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Ernault AC, Al-Shama RFM, Li J, Devalla HD, de Groot JR, Coronel R, Vigmond E, Boukens BJ. Interpretation of field and LEAP potentials recorded from cardiomyocyte monolayers. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H800-H811. [PMID: 38180452 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00463.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are the method of choice for electrophysiological characterization of cardiomyocyte monolayers. The field potentials recorded using an MEA are like extracellular electrograms recorded from the myocardium using conventional electrodes. Nevertheless, different criteria are used to interpret field potentials and extracellular electrograms, which hamper correct interpretation and translation to the patient. To validate the criteria for interpretation of field potentials, we used neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to generate monolayers. We recorded field potentials using an MEA and simultaneously recorded action potentials using sharp microelectrodes. In parallel, we recreated our experimental setting in silico and performed simulations. We show that the amplitude of the local RS complex of a field potential correlated with conduction velocity in silico but not in vitro. The peak time of the T wave in field potentials exhibited a strong correlation with APD90 while the steepest upslope correlated well with APD50. However, this relationship only holds when the T wave displayed a biphasic pattern. Next, we simulated local extracellular action potentials (LEAPs). The shape of the LEAP differed markedly from the shape of the local action potential, but the final duration of the LEAP coincided with APD90. Criteria for interpretation of extracellular electrograms should be applied to field potentials. This will provide a strong basis for the analysis of heterogeneity in conduction velocity and repolarization in cultured monolayers of cardiomyocytes. Finally, a LEAP is not a recording of the local action potential but is generated by intracellular current provided by neighboring cardiomyocytes and is superior to field potential duration in estimating APD90.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present a physiological basis for the interpretation of multielectrode array-derived, extracellular, electrical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriane C Ernault
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rushd F M Al-Shama
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jiuru Li
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris R de Groot
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Vigmond
- IHU Liryc, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Ruf L, Bukowska A, Gardemann A, Goette A. Coagulation Factor Xa Has No Effects on the Expression of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 and No Proinflammatory Effects on HL-1 Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2849. [PMID: 38132169 PMCID: PMC10741780 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), characterised by irregular high-frequency contractions of the atria of the heart, is of increasing clinical importance. The reasons are the increasing prevalence and thromboembolic complications caused by AF. So-called atrial remodelling is characterised, among other things, by atrial dilatation and fibrotic remodelling. As a result, AF is self-sustaining and forms a procoagulant state. But hypercoagulation not only appears to be the consequence of AF. Coagulation factors can exert influence on cells via protease-activated receptors (PAR) and thereby the procoagulation state could contribute to the development and maintenance of AF. In this work, the influence of FXa on Heart Like-1 (HL-1) cells, which are murine adult atrial cardiomyocytes (immortalized), was investigated. PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 expression was detected. After incubations with FXa (5-50 nM; 4-24 h) or PAR1- and PAR2-agonists (20 µM; 4-24 h), no changes occurred in PAR expression or in the inflammatory signalling cascade. There were no time- or concentration-dependent changes in the phosphorylation of the MAP kinases ERK1/2 or the p65 subunit of NF-κB. In addition, there was no change in the mRNA expression of the cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, fibronectin). Thus, FXa has no direct PAR-dependent effects on HL-1 cells. Future studies should investigate the influence of FXa on human cardiomyocytes or on other cardiac cell types like fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ruf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alicja Bukowska
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Gardemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Goette
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz-Hospital Paderborn, Am Busdorf 2, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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3
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Cofiño-Fabres C, Passier R, Schwach V. Towards Improved Human In Vitro Models for Cardiac Arrhythmia: Disease Mechanisms, Treatment, and Models of Atrial Fibrillation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2355. [PMID: 37760796 PMCID: PMC10525681 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rhythm disorders, arrhythmias, place a huge economic burden on society and have a large impact on the quality of life of a vast number of people. Arrhythmias can have genetic causes but primarily arise from heart tissue remodeling during aging or heart disease. As current therapies do not address the causes of arrhythmias but only manage the symptoms, it is of paramount importance to generate innovative test models and platforms for gaining knowledge about the underlying disease mechanisms which are compatible with drug screening. In this review, we outline the most important features of atrial fibrillation (AFib), the most common cardiac arrhythmia. We will discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, underlying causes, and present therapies of AFib, as well as the shortcomings and opportunities of current models for cardiac arrhythmia, including animal models, in silico and in vitro models utilizing human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cofiño-Fabres
