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Coats SR, Su TH, Luderman Miller Z, King AJ, Ortiz J, Reddy A, Alaei SR, Jain S. Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles divert host innate immunity and promote inflammation via C4' monophosphorylated lipid A. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2025; 214:1008-1021. [PMID: 40131356 PMCID: PMC12123218 DOI: 10.1093/jimmun/vkae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is a prevalent pathogen that promotes human periodontal disease (PD) and exacerbates systemic comorbidities such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. Pg produces nonphosphorylated tetra-acylated lipid A (NPLA) in its outer membrane (OM) that evades host Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), inflammasome pathways, and cationic peptides, enhancing bacterial survival. Here, we show that Pg also releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that engage and divert host cell TLR4, inflammasome, and LL-37 responses away from the microbe. We determined that Pg OMVs are enriched for C4' monophosphoryl lipid A (C4'-MPLA), an established agonist for TLR4-TRIF-IFNβ and inflammasome-IL-1β responses. Comparisons of Pg 381 and Pg 33277 stationary phase cultures revealed higher OMV production by Pg 381, which correlates with its higher proinflammatory pathogenicity. The cationic peptide, polymyxin B (PMB), which selectively binds lipid A C4'-phosphate, reduces OMV-stimulated HEK cell TLR4 activation and THP-1 cell IL-1β production, confirming the proinflammatory role for OMV-C4'-MPLA. Similar to PMB, the host defense peptide, LL-37, inhibits OMV-C4'-MPLA-dependent HEK cell TLR4 activation. PMB and LL-37 also blocked OMV-C4'-MPLA-driven TLR4 activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Finally, wild-type Pg-containing OM-NPLA is highly resistant to LL-37 antimicrobial activity, whereas the ΔlpxF mutant bacterium, retaining OM-C4'-MPLA, is killed by the peptide. In summary, Pg escapes host TLR4 signaling, inflammasome activation, and LL-37 interaction by retaining immunoevasive OM-NPLA. Moreover, Pg dispenses proinflammatory OMV-C4'-MPLA, which engages and redirects those host defenses. We suggest that OMV-C4'-MPLA triggers elevated IFNβ and IL-1β cytokines, which typify PD comorbidities, and drive PD-related alveolar bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Coats
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thet Hnin Su
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Zoe Luderman Miller
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alisa J King
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Joshua Ortiz
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Angel Reddy
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Sarah R Alaei
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Sumita Jain
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, United States
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Zhang D, Qu J, Ke C, Kong X, Liu M, Nawaz Khan I, Huang S, Tian H, Xie T, Qiu K, Li J, Wang M, Li H, Yuan F, Guo W, Cao M, Zhang J, Zhu K, Luo J, Zhang F, Cui X, Mu H, Hu Y. Macrophage-Hosted Porphyromonas gingivalis Is a Risk Factor for Cataract Development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2025; 66:68. [PMID: 40266593 PMCID: PMC12025317 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.66.4.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 04/24/2025] Open
Abstract
Purpose We studied the regulatory association of Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG) and cataracts. Methods PCR and FISH assays were used for detecting PG 16s ribosomal RNA genome, Immunofluorescence was for expression of RpgA in anterior capsular epithelium and fibrosis markers in anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) model. Flow cytometry was for reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. RNA deep sequencing is for differential gene expression analysis. Results PG's 16s ribosomal RNA gene is positively in 43.3% (101/233 cases) of aqueous humor (AH) samples of patients with cataracts, which differs from 4.7% (6/127) of PG-positive AH in patients with glaucoma. Diabetic and high myopia cataracts increase PG-positive AH compared with age-related cataracts. No PG is observed in AH of congenital cataracts. PG is positive in 82% to 94% of the cataractous anterior capsule tissues from high myopia and age-related, congenital, and diabetic cataracts. The PG-positive cells in the cataractous anterior capsular epithelium are CD68+/CD14+ macrophages, but not anterior epithelial cells. In rat ASC models, PG injected via the tail vein or PG-carried bone marrow monocytes can migrate into the equatorial lens epithelium in form of PG-positive macrophages, which promote ASC progression with upregulation of collagen, fibronectin and α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, and increase 8-OHdG levels and α-SMA expression in the surrounding lens epithelial cells. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analysis of the RNA sequencing dataset of ASC tissues shows that signaling pathways related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition, oxidative stress, and cell death are up-regulated in PG + ASC compared with that in ASC alone. Co-culture of supernatants of Raw264.7/PG+ cells with rat primary lens epithelial cells increases the 8-OHdG levels, mitochondrial fission, apoptosis, and expression of α-SMA. Conclusions Chronic infection with PG can access the lens epithelium via macrophages during stress conditions, which promotes cataract development by possibly elevating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lens tissues. PG infection is a novel a risk factor for cataract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Zhang
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junwei Qu
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Cuncun Ke
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiumei Kong
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengyun Liu
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Iqbal Nawaz Khan
