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Fasquelle F, Vreulx AC, Betbeder D. Improved ELISPOT protocol for monitoring Th1/Th17 T-cell response following T.gondii infection. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301687. [PMID: 38718078 PMCID: PMC11078343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the monitoring of human Toxoplasma gondii infection, it is crucial to confirm the development of a specific Th1/Th17 immune response memory. The use of a simple, specific, and sensitive assay to follow the T-cell activation is thus required. Current protocols are not always specific as stimulation with peptides is Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-dependent, while stimulation with total-lysis antigens tends to stimulate seronegative donors resulting to false positives. Here, an improved ELISPOT protocol is reported, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of T.gondii-infected donors, incubated with the inactivated parasite. The results showed that, contrary to standard protocols, a pre-incubation step at high cell density in presence of the inactivated parasite allowed a specific Th1/Th17 response with the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12 and IL-17 cytokines. This protocol allows to evaluate precisely the immune response after a T.gondii infection.
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2
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Merritt EF, Kochanowsky JA, Hervé P, Watson AA, Koshy AA. Toxoplasma type II effector GRA15 has limited influence in vivo. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300764. [PMID: 38551902 PMCID: PMC10980211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that establishes a long-term infection in the brain of many warm-blooded hosts, including humans and rodents. Like all obligate intracellular microbes, Toxoplasma uses many effector proteins to manipulate the host cell to ensure parasite survival. While some of these effector proteins are universal to all Toxoplasma strains, some are polymorphic between Toxoplasma strains. One such polymorphic effector is GRA15. The gra15 allele carried by type II strains activates host NF-κB signaling, leading to the release of cytokines such as IL-12, TNF, and IL-1β from immune cells infected with type II parasites. Prior work also suggested that GRA15 promotes early host control of parasites in vivo, but the effect of GRA15 on parasite persistence in the brain and the peripheral immune response has not been well defined. For this reason, we sought to address this gap by generating a new IIΔgra15 strain and comparing outcomes at 3 weeks post infection between WT and IIΔgra15 infected mice. We found that the brain parasite burden and the number of macrophages/microglia and T cells in the brain did not differ between WT and IIΔgra15 infected mice. In addition, while IIΔgra15 infected mice had a lower number and frequency of splenic M1-like macrophages and frequency of PD-1+ CTLA-4+ CD4+ T cells and NK cells compared to WT infected mice, the IFN-γ+ CD4 and CD8 T cell populations were equivalent. In summary, our results suggest that in vivo GRA15 may have a subtle effect on the peripheral immune response, but this effect is not strong enough to alter brain parasite burden or parenchymal immune cell number at 3 weeks post infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Merritt
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Kochanowsky
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Perrine Hervé
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alison A. Watson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anita A. Koshy
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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3
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Kveštak D, Mihalić A, Jonjić S, Brizić I. Innate lymphoid cells in neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1364485. [PMID: 38450285 PMCID: PMC10915051 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1364485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are largely tissue-resident cells that participate in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and react early to inflammatory events. Mature ILCs are divided into three major groups based on the transcription factors required for their development and function. Under physiological conditions, ILCs are present within the choroid plexus and meninges while the CNS parenchyma is almost devoid of these cells. However, pathological conditions such as autoimmune neuroinflammation and viral infections of the CNS result in the infiltration of ILCs into parenchyma. In this article, we provide an overview of the involvement and function of the ILCs within the CNS during physiological conditions and in infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegeneration, and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kveštak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Andrea Mihalić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Guan X, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Zhan P, Chen Z, Wang C, Yin Z. Tumor-associated NK cells facilitate tumor growth via NKp46 in immunocompetent murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunol Lett 2023; 258:8-19. [PMID: 37121554 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer(NK) cells comprise one subset of the innate lymphoid cells family. Despite reported anti-tumor activity of NK cells, their tangible contribution to tumor control remains controversial. This is due to the incomplete understanding of NK alterations within tumor microenvironment(TME). Here we showed, using murine hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) model, that early NK cells deletion markedly attenuated tumor growth in a CD8+ T cells dependent manner. This effect was accompanied by an enhanced CD8+ T cells effector function in tumor rather than circulating blood. Then, we demonstrated that abundant NKp46+ NK subset, but not NKp46- NK, were recruited towards tumor microenvironment during tumor progression. Frequency of intratumor NKP46+ NK cells were inversely related to CD8+ T cells activation, and positively correlated with tumor growth. Intratumor NKp46+ NK cells exhibited dysfunction and increased expression of inhibitory receptors, when compared with NKp46- NK cells. Blockade of NK cells-associated NKp46 effectively attenuated HCC growth. Infusion of tumor-derived NKp46+ NK cells markedly enhanced HCC growth in vivo, in contrast to tumor cells inoculation alone. The further mechanistic investigations unveiled that NK cells boosted tumor growth by NKp46-mediated impairment of CD8+T cells effector function. Overall, this work supported a previously unappreciated regulatory property of tumor-associated NK cells in HCC, and NKp46 as a potential target against HCC in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Guan
