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Khorrami Jahromi A, Siavash Moakhar R, Yedire SG, Shieh H, Rosenflanz K, Birks A, de Vries J, Lu Y, Shafique H, Strauss J, Mahshid S. Additively manufactured multiplexed electrochemical device (AMMED) for portable sample-to-answer detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:5107-5119. [PMID: 37921001 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00314k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Portable sample-to-answer devices with applications in point-of-care settings have emerged to obviate the necessity of centralized laboratories for biomarker analysis. In this work, a smartphone-operated and additively manufactured multiplexed electrochemical device (AMMED) is presented for the portable detection of biomarkers in blood and saliva. AMMED is comprised of a customized portable potentiostat with a multiplexing feature, a 3D-printed sample collection cartridge to handle three samples of saliva and blood at the same time, a smartphone application to remotely control the potentiostat, and a 3D-printed-based multiplexed microfluidic electrochemical biosensor (test chip). Here, by employing additive manufacturing techniques, a simple, cleanroom-free, and scalable approach was proposed for the fabrication of the test chip. Moreover, these techniques can bring about easy integration of AMMED components. Additionally, the test chip can be compatible with different affinity-based bioassays which can be implemented in a multiplexed manner for detection. The AMMED components were successfully characterized in terms of electrochemical and fluidic performance. Particularly, to demonstrate the biosensing capabilities of the device, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant and a well-established aptameric assay were selected as the representative biomarker and the bioassay, respectively. The proposed device accurately and selectively detected the target of interest in a rapid (5 min) and multiplex manner with a dynamic detection range of 1-10 000 pg ml-1 in different media, and the clinical feasibility was assessed by several saliva patient samples. AMMED offers a versatile sample-to-answer platform that can be used for the detection of various biomarkers present in biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hamed Shieh
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Katerina Rosenflanz
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Amber Birks
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Justin de Vries
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Houda Shafique
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Julia Strauss
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3G 2M1, Canada
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2
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Campuzano S, Pingarrón JM. Electrochemical Affinity Biosensors: Pervasive Devices with Exciting Alliances and Horizons Ahead. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3276-3293. [PMID: 37534629 PMCID: PMC10521145 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical affinity biosensors are evolving at breakneck speed, strengthening and colonizing more and more niches and drawing unimaginable roadmaps that increasingly make them protagonists of our daily lives. They achieve this by combining their intrinsic attributes with those acquired by leveraging the significant advances that occurred in (nano)materials technology, bio(nano)materials and nature-inspired receptors, gene editing and amplification technologies, and signal detection and processing techniques. The aim of this Perspective is to provide, with the support of recent representative and illustrative literature, an updated and critical view of the repertoire of opportunities, innovations, and applications offered by electrochemical affinity biosensors fueled by the key alliances indicated. In addition, the imminent challenges that these biodevices must face and the new directions in which they are envisioned as key players are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, España
| | - José M. Pingarrón
- Departamento de Química Analítica,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, España
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3
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Bakhshandeh F, Saha S, Sen P, Sakib S, MacLachlan R, Kanji F, Osman E, Soleymani L. A universal bacterial sensor created by integrating a light modulating aptamer complex with photoelectrochemical signal readout. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 235:115359. [PMID: 37187062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) signal transduction is of great interest for ultrasensitive biosensing; however, signal-on PEC assays that do not require target labeling remain elusive. In this work, we developed a signal-on biosensor that uses nucleic acids to modulate PEC currents upon target capture. Target presence removes a biorecognition probe from a DNA duplex carrying a gold nanoparticle, bringing the gold nanoparticle in direct contact to the photoelectrode and increasing the PEC current. This assay was used to develop a universal bacterial detector by targeting peptidoglycan using an aptamer, demonstrating a limit-of-detection of 82 pg/mL (13 pM) in buffer and 239 pg/mL (37 pM) in urine for peptidoglycan and 1913 CFU/mL forEscherichia coliin urine. When challenged with a panel of unknown targets, the sensor identified samples with bacterial contamination versus fungi. The versatility of the assay was further demonstrated by analyzing DNA targets, which yielded a limit-of-detection of 372 fM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bakhshandeh