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuxin Huang
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Haijiao Tian
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ke Qiu
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mingli Wang
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fengling Yuan
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weikai Guo
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mingya Cao
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Keke Zhu
- Kaifeng Key Lab for Cataract and Myopia, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jin Luo
- Department of Pathology, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Fengyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiukun Cui
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hongmei Mu
- Kaifeng Key Lab for Cataract and Myopia, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- Division of Vision Science, Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Kaifeng Key Lab for Cataract and Myopia, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
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3
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Dai D, Cao G, Huang S, Xu M, Wang J, Han X, Ma Q, Lin J. Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by driving Th1 differentiation via ZAP70/NF-κB signaling. Front Immunol 2025; 16:1549102. [PMID: 40170858 PMCID: PMC11958167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1549102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by chronic inflammation and demyelination within the central nervous system (CNS), primarily driven by the abnormal activation of the peripheral immune system, notably Th1 cells. As the principal pathogen in periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is linked to an increased risk of multiple sclerosis progression; however, its role in central nervous system inflammation remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine whether P. gingivalis promotes peripheral Th1 cell differentiation via the ZAP70/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby exacerbating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. Methods C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into healthy control, periodontitis, EAE, and periodontitis with EAE group. Neurological function was assessed using Weaver's score. Histopathology (H&E, LFB staining) and Evans blue dye leakage evaluated inflammation, demyelination, and blood-brain barrier(BBB)permeability. Th1 and Th17 cells were quantified by flow cytometry, while immunofluorescence staining was performed to analyze Claudin-5, IFN-γ +CD4+ T -positive cell and IL-17+CD4+-positive cell expression. Western blotting measured NF-κB and related protein expression. Reference-based mRNA sequencing analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment was conducted to identify differential gene expression and pathway enrichment. Results In mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, P. gingivalis infection significantly elevated Th1 cell proportions in the peripheral blood, increased interferon-gamma expression, and exacerbated central nervous system inflammation and demyelination by enhancing blood-brain barrier permeability. The infection also activated the ZAP70/NF-κB pathway, essential for peripheral Th1 differentiation, as evidenced by p65 nuclear translocation and significant upregulation of Th1-related genes, including those of the transcription factor Tbx21 and interleukin-12 receptors. In vitro, P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated Th1 differentiation via ZAP70/NF-κB, which was effectively blocked by pathway inhibitors, reducing Th1 cells and pro-inflammatory factors. Discussion Our findings elucidate, for the first time, how P. gingivalis infection promotes central nervous system inflammation by driving Th1 cell differentiation via peripheral ZAP70/NF-κB pathway activation. This highlights P. gingivalis as a local periodontitis pathogen and significant contributor to neuroinflammation, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and identifying promising targets for immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/microbiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Porphyromonas gingivalis/immunology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/immunology
- Mice
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Bacteroidaceae Infections/immunology
- Bacteroidaceae Infections/microbiology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/immunology
- Female
- Periodontitis/immunology
- Periodontitis/microbiology
- Disease Models, Animal
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqin Cao
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengyuan Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jilei Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuying Ma
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Muramoto S, Shimizu S, Shirakawa S, Ikeda H, Miyamoto S, Jo M, Takemori U, Morimoto C, Wu Z, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Oda K, Inoue E, Nonaka S, Nakanishi H. Noradrenaline Synergistically Enhances Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS and OMV-Induced Interleukin-1 β Production in BV-2 Microglia Through Differential Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:2660. [PMID: 40141302 PMCID: PMC11942402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26062660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2025] [Revised: 03/12/2025] [Accepted: 03/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), which is a major periodontal pathogen, causes a large number of systemic diseases based on chronic inflammation such as diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is not yet fully understood how Pg can augment local systemic immune and inflammatory responses during progression of AD. There is a strong association between depression and elevated levels of inflammation. Noradrenaline (NA) is a key neurotransmitter that modulates microglial activation during stress conditions. In this study, we have thus investigated the regulatory mechanisms of NA on