- Xiamen Translational Medical Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumor, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Lu
- Xiamen Translational Medical Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumor, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Xiamen Translational Medical Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumor, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhigao Chen
- Clinical Medical college, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanzheng Wang
- Xiamen Translational Medical Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumor, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Translational Medical Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumor, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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5
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Perce-da-Silva DDS, Joaquim TE, Aleixo ALQDC, Motta JPR, Lima-Junior JDC, Ribeiro-Alves M, de Oliveira-Ferreira J, Porto LCDMS, Banic DM, Amendoeira MRR. Influence of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors genes on the recurrence rate of ocular toxoplasmosis in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220203. [PMID: 37018796 PMCID: PMC10065411 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence is a hallmark of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), and conditions that influence its occurrence remain a challenge. Natural killer cells (NK) are effectors cells whose primary is cytotoxic function against many parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii. Among the NK cell receptors, immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) deserve attention due to their high polymorphism. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyse the influence of KIR gene polymorphism in the course of OT infection and its association with recurrences after an active episode. METHODS Ninety-six patients from the Ophthalmologic Clinic of the National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas were followed for up to five years. After DNA extraction, genotyping of the patients was performed by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) utilising Luminex equipment for reading. During follow-up, 60.4% had a recurrence. FINDINGS We identified 25 KIR genotypes and found a higher frequency of genotype 1 (31.7%) with worldwide distribution. We note that the KIR2DL2 inhibitor gene and the gene activator KIR2DS2 were more frequent in patients without recurrence. Additionally, we observed that individuals who carry these genes progressed recurrence episodes slowly compared to individuals who do not carry these genes. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 are associated as possible protection markers against ocular toxoplasmosis recurrence (OTR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana de Souza Perce-da-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Centro Universitário Arthur Sá Earp Neto, Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis, Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Petrópolis, RJ, Brasil
- + Corresponding authors: /
| | - Thays Euzebio Joaquim
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Luisa Quintella do Couto Aleixo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Oftalmologia Infecciosa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Josué da Costa Lima-Junior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica HIV/AIDS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Joseli de Oliveira-Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Dalma Maria Banic
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Regina Reis Amendoeira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- + Corresponding authors: /
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6
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Korchagina AA, Koroleva E, Tumanov AV. Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Mucosal Infections. Microorganisms 2023; 11:461. [PMID: 36838426 PMCID: PMC9967737 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissue homeostasis is a dynamic process that involves multiple mechanisms including regulation of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are mostly tissue-resident cells which are critical for tissue homeostasis and immune response against pathogens. ILCs can sense environmental changes and rapidly respond by producing effector cytokines to limit pathogen spread and initiate tissue recovery. However, dysregulation of ILCs can also lead to immunopathology. Accumulating evidence suggests that ILCs are dynamic population that can change their phenotype and functions under rapidly changing tissue microenvironment. However, the significance of ILC plasticity in response to pathogens remains poorly understood. Therefore, in this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms regulating ILC plasticity in response to intestinal, respiratory and genital tract pathogens. Key transcription factors and lineage-guiding cytokines regulate this plasticity. Additionally, we discuss the emerging data on the role of tissue microenvironment, gut microbiota, and hypoxia in ILC plasticity in response to mucosal pathogens. The identification of new pathways and molecular mechanisms that control functions and plasticity of ILCs could uncover more specific and effective therapeutic targets for infectious and autoimmune diseases where ILCs become dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexei V. Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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7
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T cell surveillance of Toxoplasma gondii: Basic insights into how T cells operate in the central nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 77:102640. [PMID: 36240583 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of T cells to operate in the central nervous system (CNS) is required for resistance to multiple pathogens that affect this tissue. The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii has evolved to persist in the CNS and poses unique challenges to the immune system with the need to control parasite replication while balancing the adverse pathology associated with local inflammation. This article reviews the models used to study the response to T. gondii during toxoplasmic encephalitis and highlights some of the broader lessons that are relevant to understanding how T cells function in the CNS.
