Research Advances on Matrine

Distinct responses of Caenorhabditis elegans to polyethylene microplastics and plant secondary metabolites

Soil worms are among the most abundant and functionally diverse soil animals. However, they have been largely overlooked in studies on microplastic (MP) toxicity. MPs and plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are ubiquitous in soil due to plant litter decomposition and heavy MP contamination, inevitably interacting and exerting combined toxicity on soil organisms. However, little research has been conducted on their joint effects. This study investigates the individual and combined toxic effects of polyethylene (PE) MPs and three PSMs (glycyrrhizic acid, tannic acid, and matrine) on the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Physiological and biochemical responses were assessed using fluorescence microscopy, image analysis, and statistical methods. After 42 h of exposure to PE MPs and/or PSMs, worm growth and development were negatively impacted. Under experimental conditions, matrine and PE MPs synergistically inhibited worm growth, exacerbated neurological damage, and induced oxidative stress. In contrast, glycyrrhizic acid and tannic acid alleviated PE MP-induced growth inhibition, mitigated oxidative stress, and demonstrated antioxidant properties that counteracted oxidative damage. This study offers new insights into the combined effects of MPs and PSMs in soil ecosystems, contributing to ecological risk assessments and pollution management strategies.

Matrine alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting MLKL and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory activity

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious clinical condition with high incidence and mortality. The inflammatory response induced by gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), is a key factor contributing to ALI progression and other infectious diseases. Matrine, known for its diverse biological and pharmacological properties, has not been fully explored for its potential to prevent or treat S. aureus-induced ALI. Our study demonstrated that matrine exerts a protective effect against lung injury in mice infected with S. aureus. Specifically, matrine reduced pulmonary edema and decreased neutrophil infiltration in the infected lungs. Furthermore, matrine significantly reduced the expression of high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and hyaluronic acid-binding protein 2 (HABP2) in the lungs of infected mice. Additionally, matrine modulated the production of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); interleukin-1β (IL-1β); regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10), in both infected lungs and macrophages, suggesting a protective role against tissue damage. Moreover, matrine influenced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and regulated the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, along with the activation of Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and Mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) in macrophages. Notably, when MLKL, but not NLRP3, is deleted, the ability of matrine to regulate damage-associated proteins and prevent tissue injury is diminished. These findings suggest that matrine may be a promising therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of ALI.

Activation of bitter taste receptor TAS2R4 alleviates diabetic nephropathy in mice

Activation of bitter taste receptor member 4 (TAS2R4) signaling alleviates podocyte injury caused by chronic high glucose; however, whether TAS2R4 activation in podocytes can improve diabetic nephropathy (DN) is to be verified. This study aims to confirm the beneficial effects of quinine, a dual human and rodent TAS2R4 agonist, and matrine with a potent anti-inflammatory activity and binding with TAS2R4 via online prediction and receptor docking on DN in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we found that quinine and matrine markedly ameliorated renal dysfunction, as evidenced by decreases in creatinine and urea nitrogen levels in plasma as well as protein excretion in urine, increased podocyte slit diaphragm and adaptor proteins including Nephrin, Podocin, and Zonula occluden 1, and suppressed activations of NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome in the kidney of DN mice. Meanwhile, quinine and matrine activated TAS2R4 signaling, as revealed by increased protein expressions of TAS2R4 and its key downstream molecule phospholipase C β2. Furthermore, quinine and matrine attenuated podocyte injury, activated TAS2R4 signaling, and suppressed the above inflammatory pathways in the high glucose-cultured MPC cells, a mouse podocyte cell line, while the effects of both quinine and matrine were eliminated when TAS2R4 signaling was inhibited by using either a TAS2R4 blocker abscisic acid or a Gβγ inhibitor Gallein. In summary, quinine and matrine alleviated DN in mice through activation of TAS2R4 signaling in podocytes, which was achieved by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB mediated NLRP3 inflammasome in the kidney. Moreover, TAS2R4 could be a drug target.

Fabrication of bio-based nanomicrospheres with a 3D porous structure for efficient matrine adsorption using cellulose-functionalized dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles

Coptis herbs and Sophora moorcroftiana are primary sources of alkaloids with significant application value, including matrine (MT). Currently, in the separation and purification methods of alkaloids, while the adsorption method is straightforward and practical, most adsorption materials are non-renewable synthetic compounds, which can lead to environmental pollution. Therefore, we utilized TEMPO-modified natural biomass macromolecular cellulose nanocrystals (TOCN) and environmentally degradable dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (DMONs) as raw materials, employing a surface assembly technique to coat negatively charged cellulose onto the surface of DMONs. This process led to the synthesis of TOCN@DMONs, an effective and eco-friendly bio-based composite material. The TOCN@DMONs were subjected to various analytical techniques, which unequivocally confirmed its successful synthesis and demonstrated its impeccable physical and chemical properties. The prepared TOCN@DMONs exhibited nanoscale dimensions, abundant pore structure, and excellent thermal stability. The adsorption process of MT on TOCN@DMONs followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and involved weak chemical bonds. These findings indicate that TOCN@DMONs, as a green and highly efficient adsorbent, has a good application potential for the concentration of total alkaloids and the purification of MT from Coptis herbs and Sophora moorcroftiana extracts.

Synthesis, Biological Activities, and Molecular Docking Studies of 15-Site Matrine Based Isatohydrazone Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents

To acquire matrine derivatives with enhanced anticancer activity, we designed and synthesized twenty-one 15-site matrine based isatohydrazone derivatives were designed and synthesized. The anti-proliferative activity of all the compounds against human cervical cancer cells (HeLa), human colon cancer cells (HCT116), and non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549) was examined by the MTT method. The majority of the compounds exhibited superior anticancer activity compared to matrine. Among them, compound 5a displayed the most potent anti-proliferative activity, with IC50 values of 9.02±0.33 μM (HeLa), 10.49±1.09 μM (HCT116), and 15.23±0.12 μM (A549), respectively. Compound 5a can also induce cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and trigger apoptosis, as well as inhibit cell clonal formation and migration. Molecular docking experiments have demonstrated that compound 5a can form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with EGFR-related protein 7AEI.

Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Antimicrobial Activity, and Molecular Docking Studies of C-14 Chiral Matrine Derivatives as Potential Antibiotics

Antibiotic resistance is recognized as one of the top ten global public health threats, posing a significant challenge to human health. The stereochemistry of chiral molecules, alongside their specific interactions with biological targets, provides essential insights for the development of novel antibacterial agents, This study investigated the antibacterial activity of 32 previously synthesized 14-position chiral matrine derivatives. Among these derivatives, compound Q4 exhibited the strongest activity against Propionibacterium acnes, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.007 mg/mL, surpassing that of the positive control (MIC = 0.016 mg/mL). Additionally, compounds Q20 and Q2 demonstrated antibacterial activities comparable to the positive controls. The results indicated that R-configured compounds exhibited significantly greater antibacterial potency than their S-configured counterparts. A systematic analysis using three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) modeling elucidated the relationship between molecular structure and antibacterial activity, emphasizing the predominance of steric fields over electrostatic fields, in alignment with experimental observations. Furthermore, molecular docking confirmed the binding interactions between compound Q4 and the target protein. In conclusion, We identified a series of matrine derivatives with notable antibacterial activity and constructed a 3D-QSAR model based on their MIC values. Among these, Q4 emerged as a promising antibacterial agent, warranting further development.

Matrine Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Through Regulating the LINC01116/miR-9-5p/ITGB1 Axis

Background

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent solid cancer affecting women's health globally. Matrine (MAT), a traditional Chinese herb, has exhibited antitumor effects against BC. However, its mechanism of action, particularly whether it involves the control of cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), remains unknown.

Aims

To explore MAT's role in BC and its regulatory mechanisms, as well as to identify targets for the development of novel medicines and improvement of BC treatment modalities.

Study Design

Experimental study.

Methods

The UALCAN and Lnc2Cancer 3.0 databases were used to predict the expression of LINC01116 in BC. The BC cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were treated with various concentrations of MAT, and the optimal dose and timing of MAT action were determined using CCK-8 and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Functional assays such as CCK-8, EdU, Transwell, Western blot, and flow cytometry assays were performed on the BC cells, and the impacts of LINC01116, miR-9-5p, and ITGB1 expression levels on MAT's mechanism of action were assessed. The association between LINC01116, miR-9-5p, and ITGB1 was evaluated using dual luciferase and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, the size and weight of the subcutaneous tumors in mice model were assessed. The effect of LINC01116 overexpression on the in vivo action of MAT and histopathological staining (TUNEL immunofluorescence, hematoxylin & eosin staining, immunohistochemistry staining for Ki67 and Bax) were also assessed.

Results

The optimal dose and duration of MAT administration were 8 μm and 24 h, respectively. MAT effectively inhibited BC cell proliferation, EMT progression, and biological functions, while promoting BC cell apoptosis. The animal model experiments also demonstrated that MAT inhibited BC tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, MAT inhibited LINC01116, which acted as a sponge for miR-9-5p, increasing the ITGB1 level.

Conclusion

MAT suppresses BC cell and EMT proliferation via the LINC01116/miR-9-5p/ITGB1 pathway. Thus, MAT may be a promising target for adjuvant anti-BC therapy.

Co-amorphous systems of sulfasalazine with matrine-type alkaloids: Enhanced solubility behaviors and synergistic therapeutic potential

Sulfasalazine (SULF), a sulfonamide antibiotic, has been utilized in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) since its discovery. However, its poor water solubility causes the high daily doses (1---3 g) for patients, which may lead to the intolerable toxic and side effects for their lifelong treatment for RA and IBD. In this work, two water-soluble natural anti-inflammatory alkaloids, matrine (MAR) and sophoridine (SPD), were employed to construct the co-amorphous systems of SULF for addressing its solubility issue. These newly obtained co-amorphous forms of SULF were comprehensively characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We also investigated their dissolution behavior, including powder dissolution, in vitro release, and intrinsic dissolution rate. Both co-amorphous systems exhibited superior dissolution performance compared to crystalline SULF. The underlying mechanism responsible for the enhanced dissolution behaviors in co-amorphous systems were also elucidated. These mechanisms include the inhibition of nucleation, complexation, increased hydrophilicity, and robust intermolecular interactions in aqueous solutions. Importantly, these co-amorphous systems demonstrated satisfactory physical stability under various storage conditions. Network pharmacological analysis was utilized to investigate the potential therapeutic targets of both co-amorphous systems against RA, revealing similar yet distinct multi-target synergistic therapeutic mechanisms in the treatment of this condition. Our study suggests these drug-drug co-amorphous systems hold promise for optimizing SULF dosage in the future and providing a potential drug combination strategy.

Ultrafast and Highly Efficient Laser Extraction of Matrine and Oxymatrine from Sophora flavescens for the Anticancer Activity

Matrine and oxymatrine are mainly obtained from Sophora flavescens using the high-temperature and prolonged solvent extraction methods currently employed in industries. In this study, an ultrafast and highly efficient method for extracting matrine and oxymatrine from S. flavescens at room temperature using laser technology, specifically, laser extraction, was demonstrated. The laser extraction rates for matrine and oxymatrine from S. flavescens at room temperature for 1 min were 266.40 and 936.80 mg(g·h)-1, respectively. These rates were 1400 times higher than those achieved with conventional solvent extraction. These results mean that 1 min of laser extraction is equivalent to 24 h of solvent extraction. The reason for such a high efficiency is that laser-induced cavitation can accelerate the rapid release of alkaloid molecules in plant cells. Mass spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier-transform infrared spectrum analyses of the extracted matrine and oxymatrine compounds confirmed that they are the same as the products of solvent extraction. Furthermore, it was found that the anticancer activity of laser-extracted compounds is slightly better than that of conventionally solvent-extracted ones, likely due to the slight change in the microstructure or conformation of these compounds under laser irradiation. These findings demonstrated that the laser extraction method was ultrafast and highly efficient, unveiling a novel approach to alkaloid extraction. This discovery will have significant implications for the extraction and utilization of alkaloids from plants.