the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by microglia following stimulation with Pg virulence factors, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). NA (30-1000 nM) significantly enhanced the mRNA level, promoter activity, and protein level of IL-1β up to 20-fold in BV-2 microglia following treatment with Pg LPS (10 μg/mL) and OMVs (150 μg of protein/mL) in a dose-dependent manner. Pharmacological studies have suggested that NA synergistically augments the responses induced by Pg LPS and OMVs through different mechanisms. AP-1 is activated by the β2 adrenergic receptor (Aβ2R)-mediated pathway. NF-κB, which is activated by the Pg LPS/toll-like receptor 2-mediated pathway, is required for the synergistic effect of NA on the Pg LPS-induced IL-1β production by BV-2 microglia. Co-immunoprecipitation combined with Western blotting and the structural models generated by AlphaFold2 suggested that cross-coupling of NF-κB p65 and AP-1 c-Fos transcription factors enhances the binding of NF-κB p65 to the IκB site, resulting in the synergistic augmentation of the IL-1β promoter activity. In contrast, OMVs were phagocytosed by BV-2 microglia and then activated the TLR9/p52/RelB-mediated pathway. The Aβ2R/Epac-mediated pathway, which promotes phagosome maturation, may be responsible for the synergistic effect of NA on the OMV-induced production of IL-1β in BV-2 microglia. Our study provides the first evidence that NA synergistically enhances the production of IL-1β in response to Pg LPS and OMVs through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Muramoto
- School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.M.); (S.S.); ; (S.S.); (H.I.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (U.T.); (C.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Sachi Shimizu
- School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.M.); (S.S.); ; (S.S.); (H.I.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (U.T.); (C.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Sumika Shirakawa
- School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.M.); (S.S.); ; (S.S.); (H.I.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (U.T.); (C.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Honoka Ikeda
- School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.M.); (S.S.); ; (S.S.); (H.I.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (U.T.); (C.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Sayaka Miyamoto
- School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.M.); (S.S.); ; (S.S.); (H.I.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (U.T.); (C.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Misato Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.M.); (S.S.); ; (S.S.); (H.I.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (U.T.); (C.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Uzuki Takemori
- School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.M.); (S.S.); ; (S.S.); (H.I.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (U.T.); (C.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Chiharu Morimoto
- School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.M.); (S.S.); ; (S.S.); (H.I.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (U.T.); (C.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa 831-8501, Japan;
| | - Kosuke Oda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Erika Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.M.); (S.S.); ; (S.S.); (H.I.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (U.T.); (C.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Saori Nonaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan;
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5
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Zhang J, Chen X, Huang D, Tan X. Impact of p. Gingivalis-induced chronic apical periodontitis on systemic iron homeostasis via the hepatic IL-6/STAT3/Hepcidin signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2025; 147:114002. [PMID: 39787762 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2024] [Revised: 12/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic apical periodontitis (CAP), an inflammatory disease of the oral cavity caused by bacterial infections with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) as a key pathogen, has been associated with systemic effects, potentially influencing distant organs including liver. The liver plays a key role in iron metabolism and immunity by hepcidin. This study aims to investigate the impact of P. gingivalis-induced CAP on liver and systemic iron metabolism, focusing on the role of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatic hepcidin synthesis. METHODS A murine model of CAP was established by pulp chamber infection with P. gingivalis. Serum levels of IL-6, ferritin, and hepcidin were measured via ELISA. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze hepatic gene expression, and immunohistochemistry with fluorescent staining was performed to validate protein expression in liver tissues. RESULTS CAP led to significant changes in serum iron, ferritin, and IL-6. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed enrichment in pathways like JAK/STAT signaling and acute-phase responses, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) also indicated activation of IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Iimmunofluorescence confirmed increased IL-6, p-STAT3, and hepcidin expression. These levels were alleviated by stattic treatment, mitigating CAP-induced inflammatory and iron-regulatory effects. CONCLUSION P. gingivalis-induced CAP triggered systemic inflammation and disrupts iron metabolism via the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, potentially affecting liver function. Targeting this pathway may offer therapeutic strategies for managing iron dysregulation in chronic inflammatory diseases like CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xuelian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Bras G, Wronowska E, Gonzalez-Gonzalez M, Juszczak M, Surowiec M, Sidlo W, Satala D, Kulig K, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Budziaszek J, Koziel J, Rapala-Kozik M. The efficacy of antimicrobial therapies in the treatment of mixed biofilms formed between Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis during epithelial cell infection in the aspiration pneumonia model. Med Microbiol Immunol 2025; 214:8. [PMID: 39903321 PMCID: PMC11794384 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-025-00818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2025] [Indexed: 02/06/2025]