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8
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Zhang L, Zhang B, Li L, Ye Y, Wu Y, Yuan Q, Xu W, Wen X, Guo X, Nian S. Novel targets for immunotherapy associated with exhausted CD8 + T cells in cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 149:2243-2258. [PMID: 36107246 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In response to prolonged stimulation by tumour antigens, T cells gradually become exhausted. There is growing evidence that exhausted T cells not only lose their potent effector functions but also express multiple inhibitory receptors. Checkpoint blockade (CPB) therapy can improve cancer by reactivating exhausted effector cell function, leading to durable clinical responses, but further improvements are needed given the limited number of patients who benefit from treatment, even with autoimmune complications. Here, we suggest, based on recent advances that tumour antigens are the primary culprits of exhaustion, followed by some immune cells and cytokines that also play an accomplice role in the exhaustion process, and we also propose that chronic stress-induced hypoxia and hormones also play an important role in promoting T-cell exhaustion. Understanding the classification of exhausted CD8+ T-cell subpopulations and their functions is important for the effectiveness of immune checkpoint blockade therapies. We mapped the differentiation of T-cell exhausted subpopulations by changes in transcription factors, indicating that T-cell exhaustion is a dynamic developmental process. Finally, we summarized the novel immune checkpoints associated with depletion in recent years and combined them with bioinformatics to construct a web of exhaustion-related immune checkpoints with the aim of finding novel therapeutic targets associated with T-cell exhaustion in malignant tumours, aiming to revive the killing ability of exhausted T cells and restore anti-tumour immunity through combined targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lin Li
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yingchun Ye
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuchuan Wu
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wen
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiyuan Guo
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China.
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Siji Nian
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China.
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9
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Immune responses to Toxoplasma gondii. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 77:102226. [PMID: 35785567 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can cause severe complications in the newborn and immunocompromised individuals. The parasite evokes a strong innate immune response in the infected hosts which is followed by a robust adaptive immunity. In the last few years, importance of innate immune mechanisms dependent on the role of MyD-88 independent pathways, inflammatory monocytes and innate lymphocyte have been identified. However, notwithstanding the strong immune response to the parasite, the chronic infection persists in the host. The inability to prevent chronic infection can be attributed to aberration in the memory CD8 T cell response caused by an increased expression of inhibitory receptors that leads to their dysfunctionality.
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10
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Liu S, Xu C, Yang F, Zong L, Qin Y, Gao Y, Su Q, Li T, Li Y, Xu Y, Zheng M. Natural Killer Cells Induce CD8+ T Cell Dysfunction via Galectin-9/TIM-3 in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884290. [PMID: 35874664 PMCID: PMC9301626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral response of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells is weak in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. However, the specific characteristics of these cells and the association between NK cells and CD8+ T cell dysfunction is not well known. In this study, higher galectin-9 (Gal-9) expression was observed in circulating NK cells from CHB patients than from healthy controls and was found to contribute to NK cell dysfunction. In addition, circulating CD8+ T cells showed obvious dysfunction and overexpressed TIM-3, the natural receptor of Gal-9, during active CHB infection. Gal-9+ and Gal-9- NK cells from active CHB patients were sorted and cocultured with autologous CD8+ T cells. The proportion of tetramer+CD8+ T cells and the cytokines production of CD8+ T cells were lower after cocultivation with Gal-9+ than with Gal-9- NK cells. We showed that in vitro depletion of NK cells increased circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8+ T cell responses in patients with active CHB infection. Because Gal-9 is increased in the serum of CHB patients, CD8+ T cells were sorted and cultured with exogenous Gal-9, resulting in lower IFN-γ, TNF-α, CD107a, and granzyme B levels, decreased expression of the activation receptor CD69, increased expression of TIM-3, and a high percentage of early apoptotic CD8+ T cells. Blocking Gal-9 or TIM-3 in vitro in a culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with HBV peptide from active CHB patients restored CD8+ T cell function. However, blocking Gal-9 in vitro after removal of NK cells from PBMCs did not rescue CD8+ T cells exhaustion. Furthermore, NK and CD8+ T cells from active CHB patients were sorted and cocultured in vitro, and the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells were alleviated after blocking Gal-9 or TIM-3. In summary, overexpression of Gal-9 on NK cells, which interacts with TIM-3+CD8+ T cells and likely contributes to antiviral CD8+ T cell dysfunction, may be a potential target for the treatment of CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yizu Qin
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tuantuan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second People’s Hospital of Fuyang City, Fuyang, China
| | - Ye Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meijuan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: *Meijuan Zheng,
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11
