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Santibáñez N, Vega M, Pérez T, Enriquez R, Escalona CE, Oliver C, Romero A. In vitro effects of phytogenic feed additive on Piscirickettsia salmonis growth and biofilm formation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13913. [PMID: 38421380 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is the main cause of mortality in salmonids of commercial importance in Chile, which is caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, a Gram-negative, γ-proteobacteria that can produce biofilm as one of its virulence factors. The Chilean salmon industry uses large amounts of antibiotics to control piscirickettsiosis outbreaks, which has raised concern about its environmental impact and the potential to induce antibiotic resistance. Thus, the use of phytogenic feed additives (PFA) with antibacterial activity emerges as an interesting alternative to antimicrobials. Our study describes the antimicrobial action of an Andrographis paniculate-extracted PFA on P. salmonis planktonic growth and biofilm formation. We observed complete inhibition of planktonic and biofilm growth with 500 and 400 μg/mL of PFA for P. salmonis LF-89 and EM-90-like strains, respectively. Furthermore, 500 μg/mL of PFA was bactericidal for both evaluated bacterial strains. Sub-inhibitory doses of PFA increase the transcript levels of stress (groEL), biofilm (pslD), and efflux pump (acrB) genes for both P. salmonis strains in planktonic and sessile conditions. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the antibacterial effect of PFA against P. salmonis in vitro, highlighting the potential of PFA as an alternative to control Piscirickettsiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Santibáñez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Centro FONDAP, Concepción, Chile
| | - Matías Vega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Centro FONDAP, Concepción, Chile
| | - Tatiana Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Centro FONDAP, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carla Estefanía Escalona
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Centro FONDAP, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Centro FONDAP, Concepción, Chile
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Carril G, Winther-Larsen HC, Løvoll M, Sørum H. Cohabitation of Piscirickettsia salmonis genogroups (LF-89 and EM-90): synergistic effect on growth dynamics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1253577. [PMID: 37953796 PMCID: PMC10634514 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1253577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis, the biological agent of Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), is a facultative intracellular bacterium that can be divided into two genogroups (LF-89 and EM-90) with different virulence levels and patterns. Studies have found co-infection of these genogroups in salmonid farms in Chile, but it is essential to assess whether this interaction within the host is related to virulence and changes in pathogen dynamics. In this study, we studied four isolates from EM-90 and one LF-89 isolate chosen based on their genomic differences. The aim was to evaluate how co-cultivation affects bacterial growth performance and virulence factor expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro results using FN2 medium, showed a similar growth curve between co-cultures of LF-89 and EM-90 compared to EM-90 monocultures. This was explained by the higher ratio of EM-90 to LF-89 in all co-cultures. When evaluating the expression of virulence factors, it was discovered that the luxR gene was expressed only in EM-90-like isolates and that there were significant differences between mono- and co-cultures for flaA and cheA, suggesting a response to cohabitation. Moreover, during in vivo co-cultures, transcriptomic analysis revealed an upregulation of transposases, flagellum-related genes (fliI and flgK), transporters, and permeases that could unveil novel virulence effectors used in the early infection process of P. salmonis. Thus, our work has shown that cohabitation of P. salmonis genogroups can modulate their behavior and virulence effector expression. These data can contribute to new strategies and approaches to improve the current health treatments against this salmonid pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Carril
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Hanne C. Winther-Larsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Coca Y, Godoy M, Pontigo JP, Caro D, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Arias-Carrasco R, Rodríguez-Córdova L, de Oca MM, Sáez-Navarrete C, Burbulis I. Bacterial networks in Atlantic salmon with Piscirickettsiosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17321. [PMID: 37833268 PMCID: PMC10576039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An unbalanced composition of gut microbiota in fish is hypothesized to play a role in promoting bacterial infections, but the synergistic or antagonistic interactions between bacterial groups in relation to fish health are not well understood. We report that pathogenic species in the Piscirickettsia, Aeromonas, Renibacterium and Tenacibaculum genera were all detected in the digesta and gut mucosa of healthy Atlantic salmon without clinical signs of disease. Although Piscirickettsia salmonis (and other pathogens) occurred in greater frequencies of fish with clinical Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), the relative abundance was about the same as that observed in healthy fish. Remarkably, the SRS-positive fish presented with a generalized mid-gut dysbiosis and positive growth associations between Piscirickettsiaceae and members of other taxonomic families containing known pathogens. The reconstruction of metabolic phenotypes based on the bacterial networks detected in the gut and mucosa indicated the synthesis of Gram-negative virulence factors such as colanic acid and O-antigen were over-represented in SRS positive fish. This evidence indicates that cooperative interactions between organisms of different taxonomic families within localized bacterial networks might promote an opportunity for P. salmonis to cause clinical SRS in the farm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoandy Coca
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Marcos Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Avenida Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile.
- Laboratorio Institucional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonia, Avenida Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile.
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Laboratorio Institucional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonia, Avenida Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile
| | - Diego Caro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Avenida Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile
| | - Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho
- Centro de Modelamiento Molecular, Biofísica y Bioinformática (CM2B2), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, 8380494, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
- Beagle Bioinformatics, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, 8380494, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Raúl Arias-Carrasco
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Avenida Dieciocho 161, 8330383, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Leonardo Rodríguez-Córdova
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Santo Tomás, Avenida Ejército Libertador 146, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Marco Montes de Oca
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Avenida Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile
| | - César Sáez-Navarrete
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
- Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados (CIEN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Ian Burbulis
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonia, Avenida Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile.
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Oliver C, Céspedes C, Santibañez N, Ruiz P, Romero A. Subinhibitory concentrations of florfenicol increase the biofilm formation of Piscirickettsia salmonis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:591-596. [PMID: 36639965 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Public health is facing a new challenge due to the increased bacterial resistance to most of the conventional antibacterial agents. Inadequate use of antibiotics in the Chilean aquaculture industry leads to the generation of multidrug resistance bacteria. Many fish pathogenic bacteria produce biofilm upon various sources of stress such as antibiotics, which provides several survival advantages for the bacterial life in community and can constitute a reservoir of pathogens in the marine environment. Being florfenicol a broad-spectrum antibiotic commonly used to treat infections in aquaculture, the aim of this study was to assess whether this antibiotic modulates in vitro the biofilm formation in several isolates of Piscirickettsia salmonis. Standard antibiotic-micro broth 96-flat well plates were used to determinate the minimal inhibitory concentration of florfenicol in eight different P. salmonis isolates. In vitro findings, with P. salmonis growing in the presence and absence of the antibiotic, exhibited a statistically significantly increase (p < .05) in biofilm formation in all the bacterial isolates cultivated with sub-MIC (defined as the half of the minimal inhibitory concentration in the presence of antibiotic) of florfenicol compared with controls (antibiotic-free broth). In conclusion, sub-MIC of florfenicol induced an increased biofilm formation in all P. salmonis isolates tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Constanza Céspedes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibañez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
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Wu L, An J, Jing X, Chen CC, Dai L, Xu Y, Liu W, Guo RT, Nie Y. Molecular Insights into the Regioselectivity of the Fe(II)/2-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase-Catalyzed C–H Hydroxylation of Amino Acids. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lunjie Wu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianhong An
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xiaoran Jing
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Longhai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Yao Nie
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223814, China
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