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Schwach
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
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4
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Godoy-Marín H, Jiménez-Sábado V, Tarifa C, Ginel A, Santos JLD, Bentzen BH, Hove-Madsen L, Ciruela F. Increased Density of Endogenous Adenosine A 2A Receptors in Atrial Fibrillation: From Cellular and Porcine Models to Human Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043668. [PMID: 36835078 PMCID: PMC9963500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine, an endogenous nucleoside, plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis during stressful situations, such as energy deprivation or cellular damage. Therefore, extracellular adenosine is generated locally in tissues under conditions such as hypoxia, ischemia, or inflammation. In fact, plasma levels of adenosine in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are elevated, which also correlates with an increased density of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) both in the right atrium and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The complexity of adenosine-mediated effects in health and disease requires simple and reproducible experimental models of AF. Here, we generate two AF models, namely the cardiomyocyte cell line HL-1 submitted to Anemonia toxin II (ATX-II) and a large animal model of AF, the right atrium tachypaced pig (A-TP). We evaluated the density of endogenous A2AR in those AF models. Treatment of HL-1 cells with ATX-II reduced cell viability, while the density of A2AR increased significantly, as previously observed in cardiomyocytes with AF. Next, we generated the animal model of AF based on tachypacing pigs. In particular, the density of the key calcium regulatory protein calsequestrin-2 was reduced in A-TP animals, which is consistent with the atrial remodelling shown in humans suffering from AF. Likewise, the density of A2AR in the atrium of the AF pig model increased significantly, as also shown in the biopsies of the right atrium of subjects with AF. Overall, our findings revealed that these two experimental models of AF mimicked the alterations in A2AR density observed in patients with AF, making them attractive models for studying the adenosinergic system in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Godoy-Marín
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Neuropharmacology & Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Verónica Jiménez-Sábado
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Tarifa
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona, IIBB-CSIC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonino Ginel
- Department Cardiac Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bo Hjorth Bentzen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif Hove-Madsen
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona, IIBB-CSIC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.H.-M.); (F.C.)
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Neuropharmacology & Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.H.-M.); (F.C.)
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5
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Lin WH, Zhu Z, Ravikumar V, Sharma V, Tolkacheva EG, McAlpine MC, Ogle BM. A Bionic Testbed for Cardiac Ablation Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214444. [PMID: 36430922 PMCID: PMC9692733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bionic-engineered tissues have been proposed for testing the performance of cardiovascular medical devices and predicting clinical outcomes ex vivo. Progress has been made in the development of compliant electronics that are capable of monitoring treatment parameters and being coupled to engineered tissues; however, the scale of most engineered tissues is too small to accommodate the size of clinical-grade medical devices. Here, we show substantial progress toward bionic tissues for evaluating cardiac ablation tools by generating a centimeter-scale human cardiac disk and coupling it to a hydrogel-based soft-pressure sensor. The cardiac tissue with contiguous electromechanical function was made possible by our recently established method to 3D bioprint human pluripotent stem cells in an extracellular matrix-based bioink that allows for in situ cell expansion prior to cardiac differentiation. The pressure sensor described here utilized electrical impedance tomography to enable the real-time spatiotemporal mapping of pressure distribution. A cryoablation tip catheter was applied to the composite bionic tissues with varied pressure. We found a close correlation between the cell response to ablation and the applied pressure. Under some conditions, cardiomyocytes could survive in the ablated region with more rounded morphology compared to the unablated controls, and connectivity was disrupted. This is the first known functional characterization of living human cardiomyocytes following an ablation procedure that suggests several mechanisms by which arrhythmia might redevelop following an ablation. Thus, bionic-engineered testbeds of this type can be indicators of tissue health and function and provide unique insight into human cell responses to ablative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Han Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhijie Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vasanth Ravikumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vinod Sharma
- Cardiac Rhythm and Heart Failure Division, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55432, USA
| | - Elena G. Tolkacheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael C. McAlpine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.M.); (B.M.O.)