Therapeutic potential of plant-derived natural compounds in Alzheimer's disease: Targeting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation

Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) with roles in sensing, housekeeping, and defense. Exploring the role of microglia in the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the possible therapeutic mechanism of plant-derived natural compounds (PDNCs) that regulate microglia-associated neuroinflammation may potentially help in elucidating the pathogenesis of AD and provide novel insights for its treatment. This review explores the role of abnormal microglial activation and its dominant neuroinflammatory response, as well as the activation of their target receptors and signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis. Additionally, we report an update on the potential pharmacological mechanisms of multiple PDNCs in modulating microglia-associated neuroinflammation in AD treatment. Dysregulated activation of microglial receptors and their downstream pathways impaired immune homeostasis in animal models of AD. Multiple signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and Toll-like receptors, play important roles in microglial activation and can exacerbate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. PDNCs, such as magnolol, stigmasterol, matrine, naringenin, naringin, and resveratrol, can delay the progression of AD by inhibiting the proinflammatory receptors of microglia, activating its anti-inflammatory receptors, regulating the receptors related to β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance, reversing immune dysregulation, and maintaining the immune homeostasis of microglial downstream pathways. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which microglia cause chronic inflammation in AD and evaluates the beneficial effects of PDNCs on immune regulation in AD by regulating microglial receptors and their downstream pathways.

Matrine reduces traumatic heterotopic ossification in mice by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization through the MAPK pathway

In this study, the role of matrine, a component derived from traditional Chinese medicine, in modulating macrophage polarization and its effects on traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO) in mice was investigated. Traumatic HO is a pathological condition characterized by abnormal bone formation in nonskeletal tissues, often following severe trauma or surgery. The mechanisms underlying HO involve an enhanced inflammatory response and abnormal bone formation, with macrophages playing a crucial role. Our study demonstrated that matrine effectively inhibits the polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) toward the M2 phenotype, a subtype associated with anti-inflammatory processes and implicated in the progression of HO. Using in vitro assays, we showed that matrine suppresses key M2 markers and inhibits the MAPK signaling pathway in BMDMs. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that matrine treatment significantly reduced HO formation in the Achilles tendons of mice and downregulated the expression of markers associated with M2 macrophages and the MAPK pathway. Our findings suggest that the ability of matrine to modulate macrophage polarization and inhibit the MAPK pathway has therapeutic potential for treating traumatic HO, providing a novel approach to managing this complex condition.

Matrine-loaded self-adhesive swelling microneedle for inflammation regulation to improve eczema treatment

Eczema is a common chronic dermatological disease. Conventional treatments exhibit limited efficacy due to fast drug release resulting in short-term relief. Development of a new treatment strategy that enables sustained drug release and long-term maintenance on the skin surface is necessary. A self-adhesive swelling microneedle patch (SDSMNs) was designed and constructed using a two-step casting method. The adhesive substrate was prepared by blending gelatin and dopamine via oxidation of NaIO4, so it could adhere onto the skin surface as well as withstand repeated bending movement without detachment. The swelling needles were fabricated using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which could swell by absorbing interstitial fluid and release the drug in a controlled manner. SDSMNs also showed desirable antibacterial activities toward E. coli and S. aureus. The adhesive microneedles loaded with matrine (MAT-SDSMNs), an anti-inflammatory Chinese medicine, dramatically relieved eczema symptoms through IL-17 mediated inflammation responses. The use of MAT-SDSMNs significantly decreased the infiltration of inflammation cells and level of inflammatory cytokines, reduced the skin thickness, and increased collagen deposition fraction compared with conventional ointment or subcutaneous injection. The results suggested that MAT-SDSMNs can improve eczema treatment by regulating the local inflammatory microenvironment, providing a simple, self-administered sustainable strategy for eczema treatment.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-024-00235-z.

The potential therapeutic value of the natural plant compounds matrine and oxymatrine in cardiovascular diseases

Matrine (MT) and Oxymatrine (OMT) are two natural alkaloids derived from plants. These bioactive compounds are notable for their diverse pharmacological effects and have been extensively studied and recognized in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in recent years. The cardioprotective effects of MT and OMT involve multiple aspects, primarily including antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory actions, anti-atherosclerosis, restoration of vascular function, and inhibition of cardiac remodeling and failure. Clinical pharmacology research has identified numerous novel molecular mechanisms of OMT and MT, such as JAK/STAT, Nrf2/HO-1, PI3 K/AKT, TGF-β1/Smad, and Notch pathways, providing new evidence supporting their promising therapeutic potential against cardiovascular diseases. Thus, this review aims to investigate the potential applications of MT and OMT in treating cardiovascular diseases, encompassing their mechanisms, efficacy, and safety, confirming their promise as lead compounds in anti-cardiovascular disease drug development.

The effect of matrine and glycyrrhizic acid on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Vitro and in vivo

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is endemic worldwide, seriously affecting the development of the pig industry, but vaccines have limited protective effects against PRRSV transmission. The aim of this study was to identify potential anti-PRRSV drugs. We examined the cytotoxicity of seven compounds formulated based on the mass ratio of glycyrrhizic acid to matrine and calculated their inhibition rates against PRRSV in vitro. The results showed that the seven compounds all had direct killing and therapeutic effects on PRRSV, and the compounds inhibited PRRSV replication in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The compound with the strongest anti-PRRSV effect was selected for subsequent in vivo experiments. Pigs were divided into a control group and a medication group for the in vivo evaluation. The results showed that pigs treated with the 4:1 compound had 100% morbidity after PRRSV challenge, and the mortality rate reached 75% on the 8th day of the virus challenge. These results suggest that this compound has no practical anti-PRRSV effect in vivo and can actually accelerate the death of infected pigs. Next, we further analyzed the pigs that exhibited semiprotective effects following vaccination with the compound to determine whether the compound can synergize with the vaccine in vivo. The results indicated that pigs treated with the compound had higher mortality rates and more severe clinical reactions after PRRSV infection (p < 0.05). The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were significantly greater in the compound-treated pigs than in the positive control-treated pigs (p < 0.05), and there was no synergistic enhancement with the live attenuated PRRSV vaccine (p < 0.05). The compound enhanced the inflammatory response, prompted the body to produce excessive levels of inflammatory cytokines and caused body damage, preventing a therapeutic effect. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the in vitro effectiveness of these agents does not indicate that they are effective in vivo or useful for developing anti-PRRSV drugs. Our findings also showed that, to identify effective anti-PRRSV drugs, comprehensive drug screening is needed, for compounds with solid anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. Our study may aid in the development of new anti-PRRSV drugs.