Abstract
Aspiration pneumonia is a serious respiratory condition, which is particularly prevalent in patients with dysphagia, neurological disorders, or those undergoing surgical interventions. The formation of multispecies biofilms in the oral cavity, involving the bacterial periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and the opportunistic pathogenic fungus Candida albicans, may also be related to the development of this serious disease, contributing also to the resistance to standard antimicrobial treatment. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of selected antibiotics‒levofloxacin, metronidazole, meropenem, vancomycin‒and antifungal agents‒amphotericin B, caspofungin, and fluconazole‒on these mixed biofilms in the aspiration pneumonia model. While metronidazole and levofloxacin effectively inhibited bacterial viability in the mixed biofilms, lower doses increased release of bacterial proteases. In the conditions of mixed biofilms meropenem and vancomycin showed reduced efficacy, requiring significantly higher doses to achieve similar effect in mixed biofilms as in single bacterial cultures. Treatment with antifungals revealed that amphotericin B significantly impacted fungal cell viability within mixed biofilms, and this effect was enhanced when the antifungal drug was applied in the presence of P. gingivalis. Caspofungin and fluconazole showed variable efficacy, with caspofungin being more effective against C. albicans cells within biofilm.These findings indicated that due to the mutual microbial protection in the mixed-species biofilm, P. gingivalis retained its virulence despite increasing antibiotic doses. However, no excessive benefit of mixed biofilms was observed for C. albicans in the presence of antifungals, indicating the minor importance of yeasts in aspiration pneumonia development and their protective role for other pathogens in mixed-species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Miriam Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Magdalena Juszczak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Magdalena Surowiec
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Sidlo
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Kamila Kulig
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Joanna Budziaszek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
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7
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Bonilla M, Martín-Morales N, Gálvez-Rueda R, Raya-Álvarez E, Mesa F. Impact of Protein Citrullination by Periodontal Pathobionts on Oral and Systemic Health: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. J Clin Med 2024; 13:6831. [PMID: 39597974 PMCID: PMC11594594 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13226831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2024] [Revised: 11/06/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This review synthesizes the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) in modulating immune responses through citrullination and assesses its impact on periodontitis and systemic conditions. Methods: A systematic review was conducted on preclinical and clinical studies focusing on P. gingivalis- and A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced citrullination and its effects on immune responses, particularly inflammatory pathways, and systemic diseases. The search included PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and gray literature. Quality and risk of bias were assessed using OHAT Rob Toll and QUIN-Tool. The review is registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024579352). Results: 18 articles published up to August 2024 were included. Findings show that P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans citrullination modulates immune responses, leading to neutrophil dysfunction and chronic inflammation. Key mechanisms include citrullination of antimicrobial peptides, CXCL10, histone H3, α-enolase, and C5a, impairing neutrophil activation and promoting NET formation. Conclusions: This review suggests that P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans citrullination modulates immune responses and may influence periodontitis and systemic conditions like RA. Beyond ACPA production, these pathogens affect key proteins such as H3, C5a, and CXCL10, as well as antimicrobial peptides, NET formation, and phagocytosis. These interactions lead to neutrophil dysfunction and potentially affect other cells, subsequently disrupting local and systemic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonilla
- Higher Technician in Clinical and Biomedical Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Natividad Martín-Morales
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS Institute), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Raya-Álvarez
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Rheumatology, San Cecilio University Clinical Hospital, 18006 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Mesa
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
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Vinciguerra C, Bellia L, Corbi G, Rengo S, Cannavo A. Resveratrol supplementation as a non-surgical treatment in periodontitis and related systemic conditions. J Tradit Complement Med 2024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2024.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
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9
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Chaturvedi A, Gupta G, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Revolutionizing periodontic care: Nano Dentistry's impact on inflammation management. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2024; 99:105922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
