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Sun J, Zhang Z, Gao L, Yang F. Advances and trends for astaxanthin synthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma. Microb Cell Fact 2025; 24:100. [PMID: 40329361 PMCID: PMC12057283 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-025-02704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a carotenoid endowed with potent antioxidant capacity, exhibits considerable application prospects in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. In contrast to the chemical synthesis method, the biosynthesis of astaxanthin is undoubtedly a greener and more environmentally friendly production approach. In this review, we comprehensively review the biosynthetic pathways and multiple strategies for astaxanthin synthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma. Some biotechnology advancements for increasing the yield of astaxanthin in Phaffia rhodozyma encompass mutagenesis breeding, genetic modification, and optimizing fermentation conditions, thereby opening up new avenues for its application in functional foods and feed. Nevertheless, the yield of product synthesis is constrained by the host metabolic stoichiometry. Besides breaking the threshold of astaxanthin production and alleviating the impact of astaxanthin accumulation on cell growth, a comprehensive comprehension of multiple interconnected metabolic pathways and complex regulatory mechanisms is indispensable for significantly enhancing astaxanthin production. This review presents some prospects of integrating digital concepts into astaxanthin production to aid in overcoming current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Sun
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Zhaokun Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Le Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
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2
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Rotter A, Varamogianni-Mamatsi D, Zvonar Pobirk A, Gosenca Matjaž M, Cueto M, Díaz-Marrero AR, Jónsdóttir R, Sveinsdóttir K, Catalá TS, Romano G, Aslanbay Guler B, Atak E, Berden Zrimec M, Bosch D, Deniz I, Gaudêncio SP, Grigalionyte-Bembič E, Klun K, Zidar L, Coll Rius A, Baebler Š, Lukić Bilela L, Rinkevich B, Mandalakis M. Marine cosmetics and the blue bioeconomy: From sourcing to success stories. iScience 2024; 27:111339. [PMID: 39650733 PMCID: PMC11625311 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2024] Open
Abstract
As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for longer, healthier lives and environmentally responsible choices. Consumers are increasingly drawn to naturally sourced products with proven health and wellbeing benefits. The marine environment presents a promising yet underexplored resource for the cosmetics industry, offering bioactive compounds with the potential for safe and biocompatible ingredients. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of marine organisms for cosmetics production, highlighting marine-derived compounds and their applications in skin/hair/oral-care products, cosmeceuticals and more. It also lays down critical safety considerations and addresses the methodologies for sourcing marine compounds, including harvesting, the biorefinery concept, use of systems biology for enhanced product development, and the relevant regulatory landscape. The review is enriched by three case studies: design of macroalgal skincare products in Iceland, establishment of a microalgal cosmetics spin-off in Italy, and the utilization of marine proteins for cosmeceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rotter
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Despoina Varamogianni-Mamatsi
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alenka Zvonar Pobirk
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjam Gosenca Matjaž
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mercedes Cueto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana R. Díaz-Marrero
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rósa Jónsdóttir
- Matis ohf., Icelandic Food and Biotech R&D, Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir
- Matis ohf., Icelandic Food and Biotech R&D, Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Teresa S. Catalá
- Global Society Institute, Wälderhaus, am Inselpark 19, 21109 Hamburg, Germany
- Organization for Science, Education and Global Society GmbH, am Inselpark 19, 21109 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn - Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Bahar Aslanbay Guler
- Faculty of Engineering Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Eylem Atak
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | | | - Daniel Bosch
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Irem Deniz
- Faculty of Engineering Department of Bioengineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45119, Turkey
| | - Susana P. Gaudêncio
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Blue Biotechnology and Biomedicine Lab, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | | | - Katja Klun
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Luen Zidar
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Anna Coll Rius
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lada Lukić Bilela
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel Shikmona, Haifa 3102201, Israel
| | - Manolis Mandalakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
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3
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Durán A, Venegas M, Barahona S, Sepúlveda D, Baeza M, Cifuentes V, Alcaíno J. Increasing carotenoid production in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous/Phaffia rhodozyma: SREBP pathway activation and promoter engineering. Biol Res 2024; 57:78. [PMID: 39497228 PMCID: PMC11536662 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous synthesizes astaxanthin, a high-value carotenoid with biotechnological relevance in the nutraceutical and aquaculture industries. However, enhancing carotenoid production through strain engineering remains an ongoing challenge. Recent studies have demonstrated that carotenogenesis in X. dendrorhous is regulated by the SREBP pathway, which includes the transcription factor Sre1, particularly in the mevalonate pathway that also produces precursors used for ergosterol synthesis. In this study, we explored a novel approach to enhance carotenoid synthesis by replacing the native crtE promoter, which drives geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthesis (the step where carotenogenesis diverges from ergosterol biosynthesis), with the promoter of the HMGS gene, which encodes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase from the mevalonate pathway. The impact of this substitution was evaluated in two mutant strains that already overproduce carotenoids due to the presence of an active Sre1 transcription factor: CBS.cyp61-, which does not produce ergosterol and strain CBS.SRE1N.FLAG, which constitutively expresses the active form of Sre1. Wild-type strain CBS6938 was used as a control. Our results showed that this modification increased the crtE transcript levels more than threefold and fourfold in CBS.cyp61-.pHMGS/crtE and CBS.SRE1N.FLAG.pHMGS/crtE, respectively, resulting in 1.43-fold and 1.22-fold increases in carotenoid production. In contrast, this modification did not produce significant changes in the wild-type strain, which lacks the active Sre1 transcription factor under the same culture conditions. This study highlights the potential of promoter substitution strategies involving genes regulated by Sre1 to enhance carotenoid production, specifically in strains where the SREBP pathway is activated, offering a promising avenue for strain improvement in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Durán
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Venegas
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile.