Matrine Ameliorates DSS-Induced Colitis by Suppressing Inflammation, Modulating Oxidative Stress and Remodeling the Gut Microbiota

Matrine (MT) possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and antioxidative properties. However, the impact and underlying mechanisms of matrine on colitis are unclear. The purpose of this research was to examine the protective impact and regulatory mechanism of matrine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. MT alleviated DSS-induced UC by inhibiting weight loss, relieving colon shortening and reducing the disease activity index (DAI). Moreover, DSS-induced intestinal injury and the number of goblet cells were reversed by MT, as were alterations in the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin in colon. Simultaneously, matrine not only effectively restored DSS-induced oxidative stress in colonic tissues but also reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, MT could treat colitis mice by regulating the regulatory T cell (Treg)/T helper 17 (Th17) cell imbalance. We observed further evidence that MT alleviated the decrease in intestinal flora diversity, reduced the proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, decreased the proportion of Proteobacteria and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia in colitis mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that MT may mitigate DSS-induced colitis by enhancing the colon barrier integrity, reducing the Treg/Th17 cell imbalance, inhibiting intestinal inflammation, modulating oxidative stress and regulating the gut microbiota. These findings provide strong evidence for the development and application of MT as a dietary treatment for UC.

Natural Products with Potential Effects on Hemorrhoids: A Review

Hemorrhoid disease is a common anorectal disorder affecting populations worldwide, with high prevalence, treatment difficulties, and considerable treatment costs. Compared to other treatment options, medical therapy for hemorrhoids offers minimal harm, more dignity to patients, and is more economical. Unfortunately, there are few chemical hemorrhoid medications available clinically, which makes the search for efficacious, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly new medication classes a focal point of research. In this context, searching for available natural products to improve hemorrhoids exhibits tremendous potential. These products are derived from nature, predominantly from plants, with a minor portion coming from animals, fungi, and algae. They have excellent coagulation pathway regulation, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and tissue regeneration activities. Therefore, we take the view that they are a class of potential hemorrhoid drugs, prevention products, and medication add-on ingredients. This article first reviews the factors contributing to the development of hemorrhoids, types, primary symptoms, and the mechanisms of natural products for hemorrhoids. Building on this foundation, we screened natural products with potential hemorrhoid improvement activity, including polyphenols and flavonoids, terpenes, polysaccharides, and other types.

Xanthohumol and echinocystic acid induces PSTVd tolerance in tomato

Tomato is a popular vegetable worldwide; its production is highly threatened by infection with the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). We obtained the full-length genome sequence of previously conserved PSTVd and inoculated it on four genotypes of semi-cultivated tomatoes selected from a local tomato germplasm resource. SC-5, which is a PSTVd-resistant genotype, and SC-96, which is a PSTVd-sensitive genotype, were identified by detecting the fruit yield, plant growth, biomass accumulation, physiological indices, and PSTVd genome titer after PSTVd inoculation. A non-target metabolomics study was conducted on PSTVd-infected and control SC-5 to identify potential anti-PSTVd metabolites. The platform of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detected 158 or 123 differential regulated metabolites in modes of positive ion or negative ion. Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation of the global metabolite profile between PSTVd-infected leaves and control regardless of the detection mode. The potential anti-PSTVd compounds, xanthohumol, oxalicine B, indole-3-carbinol, and rosmarinic acid were significantly upregulated in positive ion mode, whereas echinocystic acid, chlorogenic acid, and 5-acetylsalicylic acid were upregulated in negative ion mode. Xanthohumol and echinocystic acid were detected as the most upregulated metabolites and were exogenously applied on PSTVd-diseased SC-96 seedlings. Both xanthohumol and echinocystic acid had instant and long-term inhibition effect on PSTVd titer. The highest reduction of disease symptom was induced by 2.6 mg/L of xanthohumol and 2.0 mg/L of echinocystic acid after 10 days of leaf spraying, respectively. A superior effect was seen on echinocystic acid than on xanthohumol. Our study provides a statistical basis for breeding anti-viroid tomato genotypes and creating plant-originating chemical preparations to prevent viroid disease.

Matrine induces cardiotoxicity by promoting ferroptosis through the Nrf2 antioxidant system in H9c2 cells

Matrine (MT) has shown promising efficacy in various cancers and chronic hepatitis; however, its clinical application is limited because of its side effects. Our previous studies have indicated that MT can induce severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The current study aimed to investigate its cardiotoxicity and potential underlying mechanisms in H9c2 cells. Our results showed that MT induced H9c2 cell death and disrupted the cellular membrane integrity. Moreover, MT decreased glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (Cys) levels, and increased Fe2+, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and MDA levels, ultimately leading to ferroptosis. Interestingly, these phenomena were alleviated by the ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1, whereas MT-induced ferroptosis was exacerbated by the ferroptosis agonist RSL3. In addition, MT significantly reduced FTH, Nrf2, xCT, GPX4, and FSP1 protein levels and inhibited the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 while increasing TFR1 protein levels. Supplementation with Nrf2 agonist (Dimethyl fumarate, DMF) or selenium (Sodium selenite, SS) and CoQ10 alleviated MT-induced cytotoxic effects in H9c2 cells. These results suggest that ferroptosis, which is mediated by an imbalance in the Nrf2 antioxidant system, is involved in MT-induced cardiac toxicity.

The protective effect of natural medicines in rheumatoid arthritis via inhibit angiogenesis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic immunological disease leading to the progressive bone and joint destruction. Angiogenesis, accompanied by synovial hyperplasia and inflammation underlies joint destruction. Delaying or even blocking synovial angiogenesis has emerged as an important target of RA treatment. Natural medicines has a long history of treating RA, and numerous reports have suggested that natural medicines have a strong inhibitory activity on synovial angiogenesis, thereby improving the progression of RA. Natural medicines could regulate the following signaling pathways: HIF/VEGF/ANG, PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPKs pathway, NF-κB pathway, PPARγ pathway, JAK2/STAT3 pathway, etc., thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (TwHF), sinomenine, and total glucoside of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Are currently the most representative of all natural products worthy of development and utilization. In this paper, the main factors affecting angiogenesis were discussed and different types of natural medicines that inhibit angiogenesis were systematically summarized. Their specific anti-angiogenesis mechanisms are also reviewed which aiming to provide new perspective and options for the management of RA by targeting angiogenesis.