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10
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杨 泽, 张 秀, 张 旭, 柳 颖, 张 嘉, 原 翔. [ Porphyromonas gingivalis infection facilitates immune escape of esophageal cancer by enhancing YTHDF2-mediated Fas degradation]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2024; 44:1159-1165. [PMID: 38977346 PMCID: PMC11237310 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.06.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection on immune escape of oesophageal cancer cells and the role of YTHDF2 and Fas in this regulatory mechanism. METHODS We examined YTHDF2 and Fas protein expressions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues with and without Pg infection using immunohistochemistry and in Pg-infected KYSE150 cells using Western blotting. The interaction between YTHDF2 and Fas was investigated by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Pg-infected KYSE150 cells with lentivirus-mediated YTHDF2 knockdown were examined for changes in expression levels of YTHDF2, cathepsin B (CTSB), Fas and FasL proteins, and the effect of E64 (a cathepsin inhibitor) on these proteins were observed. After Pg infection and E64 treatment, KYSE150 cells were co-cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and the expressions of T cell-related effector molecules were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS ESCC tissues and cells with Pg infection showed significantly increased YTHDF2 expression and lowered Fas expression. The results of Co-IP demonstrated a direct interaction between YTHDF2 and Fas. In Pg-infected KYSE150 cells with YTHDF2 knockdown, the expression of CTSB was significantly reduced while Fas and FasL expressions were significantly increased. E64 treatment of KYSE150 cells significantly decreased the expression of CTSB without affecting YTHDF2 expression and obviously increased Fas and FasL expressions. Flow cytometry showed that in Pg-infected KYSE150 cells co-cultured with PBMCs, the expressions of Granzyme B and Ki67 were significantly decreased while PD-1 expression was significantly enhanced. CONCLUSION Pg infection YTHDF2-dependently regulates the expression of Fas to facilitate immune escape of esophageal cancer and thus promoting cancer progression, suggesting the key role of YTHDF2 in regulating immune escape of esophageal cancer.
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Lu Z, Cao R, Geng F, Pan Y. Persistent infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis increases the tumorigenic potential of human immortalised oral epithelial cells through ZFP36 inhibition. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13609. [PMID: 38351596 PMCID: PMC11150143 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between Porphyromonas gingivalis infection and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been established by numerous epidemiological studies. However, the underlying mechanism specific to this connection remains unclear. By bioinformatical analysis, we identified ZFP36 as a potentially significant co-expressed gene in both the OSCC gene database and the persistent infection model of P. gingivalis. To further investigate the role of ZFP36, we established a cell model that human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs) that were sustainedly infected by P. gingivalis (MOI = 1) for a duration of 30 weeks. Our findings indicated that sustained infection with P. gingivalis inhibited the expression of ZFP36 protein and induced changes in the biological behaviour of HIOECs. The mechanism investigation demonstrated the potential role of ZFP36 in regulating the cancer-related biological behaviour of HIOECs. Subsequent studies revealed that highly expressed CCAT1 could serve as a molecular scaffold in the formation of the ZFP36/CCAT1/MK2 complex. This complex formation enhanced the binding abundance of MK2 and ZFP36, thereby promoting the inhibition of ZFP36 protein phosphorylation. To summarize, low expression of ZFP36 protein under persistent P. gingivalis infection enhances the cancer-related biological behaviour of HIOECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Lu
- Department of Periodontics, School of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Ruoyan Cao
- Department of Periodontics, School of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Fengxue Geng
- Department of Periodontics, School of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
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12
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Ye W, Wu J, Jiang Q, Su Z, Liao H, Liu Z, Tao R, Yong X. Antibacterial activity of corydalis saxicola bunting total alkaloids against Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:595-606. [PMID: 38629885 PMCID: PMC11229583 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the antibacterial effects of Corydalis Saxicola bunting total alkaloid (CSBTA) on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Methods: SEM, chemical staining, RT-qPCR and ELISA were used to detect effects of CSBTA on P. gingivalis. Results: CSBTA treatment caused shrinkage and rupture of P. gingivalis morphology, decreased biofilm density and live bacteria in biofilm, as well as reduced mRNA expression of virulence genes hagA, hagB, kgp, rgpA and rgpB of P. gingivalis. Furthermore, NOK cells induced by CSBTA-treated P. gingivalis exhibited lower IL-6 and TNF-α expression levels. Conclusion: CSBTA is able to kill free P. gingivalis, disrupt the biofilm and weaken the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis. It has the potential to be developed as a drug against P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Ye
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wu
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Qiaozhi Jiang
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiheng Su
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haiqing Liao