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sudip Saha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Payel Sen
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sadman Sakib
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roderick MacLachlan
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farhaan Kanji
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Enas Osman
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Ekwujuru EU, Olatunde AM, Klink MJ, Ssemakalu CC, Chili MM, Peleyeju MG. Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Immunosensors for the Detection of Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4106. [PMID: 37112447 PMCID: PMC10142013 DOI: 10.3390/s23084106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing is an emerging technological innovation for monitoring small substances/molecules in biological or non-biological systems. In particular, there has been a surge of interest in developing PEC devices for determining molecules of clinical significance. This is especially the case for molecules that are markers for serious and deadly medical conditions. The increased interest in PEC sensors to monitor such biomarkers can be attributed to the many apparent advantages of the PEC system, including an enhanced measurable signal, high potential for miniaturization, rapid testing, and low cost, amongst others. The growing number of published research reports on the subject calls for a comprehensive review of the various findings. This article is a review of studies on electrochemical (EC) and PEC sensors for ovarian cancer biomarkers in the last seven years (2016-2022). EC sensors were included because PEC is an improved EC; and a comparison of both systems has, expectedly, been carried out in many studies. Specific attention was given to the different markers of ovarian cancer and the EC/PEC sensing platforms developed for their detection/quantification. Relevant articles were sourced from the following databases: Scopus, PubMed Central, Web of Science, Science Direct, Academic Search Complete, EBSCO, CORE, Directory of open Access Journals (DOAJ), Public Library of Science (PLOS), BioMed Central (BMC), Semantic Scholar, Research Gate, SciELO, Wiley Online Library, Elsevier and SpringerLink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezinne U. Ekwujuru
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
| | | | - Michael J. Klink
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
| | - Cornelius C. Ssemakalu
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
| | - Muntuwenkosi M. Chili
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
- Centre for Academic Development, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
| | - Moses G. Peleyeju
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
- Centre for Academic Development, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
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5
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Robin P, Gerber-Lemaire S. Design and Preparation of Sensing Surfaces for Capacitive Biodetection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:17. [PMID: 36671852 PMCID: PMC9856139 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite their high sensitivity and their suitability for miniaturization, biosensors are still limited for clinical applications due to the lack of reproducibility and specificity of their detection performance. The design and preparation of sensing surfaces are suspected to be a cause of these limitations. Here, we first present an updated overview of the current state of use of capacitive biosensors in a medical context. Then, we summarize the encountered strategies for the fabrication of capacitive biosensing surfaces. Finally, we describe the characteristics which govern the performance of the sensing surfaces, along with recent developments that were suggested to overcome their main current limitations.
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6
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Photoelectrochemical biosensor based on FTO modified with BiVO4 film and gold nanoparticles for detection of miRNA-25 biomarker and single-base mismatch. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3N 4) Nanosheets and Their Derivatives for Diagnosis and Detection Applications. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040204. [PMID: 36412845 PMCID: PMC9680252 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The early diagnosis of certain fatal diseases is vital for preventing severe consequences and contributes to a more effective treatment. Despite numerous conventional methods to realize this goal, employing nanobiosensors is a novel approach that provides a fast and precise detection. Recently, nanomaterials have been widely applied as biosensors with distinctive features. Graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based nanostructure that has received attention in biosensing. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, semiconductivity, high photoluminescence yield, low-cost synthesis, easy production process, antimicrobial activity, and high stability are prominent properties that have rendered g-C3N4 a promising candidate to be used in electrochemical, optical, and other kinds of biosensors. This review presents the g-C3N4 unique features, synthesis methods, and g-C3N4-based nanomaterials. In addition, recent relevant studies on using g-C3N4 in biosensors in regard to improving treatment pathways are reviewed.