Self-Assembled Matrine-PROTAC Encapsulating Zinc(II) Phthalocyanine with GSH-Depletion-Enhanced ROS Generation for Cancer Therapy

The integration of a multidimensional treatment dominated by active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including enhanced chemotherapy and synergistically amplification of oxidative damage, into a nanoplatform would be of great significance for furthering accurate and effective cancer treatment with the active ingredients of TCM. Herein, in this study, we designed and synthesized four matrine-proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) (depending on different lengths of the chains named LST-1, LST-2, LST-3, and LST-4) based on PROTAC technology to overcome the limitations of matrine. LST-4, with better anti-tumor activity than matrine, still degrades p-Erk and p-Akt proteins. Moreover, LST-4 NPs formed via LST-4 self-assembly with stronger anti-tumor activity and glutathione (GSH) depletion ability could be enriched in lysosomes through their outstanding enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Then, we synthesized LST-4@ZnPc NPs with a low-pH-triggered drug release property that could release zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) in tumor sites. LST-4@ZnPc NPs combine the application of chemotherapy and phototherapy, including both enhanced chemotherapy from LST-4 NPs and the synergistic amplification of oxidative damage, through increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by photodynamic therapy (PDT), causing an GSH decrease via LST-4 mediation to effectively kill tumor cells. Therefore, multifunctional LST-4@ZnPc NPs are a promising method for killing cancer cells, which also provides a new paradigm for using natural products to kill tumors.

Onosma bracteatum Wall Aqueous-Ethanolic Extract Suppresses Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats via Regulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and C-Reactive Protein

Onosma bracteatum Wall (O. bracteatum) has been used traditionally for the management of arthritis; however, its therapeutic potential warrants further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic effects of the aqueous-ethanolic extract of O. bracteatum leaves (AeOB) in a rat model of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Rats were treated with AeOB (250, 500, and 750 mg/kg), indomethacin (10 mg/kg), or a vehicle control from days 8 to 28 post-CFA injection. Arthritic score, paw diameter, and body weight were monitored at regular intervals. X-ray radiographs and histopathological analysis were performed to assess arthritic severity. Inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were quantified by qPCR and icromatography. Phytochemical analysis of AeOB revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, Saponins, and glycosides. AeOB also exhibited antioxidant potential with an IC50 of 73.22 µg/mL in a DPPH assay. AeOB and diclofenac exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities. Rats treated with AeOB at 750 mg/kg and indomethacin showed significantly reduced arthritic symptoms and joint inflammation versus the CFA control. The AeOB treatment downregulated TNF-α and IL-6 and decreased CRP levels compared with arthritic rats. Radiography and histopathology also showed improved prognosis. These findings demonstrate the anti-arthritic potential of AeOB leaves.

Matrine suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis by modulating circ_0055976/miR-1179/lactate dehydrogenase A axis

BACKGROUND

Matrine has been identified to have anticancer activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Circ_0055976 was highly expressed in HCC. Here, we investigated the function and relationship of Matrine and circ_0055976 in HCC tumorigenesis.

METHODS

Cell proliferation and invasion were detected using Cell Counting Kit-8, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), colony formation and transwell assays, respectively. Cell aerobic glycolysis was evaluated by detecting glucose consumption, lactate production, and the ratios of ATP/ADP. Levels of genes and proteins were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The target relationship between miR-1179 and circ_0055976 or lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The mouse xenograft model was established to conduct the in vivo assay.

RESULTS

Matrine suppressed HCC cell proliferation, invasion and anaerobic glycolysis in vitro. Circ_0055976 was highly expressed in HCC tissues and cells, and was reduced by Matrine treatment. Moreover, overexpression of circ_0055976 reversed the anticancer effects of Matrine in HCC cells. Mechanistically, circ_0055976/miR-1179/LDHA formed an axis. Circ_0055976 knockdown or miR-1179 overexpression impaired HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and anaerobic glycolysis, which were reversed by miR-1179 inhibition or LDHA overexpression. Meanwhile, forced expression of LDHA abolished the regulatory effects of Matrine on HCC cells. In the clinic, Matrine impeded HCC tumor growth in vivo, and this effect was boosted after circ_0055976 silencing.

CONCLUSION

Matrine suppressed HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and anaerobic glycolysis via circ_0055976/miR-1179/LDHA axis, providing a new insight into the clinical application of Matrine in HCC treatment.

The dynamic equilibrium between the protective and toxic effects of matrine in the development of liver injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Matrine, an alkaloid derived from the dried roots of Sophora flavescens Aiton, has been utilized for the treatment of liver diseases, but its potential hepatotoxicity raises concerns. However, the precise condition and mechanism of action of matrine on the liver remain inconclusive. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to comprehensively evaluate both the hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic effects of matrine and provide therapeutic guidance based on the findings. Methods: The meta-analysis systematically searched relevant preclinical literature up to May 2023 from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Med Online, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and China Biomedical Literature Service System. The CAMARADES system assessed the quality and bias of the evidence. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA, which included the use of 3D maps and radar charts to display the effects of matrine dosage and frequency on hepatoprotection and hepatotoxicity. Results: After a thorough screening, 24 studies involving 657 rodents were selected for inclusion. The results demonstrate that matrine has bidirectional effects on ALT and AST levels, and it also regulates SOD, MDA, serum TG, serum TC, IL-6, TNF-α, and CAT levels. Based on our comprehensive three-dimensional analysis, the optimal bidirectional effective dosage of matrine ranges from 10 to 69.1 mg/kg. However, at a dose of 20-30 mg/kg/d for 0.02-0.86 weeks, it demonstrated high liver protection and low toxicity. The molecular docking analysis revealed the interaction between MT and SERCA as well as SREBP-SCAP complexes. Matrine could alter Ca2+ homeostasis in liver injury via multiple pathways, including the SREBP1c/SCAP, Notch/RBP-J/HES1, IκK/NF-κB, and Cul3/Rbx1/Keap1/Nrf2. Conclusion: Matrine has bidirectional effects on the liver at doses ranging from 10 to 69.1 mg/kg by influencing Ca2+ homeostasis in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. Systematic review registration: https://inplasy.com/, identifier INPLASY202340114.

Bioactivities and Mechanisms of Action of Sinomenine and Its Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review

Sinomenine, an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the roots and stems of Sinomenium acutum, has been extensively studied for its derivatives as bioactive agents. This review concentrates on the research advancements in the biological activities and action mechanisms of sinomenine-related compounds until November 2023. The findings indicate a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, including antitumor, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection, and immunosuppressive properties. These compounds are notably effective against breast, lung, liver, and prostate cancers, exhibiting IC50 values of approximately 121.4 nM against PC-3 and DU-145 cells, primarily through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Additionally, they manifest anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects predominantly via the NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Utilized in treating rheumatic arthritis, these alkaloids also play a significant role in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, as well as organ protection through the NF-κB, Nrf2, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. This review concludes with perspectives and insights on this topic, highlighting the potential of sinomenine-related compounds in clinical applications and the development of medications derived from natural products.