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation & Reconstruction, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation & Reconstruction, Nanning, China
| | - Renchuan Tao
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation & Reconstruction, Nanning, China
| | - Xiangzhi Yong
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation & Reconstruction, Nanning, China
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Cichońska D, Mazuś M, Kusiak A. Recent Aspects of Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2612. [PMID: 38473858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth. Periodontal conditions may increase the susceptibility of individuals to various systemic illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by a gradual onset and progressive deterioration, making it the primary cause of dementia, although the exact cause of the disease remains elusive. Both Alzheimer's disease and periodontitis share risk factors and clinical studies comparing the associations and occurrence of periodontitis among individuals with Alzheimer's disease have suggested a potential correlation between these conditions. Brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease have substantiated the existence of microorganisms related to periodontitis, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, which produces neurotoxic gingipains and may present the capability to breach the blood-brain barrier. Treponema denticola may induce tau hyperphosphorylation and lead to neuronal apoptosis. Lipopolysaccharides-components of bacterial cell membranes and mediators of inflammation-also have an impact on brain function. Further research could unveil therapeutic approaches targeting periodontal pathogens to potentially alleviate AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Cichońska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Orzeszkowej 18 St. 18, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Mazuś
- Student Research Group of the Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Orzeszkowej 18 St. 18, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aida Kusiak
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Orzeszkowej 18 St. 18, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland
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Lee YH, Hong SJ, Lee GJ, Shin SI, Hong JY, Chung SW, Lee YA. Investigation of periodontitis, halitosis, xerostomia, and serological characteristics of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and identification of new biomarkers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4316. [PMID: 38383594 PMCID: PMC10881463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are two different types of arthritis. Within RA, the subsets between seronegative RA (snRA) and seropositive RA (spRA) represent distinct disease entities; however, identifying clear distinguishing markers between them remains a challenge. This study investigated and compared the oral health conditions in patients with RA and OA to clarify the differences from healthy controls. In addition, we investigated the serological characteristics of the patients, the factors that distinguished patients with RA from those with OA, and the main factors that differentiated between snRA and spRA patients. A total of 161 participants (mean age: 52.52 ± 14.57 years, 32 males and 129 females) were enrolled in this study and categorized as: normal (n = 33), OA (n = 31), and RA (n = 97). Patients with RA were divided into the following two subtypes: snRA (n = 18) and spRA (n = 79). Demographics, oral health, and serological characteristics of these patients were compared. The prevalence of periodontal diseases was significantly higher in patients with OA (100%) and RA (92.8%) than in healthy controls (0.0%). However, the presence of periodontal diseases was not utilized as a distinguishing factor between OA and RA. Xerostomia occurred more frequently in patients with RA (84.5%) than in patients with OA (3.2%) and healthy controls (0.0%) (all p < 0.001). ROC analysis revealed that periodontal disease was a very strong predictor in the diagnosis of OA compared to healthy controls, with an AUC value of 1.00 (p < 0.001). Additionally, halitosis (AUC = 0.746, 95% CI 0.621-0.871, p < 0.001) and female sex (AUC = 0.663, 95% CI 0.529-0.797, p < 0.05) were also significant predictors of OA. The strongest predictors of RA diagnosis compared to healthy controls were periodontal diseases (AUC = 0.964), followed by xerostomia (AUC = 0.923), age (AUC = 0.923), female sex (AUC = 0.660), and halitosis (AUC = 0.615) (all p < 0.05). Significant serological predictors of RA were anti-CCP Ab (AUC = 0.808), and RF (AUC = 0.746) (all p < 0.05). In multiple logistic regression analysis, xerostomia (odds ratio, OR: 8124.88, 95% CI 10.37-6368261.97, p-value = 0.008) and Anti-CCP Ab (OR: 671.33, 95% CI 2.18-207,074.02, p = 0.026) were significant predictors for RA compared to OA. When diagnosing spRA compared to snRA, anti-CCP Ab (AUC = 1.000, p < 0.001) and RF (AUC = 0.910, 95%CI 0.854-0.967, p < 0.001) had outstanding predictive performances. Therefore, clinicians and researchers should thoroughly evaluate the oral status of both OA and RA patients, alongside serological factors, and consider these elements as potential predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Hee Lee
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, #613 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
| | - Seung-Jae Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Gi-Ja Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Seung-Il Shin
- Department of Periodontology, Periodontal-Implant Clinical Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Hong