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Humayun M, Ayuso JM, Park KY, Martorelli Di Genova B, Skala MC, Kerr SC, Knoll LJ, Beebe DJ. Innate immune cell response to host-parasite interaction in a human intestinal tissue microphysiological system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8012. [PMID: 35544643 PMCID: PMC9075809 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites that infect humans are widespread and lead to varied clinical manifestations, including life-threatening illnesses in immunocompromised individuals. Animal models have provided insight into innate immunity against parasitic infections; however, species-specific differences and complexity of innate immune responses make translation to humans challenging. Thus, there is a need for in vitro systems that can elucidate mechanisms of immune control and parasite dissemination. We have developed a human microphysiological system of intestinal tissue to evaluate parasite-immune-specific interactions during infection, which integrates primary intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells to investigate the role of innate immune cells during epithelial infection by the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, which affects billions of people worldwide. Our data indicate that epithelial infection by parasites stimulates a broad range of effector functions in neutrophils and natural killer cell-mediated cytokine production that play immunomodulatory roles, demonstrating the potential of our system for advancing the study of human-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhita Humayun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jose M. Ayuso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Keon Young Park
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sheena C. Kerr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura J. Knoll
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Ke J, Chen J, Liu X. Analyzing and validating the prognostic value and immune microenvironment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:52-61. [PMID: 35479513 PMCID: PMC9037198 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2056635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays an important role in tumor diagnosis, prevention, treatment and prognosis. However, the correlation and potential mechanism between clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and its TIME are not clear. Therefore, we aimed to identify potential prognostic biomarkers related to TIME of ccRCC. Unsupervised consensus clustering analysis was performed to divide patients into different immune subgroups according to their single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) scores. Then, we validated the differences in immune cell infiltration, prognosis, clinical characteristics and expression levels of HLA and immune checkpoint genes between different immune subgroups. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify the significant modules and hub genes that were related to the immune subgroups. A nomogram was established to predict the overall survival (OS) outcomes after independent prognostic factors were identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Five clusters (immune subgroups) were identified. There was no significant difference in age, sex or N stage. And there were significant differences in race, T stage, M stage, grade, prognosis and tumor microenvironment. WGCNA revealed that the red module has an important relationship with TIME, and obtained 14 hub genes. In addition, the nomogram containing LAG3 and GZMK accurately predicted OS outcomes of ccRCC patients. LAG3 and GZMK have a certain correlation with the prognosis of ccRCC patients, and play an important role in the TIME. These two hub genes deserve further study as biomarkers of the TIME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Ke
- Department of urology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Graduate School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of urology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Steffen J, Ehrentraut S, Bank U, Biswas A, Figueiredo CA, Hölsken O, Düsedau HP, Dovhan V, Knop L, Thode J, Romero-Suárez S, Duarte CI, Gigley J, Romagnani C, Diefenbach A, Klose CSN, Schüler T, Dunay IR. Type 1 innate lymphoid cells regulate the onset of Toxoplasma gondii-induced neuroinflammation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110564. [PMID: 35354032 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral infections are restrained by a complex interplay of tissue-resident and recruited peripheral immune cells. Whether innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are involved in the orchestration of the neuroinflammatory dynamics is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that ILCs accumulate in the cerebral parenchyma, the choroid plexus, and the meninges in the onset of cerebral Toxoplasma gondii infection. Antibody-mediated depletion of conventional natural killer (cNK) cells and ILC1s in the early stage of infection results in diminished cytokine and chemokine expression and increased cerebral parasite burden. Using cNK- and ILC1-deficient murine models, we demonstrate that exclusively the lack of ILC1s affects cerebral immune responses. In summary, our results provide evidence that ILC1s are an early source of IFN-γ and TNF in response to cerebral T. gondii infection, thereby inducing host defense factors and initiating the development of a neuroinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Steffen
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ehrentraut
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ute Bank
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aindrila Biswas
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Caio Andreeta Figueiredo
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hölsken
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheuma Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Peter Düsedau
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vladyslava Dovhan
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Thode
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Silvina Romero-Suárez
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante Duarte
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason Gigley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany; Medical Department I, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheuma Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Neuro-immune Interactions, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I(3)), Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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14