Improvement of the Thermal Stability and Aqueous Solubility of Three Matrine Salts Assembled by the Similar Structure Salt Formers

Matrine (MAT), a natural Chinese herbal medicine, has a unique advantage in the treatment of various chronic diseases. However, its low melting point, low bioavailability, and high dosage restrict its subsequent development into new drugs. In this study, three kinds of MAT salts, namely, MAT-2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (MAT-25DHB), MAT-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (MAT-26DHB), and MAT-salicylic acid-hydrate (MAT-SAL-H2O), were designed and synthesized to improve the drugability of MAT. The three salts were characterized by using various analytical techniques, including single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, powder X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. The results of the thermal stability evaluation showed that the formation of salts improved the stability of MAT; MAT-25DHB is the most stable salt reported at present. The results of aqueous solubility showed that the solubility of MAT-25DHB was higher than that of MAT, while that of MAT-26DHB and MAT-SAL-H2O were less. Given that the MAT-25DHB salt further improved the solubility of MAT, it is expected to be subjected to further research as an optimized salt. Lattice energy and solvation free energy are important factors affecting the solubility of salts; the reasons for the changes of solubility and stability of three kinds of salts are explained by calculating them.

Machine Learning Algorithms Identify Target Genes and the Molecular Mechanism of Matrine against Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

BACKGROUND

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma worldwide. Novel treatment strategies are still needed for this disease.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to systematically explore the potential targets and molecular mechanisms of matrine in the treatment of DLBCL.

METHODS

Potential matrine targets were collected from multiple platforms. Microarray data and clinical characteristics of DLBCL were downloaded from publicly available database. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were applied to identify the hub genes of DLBCL using R software. Then, the shared target genes between matrine and DLBCL were identified as the potential targets of matrine against DLBCL. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm was used to determine the final core target genes, which were further verified by molecular docking simulation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Functional analysis was also performed to elucidate the potential mechanisms.

RESULTS

A total of 222 matrine target genes and 1269 DLBCL hub genes were obtained through multiple databases and machine learning algorithms. From the nine shared target genes of matrine and DLBCL, five final core target genes, including CTSL, NR1H2, PDPK1, MDM2, and JAK3, were identified. Molecular docking showed that the binding of matrine to the core genes was stable. ROC curves also suggested close associations between the core genes and DLBCL. Additionally, functional analysis showed that the therapeutic effect of matrine against DLBCL may be related to the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

Matrine may target five genes and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in DLBCL treatment.

Matrine Targets BTF3 to Inhibit the Growth of Canine Mammary Tumor Cells

The canine mammary tumor model is more suitable for studying human breast cancer, and the safety concentrations of matrine and the biotin-labeled matrine probe were determined in canine primary mammary epithelial cells, and then selected canine mammary tumor cell lines CHMm and CHMp were incubated with matrine, and cell viability was detected by CCK-8. The biotin-labeled matrine probe was used to pull-down the targets of matrine in canine mammary tumor cells, and the targets were screened in combination with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and Genecards database, and verified by qPCR and western blot. The results showed that the maximum non-cytotoxic concentrations of matrine and biotin-labeled matrine probe in canine primary mammary epithelial cells were 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, respectively. Matrine and biotin-labeled matrine probe had a proliferation inhibitory effect time-dependently on CHMm and CHMp cells within a safe concentration range, and induced autophagy in cells. Then BTF3 targets were obtained by applying ABPP and Genecards screening. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) findings indicated that matrine could increase the heat stability of BTF3 protein. Pull-down employing biotin-labeled matrine probe with CHMm and CHMp cell lysates revealed that BTF3 protein was detected in the biotin-labeled matrine probe group and that BTF3 protein was significantly decreased by the addition of matrine. The qPCR and western blot findings of CHMm and CHMp cells treated with matrine revealed that matrine decreased the expression of the BTF3 gene and protein with the extension of the action time, and the impact was more substantial at the protein level, respectively.

The role of ferroptosis in diabetic cardiovascular diseases and the intervention of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), encompassing ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure, among others, are the most prevalent complications of diabetes and the leading cause of mortality in patients with diabetes. Cell death modalities, including apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, have been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of CVDs. As research progresses, accumulating evidence also suggests the involvement of ferroptosis, a novel form of cell death, in the pathogenesis of CVDs. Ferroptosis, characterised by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, which culminates in membrane rupture, may present new therapeutic targets for diabetes-related cardiovascular complications. Current treatments for CVDs, such as antihypertensive, anticoagulant, lipid-lowering, and plaque-stabilising drugs, may cause severe side effects with long-term use. Traditional Chinese medicine, with its broad range of activities and minimal side effects, is widely used in China. Numerous studies have shown that active components of Chinese medicine, such as alkaloids, polyphenols, and saponins, can prevent CVDs by regulating ferroptosis. This review summarises the recent findings on the regulatory mechanisms of active components of Chinese medicine against ferroptosis in CVDs, aiming to provide new directions and a scientific basis for targeting ferroptosis for the prevention and treatment of diabetic CVDs.

Organocatalytic Asymmetric [4 + 2] Cyclization of Azadienes with Azlactones: Access to Chiral 3-Amino-δ-Lactams Derivatives

Herein, a series of chiral δ-lactam frameworks have been synthesized and catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) utilizing two kinds of open-chain aza-dienes and azlactones derived from amino acids. This powerful [4 + 2] annulation produces a broad substrate scope with functional group tolerance in yield up to 97% with up to 98:2 er. Moreover, a facile scale-up and straightforward conversion to diversely substituted products verify the synthetic utility of this method featuring good compatibility and high efficiency.