| | - Brenda M. Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.M.); (B.M.O.)
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6
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Biendarra‐Tiegs SM, Yechikov S, Shergill B, Brumback B, Takahashi K, Shirure VS, Gonzalez RE, Houshmand L, Zhong D, Weng K, Silva J, Smith TW, Rentschler SL, George SC. An iPS-derived in vitro model of human atrial conduction. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15407. [PMID: 36117385 PMCID: PMC9483613 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the United States, affecting approximately 1 in 10 adults, and its prevalence is expected to rise as the population ages. Treatment options for AF are limited; moreover, the development of new treatments is hindered by limited (1) knowledge regarding human atrial electrophysiological endpoints (e.g., conduction velocity [CV]) and (2) accurate experimental models. Here, we measured the CV and refractory period, and subsequently calculated the conduction wavelength, in vivo (four subjects with AF and four controls), and ex vivo (atrial slices from human hearts). Then, we created an in vitro model of human atrial conduction using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This model consisted of iPS-derived human atrial cardiomyocytes plated onto a micropatterned linear 1D spiral design of Matrigel. The CV (34-41 cm/s) of the in vitro model was nearly five times faster than 2D controls (7-9 cm/s) and similar to in vivo (40-64 cm/s) and ex vivo (28-51 cm/s) measurements. Our iPS-derived in vitro model recapitulates key features of in vivo atrial conduction and may be a useful methodology to enhance our understanding of AF and model patient-specific disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Yechikov
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bhupinder Shergill
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brittany Brumback
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Kentaro Takahashi
- Department of MedicineWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Venktesh S. Shirure
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ruth Estelle Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laura Houshmand
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Denise Zhong
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kuo‐Chan Weng
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jon Silva
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Timothy W. Smith
- Department of MedicineWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Stacey L. Rentschler
- Department of MedicineWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Steven C. George
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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7
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Ullah A, Hoang-Trong MT, Lederer WJ, Winslow RL, Jafri MS. Critical Requirements for the Initiation of a Cardiac Arrhythmia in Rat Ventricle: How Many Myocytes? Cells 2022; 11:cells11121878. [PMID: 35741007 PMCID: PMC9221049 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide due in a large part to arrhythmia. In order to understand how calcium dynamics play a role in arrhythmogenesis, normal and dysfunctional Ca2+ signaling in a subcellular, cellular, and tissued level is examined using cardiac ventricular myocytes at a high temporal and spatial resolution using multiscale computational modeling. Ca2+ sparks underlie normal excitation-contraction coupling. However, under pathological conditions, Ca2+ sparks can combine to form Ca2+ waves. These propagating elevations of (Ca2+)i can activate an inward Na+-Ca2+ exchanger current (INCX) that contributes to early after-depolarization (EADs) and delayed after-depolarizations (DADs). However, how cellular currents lead to full depolarization of the myocardium and how they initiate extra systoles is still not fully understood. This study explores how many myocytes must be entrained to initiate arrhythmogenic depolarizations in biophysically detailed computational models. The model presented here suggests that only a small number of myocytes must activate in order to trigger an arrhythmogenic propagating action potential. These conditions were examined in 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D considering heart geometry. The depolarization of only a few hundred ventricular myocytes is required to trigger an ectopic depolarization. The number decreases under disease conditions such as heart failure. Furthermore, in geometrically restricted parts of the heart such as the thin muscle strands found in the trabeculae and papillary muscle, the number of cells needed to trigger a propagating depolarization falls even further to less than ten myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ullah
- School of Systems Biology, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (A.U.); (M.T.H.-T.)
| | - Minh Tuan Hoang-Trong
- School of Systems Biology, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (A.U.); (M.T.H.-T.)
| | - William Jonathan Lederer
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Raimond L. Winslow
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20218, USA;
- The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME 04102, USA
| | - Mohsin Saleet Jafri
- School of Systems Biology, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (A.U.); (M.T.H.-T.)