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8
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Handrea-Dragan IM, Botiz I, Tatar AS, Boca S. Patterning at the micro/nano-scale: Polymeric scaffolds for medical diagnostic and cell-surface interaction applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Scott A, Sakib S, Saha S, Zhitomirsky I, Soleymani L. A portable and smartphone-operated photoelectrochemical reader for point-of-care biosensing. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Niu X, Zhao Y, Wang F, Wu J, Qu F, Tan W. Ultrasensitive Photoelectrochemical Biosensor Based on Novel Z-Scheme Heterojunctions of Zn-Defective CdS/ZnS for MicroRNA Assay. Anal Chem 2021; 93:17134-17140. [PMID: 34911298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The sensitive and accurate detection of microRNA (miRNA) has meaningful values for clinical diagnosis application as an early stage of tumor markers. Herein, a novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor was developed for the ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of microRNA-122 (miRNA-122) based on a direct Z-scheme heterojunction of Zn vacancy-mediated CdS/ZnS (CSZS-VZn). Impressively, the prepared Z-scheme heterojunction nanocomposite with defect level properties could make the photogenerated charges stay at the Zn vacancy defect levels and combine photogenerated holes in the valence bands of CdS, thus significantly achieving a better charge carrier separation efficiency and broadening the absorption of visible light and demonstrating 5-8 times enhancement of PEC response compared to single-component materials. Simultaneously, an exonuclease III (Exo-III)-assisted signal amplification strategy and a strand displacement reaction were combined to improve the conversion efficiency of the target and further increase the detection sensitivity. More importantly, the elaborated biosensor showed ultrasensitive and highly specific detection of the target miRNA-122 over a wide linear range from 10 aM to 100 pM with a low detection limit of 3.3 aM and exhibited enormous potential in the fields of bioanalysis and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankang Niu
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165 Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165 Shandong, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165 Shandong, China
| | - Jinghua Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165 Shandong, China
| | - Fengli Qu
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165 Shandong, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang, China
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11
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Belza J, Opletalová A, Poláková K. Carbon dots for virus detection and therapy. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:430. [PMID: 34822008 PMCID: PMC8613466 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent experience with the COVID-19 pandemic should be a lesson learnt with respect to the effort we have to invest in the development of new strategies for the treatment of viral diseases, along with their cheap, easy, sensitive, and selective detection. Since we live in a globalized world where just hours can play a crucial role in the spread of a virus, its detection must be as quick as possible. Thanks to their chemical stability, photostability, and superior biocompatibility, carbon dots are a kind of nanomaterial showing great potential in both the detection of various virus strains and a broad-spectrum antiviral therapy. The biosensing and antiviral properties of carbon dots can be tuned by the selection of synthesis precursors as well as by easy post-synthetic functionalization. In this review, we will first summarize current options of virus detection utilizing carbon dots by either electrochemical or optical biosensing approaches. Secondly, we will cover and share the up-to-date knowledge of carbon dots' antiviral properties, which showed promising activity against various types of viruses including SARS-CoV-2. The mechanisms of their antiviral actions will be further adressed as well. Finally, we will discuss the advantages and distadvantages of the use of carbon dots in the tangled battle against viral infections in order to provide valuable informations for further research and development of new virus biosensors and antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Belza
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ariana Opletalová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Poláková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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12
