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Miao X, Liu P, Liu Y, Zhang W, Li C, Wang X. Epigenetic targets and their inhibitors in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2025; 289:117463. [PMID: 40048798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2025] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a deadly lung disease characterized by fibroblast proliferation, excessive extracellular matrix buildup, inflammation, and tissue damage, resulting in respiratory failure and death. Recent studies suggest that impaired interactions among epithelial, mesenchymal, immune, and endothelial cells play a key role in IPF development. Advances in bioinformatics have also linked epigenetics, which bridges gene expression and environmental factors, to IPF. Despite the incomplete understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying IPF, recent preclinical studies have identified several novel epigenetic therapeutic targets, including DNMT, EZH2, G9a/GLP, PRMT1/7, KDM6B, HDAC, CBP/p300, BRD4, METTL3, FTO, and ALKBH5, along with potential small-molecule inhibitors relevant for its treatment. This review explores the pathogenesis of IPF, emphasizing epigenetic therapeutic targets and potential small molecule drugs. It also analyzes the structure-activity relationships of these epigenetic drugs and summarizes their biological activities. The objective is to advance the development of innovative epigenetic therapies for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Miao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chunxin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiujiang Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China.
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2
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Caloian AD, Cristian M, Calin E, Pricop AR, Mociu SI, Seicaru L, Deacu S, Ciufu N, Suceveanu AI, Suceveanu AP, Mazilu L. Epigenetic Symphony in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Orchestrating the Tumor Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2025; 13:853. [PMID: 40299416 PMCID: PMC12024808 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2025] [Revised: 03/18/2025] [Accepted: 03/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
DLBCL is a testament to the complexity of nature. It is characterized by remarkable diversity in its molecular and pathological subtypes and clinical manifestations. Despite the strides made in DLBCL treatment and the introduction of innovative drugs, around one-third of patients face a relapse or develop refractory disease. Recent findings over the past ten years have highlighted the critical interplay between the evolution of DLBCL and various epigenetic mechanisms, including chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs. These epigenetic alterations are integral to the pathways of oncogenesis, tumor progression, and the development of therapeutic resistance. In the past decade, the identification of dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms in lymphomas has paved the way for an exciting field of epigenetic therapies. Crucially, these epigenetic transformations span beyond tumor cells to include the sophisticated network within the tumor microenvironment (TME). While the exploration of epigenetic dysregulation in lymphoma cells is thriving, the mechanisms affecting the functions of immune cells in the TME invite further investigation. This review is dedicated to weaving together the narrative of epigenetic alterations impacting both lymphoma cells with a focus on their infiltrating immune companions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea-Daniela Caloian
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (S.D.); (N.C.); (A.-I.S.); (A.-P.S.); (L.M.)
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, “Ovidius” Clinical Hospital, 900470 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Miruna Cristian
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (S.D.); (N.C.); (A.-I.S.); (A.-P.S.); (L.M.)
- Center for Research and Development of the Morphological and Genetic Studies of Malignant Pathology-CEDMOG, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
- Department of Forensic Medicine, “Sf. Apostol Andrei” Emergency County Hospital, 900439 Constanta, Romania
| | - Elena Calin
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (S.D.); (N.C.); (A.-I.S.); (A.-P.S.); (L.M.)
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, “Ovidius” Clinical Hospital, 900470 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Andreea-Raluca Pricop
- Department of Dermatology, “Sf. Apostol Andrei” Emergency County Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Stelian-Ilie Mociu
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, “Ovidius” Clinical Hospital, 900470 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Liliana Seicaru
- Department of Clinical Patology, “Sf. Apostol Andrei” Emergency County Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Sorin Deacu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (S.D.); (N.C.); (A.-I.S.); (A.-P.S.); (L.M.)
- Department of Clinical Patology, “Sf. Apostol Andrei” Emergency County Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Nicolae Ciufu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (S.D.); (N.C.); (A.-I.S.); (A.-P.S.); (L.M.)