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Naz T, Saeed T, Ullah S, Nazir Y, Assefa M, Liu Q, Fan Z, Mohamed H, Song Y. Metabolic engineering of Mucor circinelloides to improve astaxanthin production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:374. [PMID: 39487367 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/04/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a bioactive natural pigment with antioxidant properties. It has extensive applications within the industrial sector as well as in human and animal health. Mucor circinelloides is a zygomycete fungus that accumulates β-carotene as the main carotenoid compound. M. circinelloides is a well-known model organism among Mucorales for studying carotenogenesis in fungi, which makes it a promising candidate for the biotechnological production of carotenoids. In this study, β-carotene hydroxylase (crtR-B) and ketolase (bkt) genes (codon-optimized) were coexpressed from Haematococcus pluvialis in M. circinelloides using two potent promoters gpd1 and zrt1 respectively to generate an astaxanthin-producing biofactory. Following 72 h of cultivation, the recombinant M. circinelloides Mc-57 obtained in this study produced 135 ± 8 µg/g of astaxanthin. This is the highest reported amount in M. circinelloides to date. The mRNA levels of crtR-B and bkt in Mc-57 were assayed using RT-qPCR. These levels showed a 5.7-fold increase at 72 h and a 5.5-fold increase at 24 h, respectively, compared to the control strain. This demonstrated the successful overexpression of both genes, which correlated with the production of astaxanthin in the Mc-57. Moreover, the addition of glutamate (2 g/L) and mevalonate (15 mM) resulted in an increase in astaxanthin production in the recombinant strain. The results showed that the combined addition of these metabolic precursors resulted in 281 ± 20 µg/g of astaxanthin, which is 2.08-fold higher than the control medium (135 ± 8 µg/g). The addition of metabolic precursors also positively impacted the biomass growth of Mc-57, reaching 11.2 ± 0.57 g/L compared to 9.1 ± 0.23 g/L (control medium). The study successfully addressed the challenge of balancing the accumulation of astaxanthin with biomass growth, which has been regarded as common bottleneck in the metabolic engineering of microbial cells. The development of a recombinant fungal strain of M. circinelloides not only increased astaxanthin content. Additionally, it provided a foundation for further improvement of the biotechnological production of astaxanthin in M. circinelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Tariq Saeed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Ibadat International University, Islamabad, 45750, Pakistan
| | - Samee Ullah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Molalign Assefa
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Zhaosen Fan
- Shandong Benon Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China.
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China.