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Sakib S, Hosseini A, Zhitomirsky I, Soleymani L. Photoelectrochemical IL-6 Immunoassay Manufactured on Multifunctional Catecholate-Modified TiO 2 Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50851-50861. [PMID: 34664926 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in using photoelectrochemistry for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to create photoelectrochemical biosensors founded on stable material systems that are also easily biofunctionalized for sensing applications. Herein, a photoelectrochemical immunosensor is reported, in which the concentration of the target protein directly correlates to a change in the measured photocurrent. The material system for the photoelectrode signal transducer involves using catecholate ligands to modify the properties of TiO2 nanostructures in a three-pronged approach of morphology tuning, photoabsorption enhancement, and facilitating bioconjugation. The catecholate-modified TiO2 photoelectrode is combined with a signal-off direct immunoassay to detect interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring various diseases. Catecholate ligands are added during hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 to enable the growth of three-dimensional nanostructures to form highly porous photoelectrodes that provide a three-dimensional scaffold for immobilizing capture antibodies. Surface modification by catecholate ligands greatly enhances photocurrent generation of the TiO2 photoelectrodes by improving photoabsorption in the visible range. Additionally, catecholate molecules facilitate bioconjugation and probe immobilization by forming a Schiff-base between their -COH group and the -NH2 group of the capture antibodies. The highest photocurrent achieved herein is 8.89 μA cm-2, which represents an enhancement by a factor of 87 from unmodified TiO2. The fabricated immunosensor shows a limit-of-detection of 3.6 pg mL-1 and a log-linear dynamic range of 2-2000 pg mL-1 for IL-6 in human blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadman Sakib
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Amin Hosseini
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Igor Zhitomirsky
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
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13
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Zhang S, Chen K, Zhu L, Xu M, Song Y, Zhang Z, Du M. Direct growth of two-dimensional phthalocyanine-based COF on Cu-MOF to construct a photoelectrochemical-electrochemical dual-mode biosensing platform for high-efficiency determination of Cr(III). Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14285-14295. [PMID: 34553722 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02710g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A photoelectrochemical (PEC)-electrochemical (EC) dual-mode biosensing strategy based on COF@MOF heterostructure was developed for efficiently analyzing Cr(III) ions. A two-dimensional phthalocyanine-based COF (CoPc-PT-COF) was in situ grown on a Cu-based MOF (Cu-MOF) substrate via covalent binding between carboxyl groups in Cu-MOF and amino groups in CoPc-PT-COF (denoted as CoPc-PT-COF@Cu-MOF). The coexistence of both phthalocyanine and bipyridine in CoPc-PT-COF@Cu-MOF affords the outperformed electro- and photo-activities, thus serving as a photoelectric beacon with favorable energy-band configuration and amplified electrochemical response. Due to the high porosity and rich functionality of the obtained heterostructure, the DNA strands can be tightly anchored over CoPc-PT-COF@Cu-MOF via diverse interactions. Thanks to the specific recognition between DNA strands and Cr3+ ions, the CoPc-PT-COF@Cu-MOF-based biosensor can be used to determine Cr3+ ions in an aqueous environment by PEC-EC mode. The gained biosensor shows an extremely low limit of detection (LOD) of 14.5 fM (for PEC) and 22.9 fM (for EC) within the Cr3+ concentration range from 0.1 pM to 100 nM, along with high selectivity, good reproducibility and stability. Moreover, this novel biosensor exhibits acceptable applicability for analyzing the trace Cr3+ from diverse samples (e.g., river and tap water). As a result, this work provides new insights into the construction of a high-efficiency PEC-EC dual-mode biosensor for detecting heavy metal ions from complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Chen
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Miaoran Xu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Yingpan Song
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Miao Du
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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Saha S, Victorious A, Soleymani L. Modulating the photoelectrochemical response of titanium dioxide (TiO2) photoelectrodes using gold (Au) nanoparticles excited at different wavelengths. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Pankratova N, Jović M, Pfeifer ME. Electrochemical sensing of blood proteins for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) diagnostics and prognostics: towards a point-of-care application. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17301-17319. [PMID: 34094508 PMCID: PMC8114542 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00589h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) being one of the principal causes of death and acquired disability in the world imposes a large burden on the global economy. Mild TBI (mTBI) is particularly challenging to assess due to the frequent lack of well-pronounced post-injury symptoms. However, if left untreated mTBI (especially when repetitive) can lead to serious long-term implications such as cognitive and neuropathological disorders. Computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging commonly used for TBI diagnostics require well-trained personnel, are costly, difficult to adapt for on-site measurements and are not always reliable in identifying small brain lesions. Thus, there is an increasing demand for sensitive point-of-care (POC) testing tools in order to aid mTBI diagnostics and prediction of long-term effects. Biomarker quantification in body fluids is a promising basis for POC measurements, even though establishing a clinically relevant mTBI biomarker panel remains a challenge. Actually, a minimally invasive, rapid and reliable multianalyte detection device would allow the efficient determination of injury biomarker release kinetics and thus support the preclinical evaluation and clinical validation of a proposed biomarker panel for future decentralized in vitro diagnostics. In this respect electrochemical biosensors have recently attracted great attention and the present article provides a critical study on the electrochemical protocols suggested in the literature for detection of mTBI-relevant protein biomarkers. The authors give an overview of the analytical approaches for transduction element functionalization, review recent technological advances and highlight the key challenges remaining in view of an eventual integration of the proposed concepts into POC diagnostic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Pankratova
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, Diagnostic Systems Research Group Route du Rawil 64 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Milica Jović
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, Diagnostic Systems Research Group Route du Rawil 64 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Marc E Pfeifer
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, Diagnostic Systems Research Group Route du Rawil 64 1950 Sion Switzerland
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16
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Victorious A, Saha S, Pandey R, Soleymani L. Enhancing the Sensitivity of Photoelectrochemical DNA Biosensing Using Plasmonic DNA Barcodes and Differential Signal Readout. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Victorious
- School of Biomedical Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Sudip Saha
- School of Biomedical Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Richa Pandey
- Department of Engineering Physics McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
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Victorious A, Saha S, Pandey R, Soleymani L. Enhancing the Sensitivity of Photoelectrochemical DNA Biosensing Using Plasmonic DNA Barcodes and Differential Signal Readout. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7316-7322. [PMID: 33403773 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Victorious
- School of Biomedical Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Sudip Saha
- School of Biomedical Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Richa Pandey
- Department of Engineering Physics McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L7 Canada
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Farzin MA, Abdoos H. A critical review on quantum dots: From synthesis toward applications in electrochemical biosensors for determination of disease-related biomolecules. Talanta 2020; 224:121828. [PMID: 33379046 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent quantum dots (QDs), defined by a diameter size of <10 nm, have been the core concept of nanoscience and nanotechnology since their inception. QDs possess many unique structural, electrochemical and photochemical properties that render them a promising platform for sensing applications. These nanomaterials can greatly enhance the analytical performances of biosensors, namely detection limit, sensitivity and selectivity. QDs are being developed not only because of their ability for signal enhancement but also because of their high capacity for fuctionalization with bioreceptors. In this review, we summarize a basic knowledge of QDs before focusing on their application to sensing thus far followed by a discussion of future directions for research into the sensing field. Due to the nature of QDs, especially their ability to combine nanotechnology and biotechnology, they possess the potential to open a novel paradigm on early diagnosis of diseases using the electrochemical biosensors. Therefore, we try to give a comprehensive view of the role of these zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials in the designing electrochemical sensors for determination of disease-related biomolecules, including tumor markers, inflammatory biomarkers, depression markers and archetypal biomarker in diabetes diagnosis. Considering the high potential of QDs for the electrochemistry-based biosensing strategies, the authors suggest that more research is needed on understanding their electronic properties and why synthesis and surface modification methods can affect these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Farzin
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, 35131-19111, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hassan Abdoos
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, 35131-19111, Semnan, Iran.