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Fumagalli V, Venzin V, Di Lucia P, Moalli F, Ficht X, Ambrosi G, Giustini L, Andreata F, Grillo M, Magini D, Ravà M, Friedrich C, Fontenot JD, Bousso P, Gilmore SA, Khan S, Baca M, Vivier E, Gasteiger G, Kuka M, Guidotti LG, Iannacone M. Group 1 ILCs regulate T cell-mediated liver immunopathology by controlling local IL-2 availability. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabi6112. [PMID: 35213210 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi6112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which comprise both natural killer (NK) cells and ILC1s, are important innate effectors that can also positively and negatively influence adaptive immune responses. The latter function is generally ascribed to the ability of NK cells to recognize and kill activated T cells. Here, we used multiphoton intravital microscopy in mouse models of hepatitis B to study the intrahepatic behavior of group 1 ILCs and their cross-talk with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8+ T cells. We found that hepatocellular antigen recognition by effector CD8+ T cells triggered a prominent increase in the number of hepatic NK cells and ILC1s. Group 1 ILCs colocalized and engaged in prolonged interactions with effector CD8+ T cells undergoing hepatocellular antigen recognition; however, they did not induce T cell apoptosis. Rather, group 1 ILCs constrained CD8+ T cell proliferation by controlling local interleukin-2 (IL-2) availability. Accordingly, group 1 ILC depletion, or genetic removal of their IL-2 receptor a chain, considerably increased the number of intrahepatic HBV-specific effector CD8+ T cells and the attendant immunopathology. Together, these results reveal a role for group 1 ILCs in controlling T cell-mediated liver immunopathology by limiting local IL-2 concentration and have implications for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fumagalli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Venzin
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Moalli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Xenia Ficht
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gioia Ambrosi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Giustini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Grillo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Diletta Magini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Micol Ravà
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Christin Friedrich
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximiliams-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Eric Vivier
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille 13288, France.,Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille 13276, France.,APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille-Immunopôle, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximiliams-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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15
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Korchagina AA, Koroleva E, Tumanov AV. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Response to Intracellular Pathogens: Protection Versus Immunopathology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:775554. [PMID: 34938670 PMCID: PMC8685334 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.775554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a heterogeneous group of cytokine-producing lymphocytes which are predominantly located at mucosal barrier surfaces, such as skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. ILCs contribute to tissue homeostasis, regulate microbiota-derived signals, and protect against mucosal pathogens. ILCs are classified into five major groups by their developmental origin and distinct cytokine production. A recently emerged intriguing feature of ILCs is their ability to alter their phenotype and function in response to changing local environmental cues such as pathogen invasion. Once the pathogen crosses host barriers, ILCs quickly activate cytokine production to limit the spread of the pathogen. However, the dysregulated ILC responses can lead to tissue inflammation and damage. Furthermore, the interplay between ILCs and other immune cell types shapes the outcome of the immune response. Recent studies highlighted the important role of ILCs for host defense against intracellular pathogens. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the mechanisms controlling protective and pathogenic ILC responses to intracellular pathogens. This knowledge can help develop new ILC-targeted strategies to control infectious diseases and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Korchagina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ekaterina Koroleva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alexei V Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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16
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Bachiller M, Battram AM, Perez-Amill L, Martín-Antonio B. Natural Killer Cells in Immunotherapy: Are We Nearly There? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3139. [PMID: 33120910 PMCID: PMC7694052 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent anti-tumor and anti-microbial cells of our innate immune system. They are equipped with a vast array of receptors that recognize tumor cells and other pathogens. The innate immune activity of NK cells develops faster than the adaptive one performed by T cells, and studies suggest an important immunoregulatory role for each population against the other. The association, observed in acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving haploidentical killer-immunoglobulin-like-receptor-mismatched NK cells, with induction of complete remission was the determinant to begin an increasing number of clinical studies administering NK cells for the treatment of cancer patients. Unfortunately, even though transfused NK cells demonstrated safety, their observed efficacy was poor. In recent years, novel studies have emerged, combining NK cells with other immunotherapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, which might improve clinical efficacy. Moreover, genetically-modified NK cells aimed at arming NK cells with better efficacy and persistence have appeared as another option. Here, we review novel pre-clinical and clinical studies published in the last five years administering NK cells as a monotherapy and combined with other agents, and we also review chimeric antigen receptor-modified NK cells for the treatment of cancer patients. We then describe studies regarding the role of NK cells as anti-microbial effectors, as lessons that we could learn and apply in immunotherapy applications of NK cells; these studies highlight an important immunoregulatory role performed between T cells and NK cells that should be considered when designing immunotherapeutic strategies. Lastly, we highlight novel strategies that could be combined with NK cell immunotherapy to improve their targeting, activity, and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.M.B.); (L.P.-A.)
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