to 80%. Furthermore, the hybrid nanoflowers (HNF) of the fusion protein were constructed which afforded complete biocatalytic conversion of LA to the desired (S)-4-aminopentanoic acid. The created HNF demonstrated storage stability for over a month and can be reused for up to 7 sequential cycles. A preparative scale reaction (100 mL) achieved the complete conversion with an isolated yield of 62%. Furthermore, the applicability of this recycling system was tested with different β-keto ester substrates, wherein 18%-48% of corresponding β-amino acids were synthesized. Finally, this recycling system was applied for the biosynthesis of pharmaceutical important drug sitagliptin intermediate ((R)-3-amino-4-(2,4,5-triflurophenyl) butanoic acid) with an excellent conversion 82%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taresh P. Khobragade
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pritam Giri
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amol D. Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh D. Patil
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sharad Sarak
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Joo
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Goh
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseok Yoon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youkyoung Kwon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wang X, Jiang Y, Liu H, Yuan H, Huang D, Wang T. Research progress of multi-enzyme complexes based on the design of scaffold protein. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:72. [PMID: 38647916 PMCID: PMC10992622 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-enzyme complexes designed based on scaffold proteins are a current topic in molecular enzyme engineering. They have been gradually applied to increase the production of enzyme cascades, thereby achieving effective biosynthetic pathways. This paper reviews the recent progress in the design strategy and application of multi-enzyme complexes. First, the metabolic channels in the multi-enzyme complex have been introduced, and the construction strategies of the multi-enzyme complex emerging in recent years have been summarized. Then, the discovered enzyme cascades related to scaffold proteins are discussed, emphasizing on the influence of the linker on the fusion enzyme (fusion protein) and its possible mechanism. This review is expected to provide a more theoretical basis for the modification of multi-enzyme complexes and broaden their applications in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Transaminase-mediated chiral selective synthesis of (1R)-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-amine from 1-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-one: process minutiae, optimization, characterization and 'What If studies'. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:207-225. [PMID: 36463332 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Transaminases capable of carrying out chiral selective transamination of 1-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-one to (1R)-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-amine were screened, and ATA-025 was the best enzyme, while dimethylsulfoxide (10% V/V) was the best co-solvent for said bioconversion. The variables such as enzyme loading, substrate loading, temperature, and pH for development of process displaying maximum conversion with good product formation and higher yield were optimized. The ambient processing conditions were 10% enzyme loading/50 g/L substrate loading/45 °C/pH 8.0, and 5% enzyme loading/36.78 g/L substrate loading/42.66 °C/pH 8.2 displaying maximum conversion 99.01 ± 2.47% and 96.115 ± 1.97%, and 76.93 ± 1.05% and 73.12 ± 1.04% yield with one factor at a time approach and numerical optimization with Box Behnken Design, respectively. In the final optimized reaction, ATA-025 showed the highest 99.22 ± 2.61% conversion, 49.55 g/L product formation, with an actual product recovery of 38.16 g corresponding to a product yield 77.03 ± 1.01% with respect to the product formed after reaction. The purity of recovered product (1R)-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-amine formed was ≥ 99% (RP-HPLC), and chiral purity ≥ 98.5% (Chiral-GC), and it was also confirmed and characterized with instrumental methods using boiling point, LC-MS, ATR-FTIR, and 1H NMR. The findings of 'What If' studies performed by investigating timely progress of reaction on gram scale by drastically changing the process parameters revealed a substantial modification in process variables to achieve desired results. (1R)-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-amine synthesized by green, facile and novel enzymatic approach with an optimized process could be used for synthesis of different active pharma entities.