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Saha S, Victorious A, Pandey R, Clifford A, Zhitomirsky I, Soleymani L. Differential Photoelectrochemical Biosensing Using DNA Nanospacers to Modulate Electron Transfer between Metal and Semiconductor Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:36895-36905. [PMID: 32814377 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As dynamic biorecognition agents such as functional nucleic acids become widely used in biosensing, there is a need for ultrasensitive signal transduction strategies, beyond fluorescence, that are robust and stable for operation in heterogeneous biological samples. Photoelectrochemical readout offers a pathway toward this goal as it offers the simplicity and scalability of electrochemical readout, in addition to compatibility with a broad range of nanomaterials used as labels for signal transduction. Here, a differential photoelectrochemical biosensing approach is reported, in which DNA nanospacers are used to program the response of two sensing channels. The differences in the motional dynamics of DNA probes immobilized on different channels are used to control the interaction between Au and TiO2 nanoparticles positioned at the two ends of the DNA nanospacer to achieve differential signal generation. Depending on the composition of the DNA constructs (fraction of the DNA sequence i.e., double-stranded), the channels can be programmed to produce a signal-on or a signal-off response. Incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency, UV-vis spectroscopy, and flat-band potential measurement indicate that direct transfer of electrons between metallic and semiconductive nanoparticles is responsible for the signal-on response, and incident light absorption and steric hindrance are responsible for the signal-off response. The differential photoelectrochemical signal readout developed here increases the device sensitivity by up to three times compared to a single channel design and demonstrates a limit of detection of 800 aM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Saha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Amanda Victorious
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Richa Pandey
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Amanda Clifford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Igor Zhitomirsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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Svitkova V, Palchetti I. Functional polymers in photoelectrochemical biosensing. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 136:107590. [PMID: 32674004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) analysis is a detection technique that has gained a wide attention in sensing applications. PEC presents the advantages of high sensitivity, low background signal, simple equipment and easy miniaturization. In PEC detection, light is used as an excitation source while current or voltage is measured as the output detection signal. The ability to couple the PEC process with specific bioreceptors gives PEC biosensing a unique advantage of being both selective and sensitive. The growing interest in PEC bioanalysis has resulted in essential progress in its analytical performance and biodetection applications. Functional polymers have different applications in the development of novel PEC biosensing platforms. Recently, the interest in polymer-based photoactive materials has emerged as they are efficient and less toxic alternatives to certain kinds of inorganic semiconductors and sensitizers. Moreover, molecularly imprinted polymers are a class of synthetic bioreceptors that are increasingly used in PEC bioanalytics. In this review, we will provide an overview on functional polymer-based PEC biosensing approaches. Novel classes of polymers as photoactive materials are reviewed and selected applications are described. Furthermore, molecularly imprinted polymers in the development of smart and sensitive PEC bioanalytical strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Svitkova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Ugo Schiff, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
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Wang Z, Li J, Tu W, Wang H, Wang Z, Dai Z. Formation of a Photoelectrochemical Z-Scheme Structure with Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Materials for Evaluation of Receptor Protein Expression on the Membrane of Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26905-26913. [PMID: 32427457 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of receptor protein expression is essential to give new insights into tumor-related research. Benefitting from their high sensitivity and low background, photoelectrochemical (PEC) platforms are considered as powerful tools for evaluating the expression of receptor proteins. Herein, to reduce the cytotoxicity and facilitate the subsequent assembly, l-cysteine-modified Ag-ZnIn2S4 quantum dots (l-Cys AZIS QDs) are prepared and PEC responses under the irradiation of long wavelength light are obtained. To further improve the PEC behavior, iron phthalocyanine (FePc) is employed to form a Z-scheme structure with l-Cys AZIS QDs. The Z-scheme structure based on l-Cys AZIS QDs/FePc hybrid materials exhibits high photo-to-electric conversion efficiency and can be excited with near-infrared range light. Because hyaluronic acid linked to photoactive materials can recognize CD44 expressed on the membrane of cancer cells, cancer cells are immobilized onto l-Cys AZIS QDs/FePc hybrid materials, inducing a decrease of the photocurrent intensity. Consequently, a PEC cytosensor is constructed to quantify cancer cells expressing CD44. The PEC analytical platform is able to determine A549 cells in the range of 2 × 102 to 4.5 × 106 cells/mL, and a detection limit of 15 cells/mL is realized in the case of S/N = 3. In addition, the expression of CD44 in A549 and other five cancer cells is measured with this PEC method. Depending on our data, the expression of CD44 in different cancer cells is distinct, indicating great potential of this method in receptor protein-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Tu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Huaisheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyin Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Dai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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