Matrine disrupts Nrf2/GPX4 antioxidant system and promotes hepatocyte ferroptosis

Matrine (MT) is an alkaloid isolated from Sophora flavescens with various bioactivities and is widely used clinically. However, the broader its clinical use, the greater its toxicity concerns. We investigate the role of ferroptosis in MT-induced liver injury caused by an imbalance in the antioxidant pathway. Our results showed that MT could cause pathological changes in liver tissues and lead to a significant reduction in L02 cell viability. MT also reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), increased malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation levels, and disrupted iron homeostasis, leading to ferroptosis. In addition, MT decreased the protein levels of FTH, Nrf2, xCT, GPX4, HO-1 and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) and increased the protein levels of TRF1 and DMT1, characteristic indicators of ferroptosis. Interestingly, the cytotoxic effects of MT were alleviated by ferroptosis inhibitor, Nrf2 agonist, or selenium supplementation. These results revealed that MT triggers hepatocyte ferroptosis by inhibiting the Nrf2/GPX4 antioxidant system.

A mechanistic updated overview on Cepharanthine as potential anticancer agent

The antitumor effects of traditional drugs have received increasing attention and active antitumor components extracted from traditional drugs have shown good efficacy with minimal adverse events. Cepharanthine(CEP for short) is an active component derived from the Stephania plants of Menispermaceae, which can regulate multiple signaling pathways alone or in combination with other therapeutic drugs to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, regulate autophagy, and inhibit angiogenesis, thereby inhibiting tumor progression. Therefore, we retrieved studies concerning CEP's antitumor effects in recent years and summarized the antitumor mechanism and targets, in order to gain new insights and establish a theoretical basis for further development and application of CEP.

In Vitro Analyses of the Multifocal Effects of Natural Alkaloids Berberine, Matrine, and Tabersonine against the O'nyong-nyong Arthritogenic Alphavirus Infection and Inflammation

O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) is a member of the reemerging arthritogenic alphaviruses that cause chronic debilitating polyarthralgia and/or polyarthritis via their tropism for the musculoskeletal system. Thus, the discovery of dual antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs is a great challenge in this field. We investigated the effects of the common plant-derived alkaloids berberine (isoquinoline), matrine (quinolizidine), and tabersonine (indole) at a non-toxic concentration (10 μM) on a human fibroblast cell line (HS633T) infected by ONNV (MOI 1). Using qRT-PCR analyses, we measured the RNA levels of the gene coding for the viral proteins and for the host cell immune factors. These alkaloids demonstrated multifocal effects by the inhibition of viral replication, as well as the regulation of the type-I interferon antiviral signaling pathway and the inflammatory mediators and pathways. Berberine and tabersonine proved to be the more valuable compounds. The results supported the proposal that these common alkaloids may be useful scaffolds for drug discovery against arthritogenic alphavirus infection.

The application and mechanism of Chinese medicine in the upstream treatment of atrial fibrillation

Upstream treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF, for short) is a new approach to the prevention and treatment of AF with non-antiarrhythmic drugs, which is essentially primary and secondary prevention of AF. The former refers to the prevention of AF by controlling risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure before AF occurs, and the latter mainly refers to targeting ion channels, inflammation, oxidative stress, and other pathways to reduce or reverse atrial electrical and structural remodeling, reduction of AF load, and reduction of the chance of AF occurrence or progression. More and more studies have shown that many traditional Chinese medicines, active ingredients of Chinese medicines, and Chinese herbal formulas have definite effects on the upstream treatment of AF, but their mechanisms of action are different. Therefore, we summarized the relevant literature on the application and mechanisms of Chinese medicine on the upstream treatment of AF in recent years, hoping to be helpful for subsequent studies.

Anti-Cancer Potential of Phytochemicals: The Regulation of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

A biological process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows epithelial cells to change into mesenchymal cells and acquire some cancer stem cell properties. EMT contributes significantly to the metastasis, invasion, and development of treatment resistance in cancer cells. Current research has demonstrated that phytochemicals are emerging as a potential source of safe and efficient anti-cancer medications. Phytochemicals could disrupt signaling pathways related to malignant cell metastasis and drug resistance by suppressing or reversing the EMT process. In this review, we briefly describe the pathophysiological properties and the molecular mechanisms of EMT in the progression of cancers, then summarize phytochemicals with diverse structures that could block the EMT process in different types of cancer. Hopefully, these will provide some guidance for future research on phytochemicals targeting EMT.

Anti-Neuroinflammatory Potential of Natural Products in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease, which is the main cause of dementia in the elderly. Much evidence shows that the onset and late symptoms of AD are caused by multiple factors. Among them, aging is the main factor in the pathogenesis of AD, and the most important risk factor for AD is neuroinflammation. So far, there is no cure for AD, but the relationship between neuroinflammation and AD may provide a new strategy for the treatment of AD. We herein discussed the main etiology hypothesis of AD and the role of neuroinflammation in AD, as well as anti-inflammatory natural products with the potential to prevent and alleviate AD symptoms, including alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols, which are available with great potential for the development of anti-AD drugs.

Systematic elucidation of the bioactive alkaloids and potential mechanism from Sophora flavescens for the treatment of eczema via network pharmacology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE

Sophora flavescens is a frequently used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of skin disorders, diarrhea, vaginal itching and inflammatory diseases. In particular, the root of S. flavescens combination with other herbs mainly treat eczema ailment in the clinical applications. However, a holistic network pharmacology approach to understanding the mechanism by which alkaloids in S. flavescens treat eczema has not been pursued.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To examine the network pharmacological potential effect of S. flavescens on eczema, we studied the alkaloids, performed protein targets prediction and investigated interacting signal pathways. Furthermore, animal experiment was carried out to evaluate its efficacy and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RT-qPCR) analysis was explored the mechanism of action.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The detail information on alkaloids from S. flavescens were obtained from a handful of public databases on the basis of oral bioavailability (OB ≥ 30%) and drug-likeness (DL ≥ 0.18). Then, correlations between compounds and protein targets were linked using the STRING database, and targets associated with eczema were gathered by the GeneCards database. Human genes were identified and subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis. Particularly, matrine, the crucial alkaloid from S. flavescens, was estimated using a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced eczema Kunming (KM) mice model, administered (50 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) to mice for 22 days. On the last day, the activities of serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and histopathologic examinations were determined. For further to elucidate the mechanisms, the mRNA levels of TNF-α, STAT3, TP53, AKT1, IL-6, JUN and EGFR in dorsal skin tissues were also tested.