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Göttl VL, Meyer F, Schmitt I, Persicke M, Peters-Wendisch P, Wendisch VF, Henke NA. Enhancing astaxanthin biosynthesis and pathway expansion towards glycosylated C40 carotenoids by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8081. [PMID: 38582923 PMCID: PMC10998873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a versatile C40 carotenoid prized for its applications in food, cosmetics, and health, is a bright red pigment with powerful antioxidant properties. To enhance astaxanthin production in Corynebacterium glutamicum, we employed rational pathway engineering strategies, focused on improving precursor availability and optimizing terminal oxy-functionalized C40 carotenoid biosynthesis. Our efforts resulted in an increased astaxanthin precursor supply with 1.5-fold higher β-carotene production with strain BETA6 (18 mg g-1 CDW). Further advancements in astaxanthin production were made by fine-tuning the expression of the β-carotene hydroxylase gene crtZ and β-carotene ketolase gene crtW, yielding a nearly fivefold increase in astaxanthin (strain ASTA**), with astaxanthin constituting 72% of total carotenoids. ASTA** was successfully transferred to a 2 L fed-batch fermentation with an enhanced titer of 103 mg L-1 astaxanthin with a volumetric productivity of 1.5 mg L-1 h-1. Based on this strain a pathway expansion was achieved towards glycosylated C40 carotenoids under heterologous expression of the glycosyltransferase gene crtX. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time astaxanthin-β-D-diglucoside was produced with C. glutamicum achieving high titers of microbial C40 glucosides of 39 mg L-1. This study showcases the potential of pathway engineering to unlock novel C40 carotenoid variants for diverse industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Göttl
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Meyer
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ina Schmitt
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marcus Persicke
- CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Omics Core Facility - Proteom-Metabolom Unit (In Development), Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Petra Peters-Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nadja A Henke
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
- CZS Junior Research Group, Microsystems in Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Torres-Haro A, Verdín J, Kirchmayr MR, Arellano-Plaza M. Combined 6-benzylaminopurine and H 2O 2 stimulate the astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:158. [PMID: 38252271 PMCID: PMC10803577 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is one of the most attractive carotenoids due to its high antioxidant activity and beneficial biological properties, while Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is one of its main microbial sources. Since astaxanthin is synthesized as a response to oxidative stress, several oxidative agents have been evaluated to increase X. dendrorhous astaxanthin yields. However, the extent of the stimulation is determined by the cellular damage caused by the applied oxidative agent. Phytohormones have also been reported as stimulants of astaxanthin biosynthesis acting directly on its metabolic pathway and indirectly promoting cellular resistance to reactive oxygen species. We reasoned that both oxidative agents and phytohormones lead to increased astaxanthin synthesis, but the latter could mitigate the drawbacks of the former. Thus, here, the stimulation on astaxanthin biosynthesis, as well as the cellular and transcriptional responses of wild type X. dendrorhous to phytohormones (6-benzylaminopurine, 6-BAP; abscisic acid, ABA; and indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), and oxidative agents (glutamate, menadione, H2O2, and/or Fe2+) were evaluated as a single or combined treatments. ABA and 6-BAP were the best individual stimulants leading to 2.24- and 2.60-fold astaxanthin biosynthesis increase, respectively. Nevertheless, the effect of combined 6-BAP and H2O2 led to a 3.69-fold astaxanthin synthesis increase (0.127 ± 0.018 mg astaxanthin/g biomass). Moreover, cell viability (> 82.75%) and mitochondrial activity (> 82.2%) remained almost intact in the combined treatment (6-BAP + H2O2) compared to control (< 52.17% cell viability; < 85.3% mitochondrial activity). On the other hand, mRNA levels of hmgR, idi, crtYB, crtR, and crtS, genes of the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway, increased transiently along X. dendrorhous fermentation due to stimulations assayed in this study. KEY POINTS: • Combined 6-BAP and H2O2 is the best treatment to increase astaxanthin yields in X. dendrorhous. • 6-BAP preserves cell integrity under oxidative H2O2 stress conditions. • 6-BAP and H2O2 increase transcriptional responses of hmgR, idi, and crt family genes transiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torres-Haro
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Verdín
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Manuel R Kirchmayr
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Melchor Arellano-Plaza
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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7
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Yang H, Yang L, Du X, He N, Jiang Z, Zhu Y, Li L, Ni H, Li Q, Li Z. Metabolomics of astaxanthin biosynthesis and corresponding regulation strategies in Phaffia rhodozyma. Yeast 2023; 40:254-264. [PMID: 37132227 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a valuable carotenoid and is used as antioxidant and health care. Phaffia rhodozyma is a potential strain for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin. The unclear metabolic characteristics of P. rhodozyma at different metabolic stages hinder astaxanthin's promotion. This study is conducted to investigate metabolite changes based on quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabolomics method. The results showed that the downregulation of purine, pyrimidine, amino acid synthesis, and glycolytic pathways contributed to astaxanthin biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the upregulation of lipid metabolites contributed to astaxanthin accumulation. Therefore, the regulation strategies were proposed based on this. The addition of sodium orthovanadate inhibited the amino acid pathway to increase astaxanthin concentration by 19.2%. And the addition of melatonin promoted lipid metabolism to increase the astaxanthin concentration by 30.3%. It further confirmed that inhibition of amino acid metabolism and promotion of lipid metabolism were beneficial for astaxanthin biosynthesis of P. rhodozyma. It is helpful in understanding metabolic pathways affecting astaxanthin of P. rhodozyma and provides regulatory strategies for metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, Fujian, China
| | - Liang Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiping Du
- College of Ocean Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, Fujian, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Ocean Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, Fujian, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Ocean Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, Fujian, China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Ocean Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, Fujian, China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, Fujian, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, Fujian, China
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