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Koplányi G, Bell E, Molnár Z, Katona G, Lajos Neumann P, Ender F, Balogh GT, Žnidaršič-Plazl P, Poppe L, Balogh-Weiser D. Novel Approach for the Isolation and Immobilization of a Recombinant Transaminase: Applying an Advanced Nanocomposite System. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200713. [PMID: 36653306 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The increasing application of recombinant enzymes demands not only effective and sustainable fermentation, but also highly efficient downstream processing and further stabilization of the enzymes by immobilization. In this study, a novel approach for the isolation and immobilization of His-tagged transaminase from Chromobacterium violaceum (CvTA) has been developed. A recombinant of CvTA was simultaneously isolated and immobilized by binding on silica nanoparticles (SNPs) with metal affinity linkers and additionally within poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers. The linker length and the nature of the metal ion significantly affected the enzyme binding efficiency and biocatalytic activity of CvTA-SNPs. The formation of PLA nanofibers by electrospinning enabled rapid embedding of CvTA-SNPs biocatalysts and ensured enhanced stability and activity. The developed advanced immobilization method reduces the time required for enzyme isolation, purification and immobilization by more than fourfold compared to a classical stepwise technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Koplányi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Evelin Bell
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Molnár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Enzymology, ELKH Research Center of Natural Sciences, 1117, Magyar tudosók krt. 2. Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Katona
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6720, Eötvös u. 6., Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Lajos Neumann
- Department of Electron Devices, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary.,Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, 1121, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Ender
- Department of Electron Devices, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary.,SpinSplit Llc., 1025, Vend u. 17., Budapest, Hungary
| | - György T Balogh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720, Eötvös u. 6., Szeged, Hungary
| | - Polona Žnidaršič-Plazl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113., 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - László Poppe
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary.,Biocatalysis and Biotransformation Research Center Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, 400028, Arany János Str. 11, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diána Balogh-Weiser
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Roda S, Fernandez-Lopez L, Benedens M, Bollinger A, Thies S, Schumacher J, Coscolín C, Kazemi M, Santiago G, Gertzen CGW, Gonzalez-Alfonso JL, Plou FJ, Jaeger KE, Smits SHJ, Ferrer M, Guallar V. A Plurizyme with Transaminase and Hydrolase Activity Catalyzes Cascade Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207344. [PMID: 35734849 PMCID: PMC9540564 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Engineering dual‐function single polypeptide catalysts with two abiotic or biotic catalytic entities (or combinations of both) supporting cascade reactions is becoming an important area of enzyme engineering and catalysis. Herein we present the development of a PluriZyme, TR2E2, with efficient native transaminase (kcat: 69.49±1.77 min−1) and artificial esterase (kcat: 3908–0.41 min−1) activities integrated into a single scaffold, and evaluate its utility in a cascade reaction. TR2E2 (pHopt: 8.0–9.5; Topt: 60–65 °C) efficiently converts methyl 3‐oxo‐4‐(2,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)butanoate into 3‐(R)‐amino‐4‐(2,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)butanoic acid, a crucial intermediate for the synthesis of antidiabetic drugs. The reaction proceeds through the conversion of the β‐keto ester into the β‐keto acid at the hydrolytic site and subsequently into the β‐amino acid (e.e. >99 %) at the transaminase site. The catalytic power of the TR2E2PluriZyme was proven with a set of β‐keto esters, demonstrating the potential of such designs to address bioinspired cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Roda
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Carrer de Jordi Girona, 31, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marius Benedens
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine-University, Building 26.44.01.62, Universitaetsstr 1, 40228, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Bollinger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Building 26.44.01.62, Universitaetsstr 1, 40228, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich, Building 15.8, 01/303, 52428, Wilhelm Johnen Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Thies
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Building 26.44.01.62, Universitaetsstr 1, 40228, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich, Building 15.8, 01/303, 52428, Wilhelm Johnen Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine-University, Building 26.44.01.62, Universitaetsstr 1, 40228, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Cristina Coscolín
- Department of Applied Biocatalysis, ICP, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Masoud Kazemi
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Carrer de Jordi Girona, 31, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Santiago
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Carrer de Jordi Girona, 31, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christoph G W Gertzen