RESULTS

Network analysis collected and identified 35 alkaloids from S. flavescens. Among them, in total 10 dominating alkaloids, including matrine, oxymatrine, sophoridine, sophocarpine, oxysophocarpine, allomatrine, sophoramine, anagyrine, cytisine and N-methylcytisine. And 71 related targets were provided of alkaloids for the treatment of eczema from S. flavescens. Furthermore, matrine dose-dependently (50 or 10 mg/kg, 22 days, apply to dorsal skin) remarkable decreased the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-4, and significantly alleviated the skin lesions. The effects of 50 mg/kg of matrine were almost identical to those of 200 mg/kg of the positive drug dexamethasone (DXM). The further RT-qPCR analyses could reveal that matrine down-regulate TNF-α, STAT3 and TP53 at transcriptional level in dorsal skin tissues.

CONCLUSION

Pharmacological network analysis can utilize to illuminate the pharmacodynamic substances and the potential molecular mechanism of S. flavescens for treating eczema. Matrine, as the crucial alkaloid from S. flavescens, could be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of eczema ailment.

SAR-guided development of indole-matrine hybrids as potential anticancer agents via mitochondrial stress/cytochrome c/caspase 3 signaling pathway

Matrine is a clinically used adjuvant anticancer drug, yet its mild potency limited its application. To improve the anticancer activity of matrine, a total of 31 indole-matrine hybrids were constructed in four rounds of SAR-guided iterative structural optimization process. All of the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against a panel of four human cancer cell lines (Hela, MCF-7, SGC-7901, HepG2) and two normal cell lines (GES-1, LO2). The most active hybrid 8g exhibited the anticancer IC₅₀ values of 0.9 to 1.2 μM, which was 3-magnitude of orders more potent than matrine. 8g also showed better selectivity towards cancer cells with the selectivity index value raised from 1.5 to 6.2. Mechanistic studies demonstrated a mitochondrial distribution for 8g by intracellular click chemistry approaches, which led to the discovery that 8g strongly induced mitochondrial stress, as evidenced by impaired energy metabolism, depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, overload of mitochondrial calcium and escalated ROS production. 8g-induced mitochondrial stress further led to the release of cytochrome c and subsequent activation of caspase 3, which significantly promoted cellular death and inhibited colony formation.

Metabolomics- and systems toxicology-based hepatotoxicity mechanism of Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma in rats

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major challenge to the development and clinical application of drugs, especially limits the global application of Chinese herbal medicines, because the material basis and mechanisms of some Chinese herbal medicines are not well clear. In this study, a comprehensive method integrating metabolomics and systems toxicology (SysT) was used to investigate how the main substances in Sophorae TonkinensisRadix et Rhizoma (STRER) influence the metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Through a 28-day continuous oral administration toxicity study combined with serum metabolomics analyses, the aqueous, ethanol-precipitation and dichloromethane extracts of STRER exhibited significant hepatotoxic effects. In addition, 19 differential metabolites with a time-dose-effect relationship were identified in rats. The primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway was significantly altered, which was consistent with the findings of the SysT analysis. Furthermore, through the quantification of bile acids in serum, 16 differential bile acids were identified as being significantly changed; moreover, 21 relevant targets which intersected with the hepatotoxic targets of STRER were identified. Molecular docking was used to confirm the validation of bindings between targets and corresponding compounds, and finally, six important compounds and 14 potential targets were identified to be involved in STRER-induced liver injury in relation to bile acid metabolism.

MASM inhibits cancer stem cell-like characteristics of EpCAM+ cells via AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling

OBJECTIVES

Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) are regarded as the frequent cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) relapse and therapeutic resistance. The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is one of the key biomarkers for LCSCs. EpCAM⁺ cells from HCC have been reported to display cancer stem cell-like (CSC-like) properties. Therefore, we aimed to verify the effect of MASM, a novel derivative of matrine, on CSC-like properties of EpCAM⁺ HCC cells.

METHODS

EpCAM⁺ cells were isolated from Hep3B and Huh7 cells using the magnetic-activated cell sorting. The capacity for self-renewal and proliferation of EpCAM⁺ HCC cells was determined by the sphere-formation and cell counting kit 8 assays. After these cell populations were exposed to increasing concentrations of MASM, sphere formation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, resistance to chemotherapy and colony formation were evaluated, respectively. Moreover, the stemness-associated gene expression and underlying mechanisms were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and sphere-forming assay.

RESULTS

MASM significantly inhibited proliferation without inducing apoptosis, down-regulated the expression of stemness-related genes, decreased the percentage of EpCAM⁺ HCC cells and up-regulated mature hepatocyte-related genes. Moreover, MASM suppressed the formation and reduced the size of not only primary spheroids but also subsequent spheroids. Additionally, our results showed that MASM inhibited the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

MASM treatment is effective against EpCAM⁺ cells and may be considered as a novel drug candidate in HCC therapy.

Recent advances on the regulation of bacterial biofilm formation by herbal medicines

Biofilm formation is a fundamental part of life cycles of bacteria which affects various aspects of bacterial-host interactions including the development of drug resistance and chronic infections. In clinical settings, biofilm-related infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to tolerance to antibiotics. Bacterial biofilm formation is regulated by different external and internal factors, among which quorum sensing (QS) signals and nucleotide-based second messengers play important roles. In recent years, different kinds of anti-biofilm agents have been discovered, among which are the Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs). CHMs or traditional Chinese medicines have long been utilized to combat various diseases around the world and many of them have the ability to inhibit, impair or decrease bacterial biofilm formation either through regulation of bacterial QS system or nucleotide-based second messengers. In this review, we describe the research progresses of different chemical classes of CHMs on the regulation of bacterial biofilm formation. Though the molecular mechanisms on the regulation of bacterial biofilm formation by CHMs have not been fully understood and there are still a lot of work that need to be performed, these studies contribute to the development of effective biofilm inhibitors and will provide a novel treatment strategy to control biofilm-related infections.

Matrine, a potential c-Myc inhibitor, suppresses ribosome biogenesis and nucleotide metabolism in myeloid leukemia

Previous studies have shown that matrine, a natural compound extracted from the herb Sophora flavescens, has a good anti-leukemia effect, but its key target and mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that only c-Myc could respond rapidly to matrine treatment in three myeloid leukemia cell lines, and matrine inhibited both transcription and translation of c-Myc. Ribosome biogenesis and nucleotide metabolism, the key downstream of c-Myc, were significantly suppressed after matrine treatment. Therefore, our results confirmed that matrine is a special c-Myc inhibitor which suppresses ribosome biogenesis and nucleotide metabolism by inhibiting c-Myc in myeloid leukemia. This study provides scientific basis for the development of matrine derivatives to c-Myc-driven cancers.