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Carvalho SM, Mansur AAP, da Silveira IB, Pires TFS, Victória HFV, Krambrock K, Leite MF, Mansur HS. Nanozymes with Peroxidase-like Activity for Ferroptosis-Driven Biocatalytic Nanotherapeutics of Glioblastoma Cancer: 2D and 3D Spheroids Models. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1702. [PMID: 37376150 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults. Despite the remarkable advancements in recent years in the realm of cancer diagnosis and therapy, regrettably, GBM remains the most lethal form of brain cancer. In this view, the fascinating area of nanotechnology has emerged as an innovative strategy for developing novel nanomaterials for cancer nanomedicine, such as artificial enzymes, termed nanozymes, with intrinsic enzyme-like activities. Therefore, this study reports for the first time the design, synthesis, and extensive characterization of innovative colloidal nanostructures made of cobalt-doped iron oxide nanoparticles chemically stabilized by a carboxymethylcellulose capping ligand (i.e., Co-MION), creating a peroxidase-like (POD) nanozyme for biocatalytically killing GBM cancer cells. These nanoconjugates were produced using a strictly green aqueous process under mild conditions to create non-toxic bioengineered nanotherapeutics against GBM cells. The nanozyme (Co-MION) showed a magnetite inorganic crystalline core with a uniform spherical morphology (diameter, 2R = 6-7 nm) stabilized by the CMC biopolymer, producing a hydrodynamic diameter (HD) of 41-52 nm and a negatively charged surface (ZP~-50 mV). Thus, we created supramolecular water-dispersible colloidal nanostructures composed of an inorganic core (Cox-MION) and a surrounding biopolymer shell (CMC). The nanozymes confirmed the cytotoxicity evaluated by an MTT bioassay using a 2D culture in vitro of U87 brain cancer cells, which was concentration-dependent and boosted by increasing the cobalt-doping content in the nanosystems. Additionally, the results confirmed that the lethality of U87 brain cancer cells was predominantly caused by the production of toxic cell-damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) by the peroxidase-like activity displayed by nanozymes. Thus, the nanozymes induced apoptosis (i.e., programmed cell death) and ferroptosis (i.e., lipid peroxidation) pathways by intracellular biocatalytic enzyme-like activity. More importantly, based on the 3D spheroids model, these nanozymes inhibited tumor growth and remarkably reduced the malignant tumor volume after the nanotherapeutic treatment (ΔV~40%). The kinetics of the anticancer activity of these novel nanotherapeutic agents decreased with the time of incubation of the GBM 3D models, indicating a similar trend commonly observed in tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the 2D in vitro model overestimated the relative efficiency of the anticancer agents (i.e., nanozymes and the DOX drug) compared to the 3D spheroid models. These findings are notable as they evidenced that the 3D spheroid model resembles more precisely the TME of "real" brain cancer tumors in patients than 2D cell cultures. Thus, based on our groundwork, 3D tumor spheroid models might be able to offer transitional systems between conventional 2D cell cultures and complex biological in vivo models for evaluating anticancer agents more precisely. These nanotherapeutics offer a wide avenue of opportunities to develop innovative nanomedicines for fighting against cancerous tumors and reducing the frequency of severe side effects in conventionally applied chemotherapy-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhra M Carvalho
- Center of Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Innovation-CeNano2I, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Alexandra A P Mansur
- Center of Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Innovation-CeNano2I, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Izabela B da Silveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences-ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thaisa F S Pires
- Center of Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Innovation-CeNano2I, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Henrique F V Victória
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Klaus Krambrock
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - M Fátima Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences-ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Herman S Mansur
- Center of Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Innovation-CeNano2I, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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Wen M, Li J, Zhong W, Xu J, Qu S, Wei H, Shang L. High-Throughput Colorimetric Analysis of Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions Based on the Enzyme-Mimic Properties of Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8783-8791. [PMID: 35676761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While an in-depth understanding of the biological behavior of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) is of great importance for their various applications, it remains challenging to quantitatively characterize NP-protein interactions in a simple and high-throughput manner. In the present work, we propose a new, colorimetric approach capable of quantitatively analyzing the adsorption of proteins onto the surface of NPs by their distinct peroxidase-mimic properties. Taking cationic AuNPs as an example, we demonstrate that this colorimetric method is capable of evaluating NP-protein interactions in a simple and high-throughput manner in multiwell plates. Important binding parameters (e.g., the binding affinity) of three different serum proteins (bovine serum albumin, transferrin, and lysozyme) as well as human serum to AuNPs with three different sizes (average diameters of 5, 10, and 15 nm) have been obtained. Based on a quantitative analysis of NP-protein interactions, we observe that the binding affinity and the inhibition efficiency of the nanozyme activity of AuNPs are strongly affected by the characteristics of proteins as well as the sizes of NPs. These results illustrate the great potential of the present colorimetric method as a simple, low-cost, and high-throughput platform for quantitatively investigating NP-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Juanmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wencheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shaohua Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
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Tang G, He J, Liu J, Yan X, Fan K. Nanozyme for tumor therapy: Surface modification matters. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 1:75-89. [PMID: 37366468 PMCID: PMC10291575 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
As the next generation of artificial enzymes, nanozymes have shown unique properties compared to its natural counterparts, such as stability in harsh environment, low cost, and ease of production and modification, paving the way for its biomedical applications. Among them, tumor catalytic therapy mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has made great progress mainly from the peroxidase-like activity of nanozymes. Fe3O4 nanozymes, the earliest type of nanomaterial discovered to possess peroxidase-like activity, has consequently received wide attention for tumor therapy due to its ROS generation ability and tumor cell killing ability. However, inconsistent results of cytotoxicity were observed between different reports, and some even showed the scavenging of ROS in some cases. By collectively studying these inconsistent outcomes, we raise the question whether surface modification of Fe3O4 nanozymes, either through affecting peroxidase activity or by affecting the biodistribution and intracellular fate, play an important role in its therapeutic effects. This review will go over the fundamental catalytic mechanisms of Fe3O4 nanozymes and recent advances in tumor catalytic therapy, and discuss the importance of surface modification. Employing Fe3O4 nanozymes as an example, we hope to provide an outlook on the improvement of nanozyme-based antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoheng Tang
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101408P. R. China
| | - Jiuyang He
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101408P. R. China
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101408P. R. China
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
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Estelrich J, Busquets MA. Prussian Blue: A Nanozyme with Versatile Catalytic Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115993. [PMID: 34206067 PMCID: PMC8198601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanozymes, nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities, are becoming powerful competitors and potential substitutes for natural enzymes because of their excellent performance. Nanozymes offer better structural stability over their respective natural enzymes. In consequence, nanozymes exhibit promising applications in different fields such as the biomedical sector (in vivo diagnostics/and therapeutics) and the environmental sector (detection and remediation of inorganic and organic pollutants). Prussian blue nanoparticles and their analogues are metal–organic frameworks (MOF) composed of alternating ferric and ferrous irons coordinated with cyanides. Such nanoparticles benefit from excellent biocompatibility and biosafety. Besides other important properties, such as a highly porous structure, Prussian blue nanoparticles show catalytic activities due to the iron atom that acts as metal sites for the catalysis. The different states of oxidation are responsible for the multicatalytic activities of such nanoparticles, namely peroxidase-like, catalase-like, and superoxide dismutase-like activities. Depending on the catalytic performance, these nanoparticles can generate or scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Estelrich
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - M. Antònia Busquets
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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