- Department of Periodontology, Periodontal-Implant Clinical Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sang Wan Chung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ah Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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Tortora SC, Agurto MG, Martello LA. The oral-gut-circulatory axis: from homeostasis to colon cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1289452. [PMID: 38029267 PMCID: PMC10663299 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1289452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota is widely recognized as providing crucial health benefits to its host, specifically by modulating immune homeostasis. Microbial imbalance, known as dysbiosis, is linked to several conditions in the body. The oral cavity and gut host the two largest microbial communities playing a major role in microbial-associated diseases. While the oral-gut axis has been previously explored, our review uniquely highlights the significance of incorporating the circulatory system into this axis. The interaction between immune cells, inflammatory factors, circulating bacteria, and microbial metabolites influences the homeostasis of both the oral and gut microbiota in a bidirectional manner. In this comprehensive review, we aim to describe the bacterial components of the oral-gut-circulatory axis in both health and disease, with a specific focus on colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C. Tortora
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Maria Gonzalez Agurto
- Departamento de Rehabilitación Craneofacial Integral, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura A. Martello
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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Afzoon S, Amiri MA, Mohebbi M, Hamedani S, Farshidfar N. A systematic review of the impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis on foam cell formation: Implications for the role of periodontitis in atherosclerosis. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:481. [PMID: 37442956 PMCID: PMC10347812 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current literature suggests the significant role of foam cells in the initiation of atherosclerosis through the formation of a necrotic core in atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, an important periodontal pathogen called Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is indicated to play a significant role in this regard. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to comprehensively study the pathways by which P. gingivalis as a prominent bacterial species in periodontal disease, can induce foam cells that would initiate the process of atherosclerosis formation. METHODS An electronic search was undertaken in three databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to identify the studies published from January 2000 until March 2023. The risk of bias in each study was also assessed using the QUIN risk of bias assessment tool. RESULTS After the completion of the screening process, 11 in-vitro studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for further assessments. Nine of these studies represented a medium risk of bias, while the other two had a high risk of bias. All of the studies have reported that P. gingivalis can significantly induce foam cell formation by infecting the macrophages and induction of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake. This process is activated through various mediators and pathways. The most important factors in this regard are the lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis and its outer membrane vesicles, as well as the changes in the expression rate of transmembrane lipid transportation channels, including transient receptor potential channel of the vanilloid subfamily 4 (TRPV4), lysosomal integral protein 2 (LIMP2), CD36, etc. The identified molecular pathways involved in this process include but are not limited to NF-κB, ERK1/2, p65. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that P. gingivalis can effectively promote foam cell formation through various pathogenic elements and this bacterial species can affect the expression rate of various genes and the function of specific receptors in the cellular and lysosomal membranes. However, due to the moderate to high level of risk of bias among the studies, further studies are required in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Afzoon
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Mohebbi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahram Hamedani
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nima Farshidfar
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A. Atherosclerosis and Inflammation: Insights from the Theory of General Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097910. [PMID: 37175617 PMCID: PMC10178362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind atherosclerosis pathogenesis. However, there is still a need to systematize this data from a general pathology perspective, particularly with regard to atherogenesis patterns in the context of both canonical and non-classical inflammation types. In this review, we analyze various typical phenomena and outcomes of cellular pro-inflammatory stress in atherosclerosis, as well as the role of endothelial dysfunction in local and systemic manifestations of low-grade inflammation. We also present the features of immune mechanisms in the development of productive inflammation in stable and unstable plaques, along with their similarities and differences compared to canonical inflammation. There are numerous factors that act as inducers of the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, including vascular endothelium aging, metabolic dysfunctions, autoimmune, and in some cases, infectious damage factors. Life-critical complications of atherosclerosis, such as cardiogenic shock and severe strokes, are associated with the development of acute systemic hyperinflammation. Additionally, critical atherosclerotic ischemia of the lower extremities induces paracoagulation and the development of chronic systemic inflammation. Conversely, sepsis, other critical conditions, and severe systemic chronic diseases contribute to atherogenesis. In summary, atherosclerosis can be characterized as an independent form of inflammation, sharing similarities but also having fundamental differences from low-grade inflammation and various variants of canonical inflammation (classic vasculitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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