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, “Ovidius” Clinical Hospital, 900470 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Andra-Iulia Suceveanu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (S.D.); (N.C.); (A.-I.S.); (A.-P.S.); (L.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Sf. Apostol Andrei” Emergency County Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Adrian-Paul Suceveanu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (S.D.); (N.C.); (A.-I.S.); (A.-P.S.); (L.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Sf. Apostol Andrei” Emergency County Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Laura Mazilu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (S.D.); (N.C.); (A.-I.S.); (A.-P.S.); (L.M.)
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, “Ovidius” Clinical Hospital, 900470 Constanta, Romania;
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3
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Tan RZ, Bai QX, Jia LH, Wang YB, Li T, Lin JY, Liu J, Su HW, Kantawong F, Wang L. Epigenetic regulation of macrophage function in kidney disease: New perspective on the interaction between epigenetics and immune modulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2025; 183:117842. [PMID: 39809127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2024] [Revised: 01/01/2025] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
The interaction between renal intrinsic cells and macrophages plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of kidney diseases. In recent years, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation have become essential windows for understanding these processes. This review focuses on how renal intrinsic cells (including tubular epithelial cells, podocytes, and endothelial cells), renal cancer cells, and mesenchymal stem cells influence the function and polarization status of macrophages through their own epigenetic alterations, and how the epigenetic regulation of macrophages themselves responds to kidney damage, thus participating in renal inflammation, fibrosis, and repair. Moreover, therapeutic studies targeting these epigenetic interaction mechanisms have found that the application of histone deacetylase inhibitors, histone methyltransferase inhibitors, various nanomaterials, and locked nucleic acids against non-coding RNA have positive effects on the treatment of multiple kidney diseases. This review summarizes the latest research advancements in these epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and therapies, providing a theoretical foundation for further elucidating the pathogenesis of kidney diseases and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhi Tan
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qiu-Xiang Bai
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Long-Hao Jia
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yi-Bing Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tong Li
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jing-Yi Lin
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hong-Wei Su
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Fahsai Kantawong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Yang Z, Wang H, Xiao J, Yang Q, Sun J, Liu H, Ma L, Huang X, Wang C, Wang X, Cao Z. KDM6B-Mediated HADHA Demethylation/Lactylation Regulates Cementogenesis. J Dent Res 2025; 104:75-85. [PMID: 39569625 PMCID: PMC11667198 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241286460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cementum, a bone-like tissue, is an essential component of periodontium, and periodontitis can lead to degenerative changes in the cementum, eventually resulting in tooth loss. The therapeutic strategy for advanced periodontitis is to achieve periodontal regeneration, of which cementum regeneration is a key criterion. Cementoblasts are responsible for cementogenesis, and their mineralization counts in cementum regeneration. However, research is still limited. Thus, novel treatment targets are required. The expression levels of lysine (K)-specific demethylase 6B (KDM6B), fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and cementogenic markers were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical assays. FAO levels were analyzed by assay kit. In vivo, injection of GSK-J4 into mice detected the influence of KDM6B on cementum formation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, transcriptomic RNA sequencing, subsequent chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and overexpression of HADHA (hydroxyacyl-coA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha) elucidated the KDM6B-Hadha axis. Global lactylation was detected by Western blot. Lactylation proteomics clarified the modified sites of HADHA. Mutating these sites and applying coimmunoprecipitation confirmed their significance. Knockdown of Kdm6b was utilized to assess its regulation on the lactylation of HADHA, FAO, and mineralization levels. FAO and KDM6B expression was elevated during cementoblast mineralization. KDM6B targeted Hadha and activated its transcription, thereby increasing FAO levels and promoting mineralization. Lactylation occurred in the process of mineralization, and KDM6B could regulate the lactylation of HADHA to promote FAO and mineralization. Overexpression of Hadha and the addition of lactate sodium could rescue the inhibition of mineralization by knockdown of Kdm6b. In summary, during cementoblast mineralization, KDM6B regulates HADHA by mediating histone demethylation and lactylation, thereby upregulating FAO and thus promoting mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - H. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - J. Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Q. Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - J. Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - H. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - L. Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - X. Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - C. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - X. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Z. Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Pinton G, Perucca M, Gigliotti V, Mantovani E, Clemente N, Malecka J, Chrostek G, Dematteis G, Lim D, Moro L, Chiazza F. EZH2-Mediated H3K27 Trimethylation in the Liver of Mice Is an Early Epigenetic Event Induced by High-Fat Diet Exposure. Nutrients 2024; 16:3260. [PMID: 39408226 PMCID: PMC11479199 DOI: 10.3390/nu16193260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Methyltransferase EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 is involved in liver inflammation and fibrosis, but its role in hepatic metabolic derangements is not yet clearly defined. We investigated if a high-fat diet (HFD) induced early changes in EZH2 expression and H3K27 me3 in the liver of mice. METHODS Five-week-old mice were fed an HFD or a low-fat diet (Control) for 2 weeks (2 W) or 8 weeks (8 W). Body weight was recorded weekly. Glycemia and oral glucose tolerance were assessed at baseline and after 2 W-8 W. Finally, livers were collected for further analysis. RESULTS As expected, mice that received 8 W HFD showed an increase in body weight, glycemia, and liver steatosis and an impairment in glucose tolerance; no alterations were observed in 2 W HFD mice. Eight weeks of HFD caused hepatic EZH2 nuclear localization and increased H3 K27me3; surprisingly, the same alterations occurred in 2 W HFD mice livers, even before overweight onset. We demonstrated that selective EZH2 inhibition reduced H3K27me3 and counteracted lipid accumulation in HUH-7 cells upon palmitic acid treatment. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we point to EZH2/H3K27me3 as an early epigenetic event occurring in fatty-acid-challenged livers both in vivo and in vitro, thus establishing EZH2 as a potential pharmacological target for metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pinton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.P.); (V.G.); (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Mattia Perucca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.P.); (V.G.); (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Valentina Gigliotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.P.); (V.G.); (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Elena Mantovani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.P.); (V.G.); (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Nausicaa Clemente
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Justyna Malecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.P.); (V.G.); (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Gabriela Chrostek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.P.); (V.G.); (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Giulia Dematteis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.P.); (V.G.); (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.P.); (V.G.); (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Laura Moro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.P.); (V.G.); (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Fausto Chiazza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.P.); (V.G.); (G.C.); (G.D.)
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Xue H, Guo Y, Wei S, Li F, Gong L, Pan W, Jiang P. Epigenetic Regulation of Autophagy in Bone Metabolism. FUNCTION 2024; 5:zqae004. [PMID: 38486976 PMCID: PMC10935486 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The skeletal system is crucial for supporting bodily functions, protecting vital organs, facilitating hematopoiesis, and storing essential minerals. Skeletal homeostasis, which includes aspects such as bone density, structural integrity, and regenerative processes, is essential for normal skeletal function. Autophagy, an intricate intracellular mechanism for degrading and recycling cellular components, plays a multifaceted role in bone metabolism. It involves sequestering cellular waste, damaged proteins, and organelles within autophagosomes, which are then degraded and recycled. Autophagy's impact on bone health varies depending on factors such as regulation, cell type, environmental cues, and physiological context. Despite being traditionally considered a cytoplasmic process, autophagy is subject to transcriptional and epigenetic regulation within the nucleus. However, the precise influence of epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA expression, on cellular fate remains incompletely understood. The interplay between autophagy and epigenetic modifications adds complexity to bone cell regulation. This article provides an in-depth exploration of the intricate interplay between these two regulatory paradigms, with a focus on the epigenetic control of autophagy in bone metabolism. Such an understanding enhances our knowledge of bone metabolism-related disorders and offers insights for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Zhang
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou 277500, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou 277500, China
| | - Hongjia Xue
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yujin Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining 272000, China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China
- Department of Graduate, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Fengfeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou 277500, China
| | - Linqiang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou 277500, China
| | - Weiliang Pan
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou 277500, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People’s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining 272000, China
- Institute of Translational Pharmacy, Jining Medical Research Academy, Jining 272000, China
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