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine-University, Building 26.44.01.62, Universitaetsstr 1, 40228, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Francisco J Plou
- Department of Applied Biocatalysis, ICP, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Building 26.44.01.62, Universitaetsstr 1, 40228, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich, Building 15.8, 01/303, 52428, Wilhelm Johnen Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine-University, Building 26.44.01.62, Universitaetsstr 1, 40228, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Department of Applied Biocatalysis, ICP, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Carrer de Jordi Girona, 31, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Xu D, Li Q, Ni J, He Y, Ma C. Significant Enhancement of 5-Hydroxymethylfural Productivity from D-Fructose with SG(SiO2) in Betaine:Glycerol–Water for Efficient Synthesis of Biobased 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfurylamine. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185748. [PMID: 36144485 PMCID: PMC9505363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfurylamine (5-HMFA) as an important 5-HMF derivative has been widely utilized in the manufacture of diuretics, antihypertensive drugs, preservatives and curing agents. In this work, an efficient chemoenzymatic route was constructed for producing 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfurylamine (5-HMFA) from biobased D-fructose in deep eutectic solvent Betaine:Glycerol–water. The introduction of Betaine:Glycerol could greatly promote the dehydration of D-fructose to 5-HMF and inhibit the secondary decomposition reactions of 5-HMF, compared with a single aqueous phase. D-Fructose (200 mM) could be catalyzed to 5-HMF (183.4 mM) at 91.7% yield by SG(SiO2) (3 wt%) after 90 min in Betaine:Glycerol (20 wt%), and at 150 °C. E. coli AT exhibited excellent bio-transamination activity to aminate 5-HMF into 5-HMFA at 35 °C and pH 7.5. After 24 h, D-fructose-derived 5-HMF (165.4 mM) was converted to 5-HMFA (155.7 mM) in 94.1% yield with D-Ala (D-Ala-to-5-HMF molar ratio 15:1) in Betaine:Glycerol (20 wt%) without removal of SG(SiO2), achieving a productivity of 0.61 g 5-HMFA/(g substrate D-fructose). Chemoenzymatic valorization of D-fructose with SG(SiO2) and E. coli AT was established for sustainable production of 5-HMFA, which has potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daozhu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jiacheng Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yucai He
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (C.M.)
| | - Cuiluan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (C.M.)
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Roda S, Fernandez-Lopez L, Benedens M, Bollinger A, Thies S, Schumacher J, Coscolín C, Kazemi M, Santiago G, Gertzen CGW, Gonzalez-Alfonso JL, Plou FJ, Jaeger KE, Smits SHJ, Ferrer M, Guallar V. A Plurizyme with Transaminase and Hydrolase Activity Catalyzes Cascade Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Roda
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center: Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion Department of Life Sciences Carrer de Jordi Girona, 31 08034 Barcelona SPAIN
| | - Laura Fernandez-Lopez
- ICP: Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica Department of Applied Biocatalysis Marie Curie 2 28049 Madrid SPAIN
| | - Marius Benedens
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf: Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf Center for Structural Studies Wilhelm Johnen Straße, Bldg 15.8, 01/303 40228 Düsseldorf GERMANY
| | - Alexander Bollinger
- Forschungszentrum Jülich: Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße, Bldg 15.8, 01/303 52428 Jülich GERMANY
| | - Stephan Thies
- Forschungszentrum Jülich: Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße, Bldg 15.8, 01/303 52428 Jülich GERMANY
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf Center for Structural Studies Building 26.44.01.62, Universitaetsstr 1 40228 Düsseldorf GERMANY
| | - Cristina Coscolín
- ICP: Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica Department of Applied Biocatalysis Marie Curie 28049 Madrid SPAIN
| | - Masoud Kazemi
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center: Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion Department of Life Sciences Carrer de Jordi Girona, 31 08034 Barcelona SPAIN
| | - Gerard Santiago
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center: Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion Department of Life Sciences Carrer de Jordi Girona, 31 08034 Barcelona SPAIN
| | - Christoph G. W. Gertzen
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf: Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry 40228 Düsseldorf GERMANY
| | - Jose L. Gonzalez-Alfonso
- ICP: Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica Department of Applied Biocatalysis Marie Curie 2 28049 Madrid SPAIN
| | - Francisco J. Plou
- ICP: Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica Department of Applied Biocatalysis Marie Curie 2 28049 Madrid SPAIN
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Forschungszentrum Julich ICG: Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße, Bldg 15.8, 01/303 52428 Jülich GERMANY
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf: Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf Center for Structural Studies 40228 Düsseldorf GERMANY
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Institute of Catalysis CSIC Department of Biocatalysis Marie Curie 2Campus Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid SPAIN
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center: Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion Department of Life Sciences Carrer de Jordi Girona, 31 08034 Barcelona SPAIN
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