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20218, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-703-993-8420
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8
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van Gorp PRR, Zhang J, Liu J, Tsonaka R, Mei H, Dekker SO, Bart CI, De Coster T, Post H, Heck AJR, Schalij MJ, Atsma DE, Pijnappels DA, de Vries AAF. Sbk2, a Newly Discovered Atrium-Enriched Regulator of Sarcomere Integrity. Circ Res 2022; 131:24-41. [PMID: 35587025 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart development relies on tight spatiotemporal control of cardiac gene expression. Genes involved in this intricate process have been identified using animals and pluripotent stem cell-based models of cardio(myo)genesis. Recently, the repertoire of cardiomyocyte differentiation models has been expanded with iAM-1, a monoclonal line of conditionally immortalized neonatal rat atrial myocytes (NRAMs), which allows toggling between proliferative and differentiated (ie, excitable and contractile) phenotypes in a synchronized and homogenous manner. METHODS In this study, the unique properties of conditionally immortalized NRAMs (iAMs) were exploited to identify and characterize (lowly expressed) genes with an as-of-yet uncharacterized role in cardiomyocyte differentiation. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis of iAM-1 cells at different stages during one cycle of differentiation and subsequent dedifferentiation identified ≈13 000 transcripts, of which the dynamic changes in expression upon cardiomyogenic differentiation mostly opposed those during dedifferentiation. Among the genes whose expression increased during differentiation and decreased during dedifferentiation were many with known (lineage-specific) functions in cardiac muscle formation. Filtering for cardiac-enriched low-abundance transcripts, identified multiple genes with an uncharacterized role during cardio(myo)genesis including Sbk2 (SH3 domain binding kinase family member 2). Sbk2 encodes an evolutionarily conserved putative serine/threonine protein kinase, whose expression is strongly up- and downregulated during iAM-1 cell differentiation and dedifferentiation, respectively. In neonatal and adult rats, the protein is muscle-specific, highly atrium-enriched, and localized around the A-band of cardiac sarcomeres. Knockdown of Sbk2 expression caused loss of sarcomeric organization in NRAMs, iAMs and their human counterparts, consistent with a decrease in sarcomeric gene expression as evinced by transcriptome and proteome analyses. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation using Sbk2 as bait identified possible interaction partners with diverse cellular functions (translation, intracellular trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, chromatin modification, sarcomere formation). CONCLUSIONS iAM-1 cells are a relevant and suitable model to identify (lowly expressed) genes with a hitherto unidentified role in cardiomyocyte differentiation as exemplified by Sbk2: a regulator of atrial sarcomerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R R van Gorp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (P.R.R.v.G., J.Z., J.L., S.O.D., C.I.B., T.D.C., M.J.S., D.E.A., D.A.P., A.A.F.d.V.)
| | - J Zhang
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (P.R.R.v.G., J.Z., J.L., S.O.D., C.I.B., T.D.C., M.J.S., D.E.A., D.A.P., A.A.F.d.V.)
| | - J Liu
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (P.R.R.v.G., J.Z., J.L., S.O.D., C.I.B., T.D.C., M.J.S., D.E.A., D.A.P., A.A.F.d.V.).,Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (H.M.)
| | - R Tsonaka
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Medical Statistics Section, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (R.T.)
| | - H Mei
- Central Laboratory, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Third Affiliated Hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China (J.L.)
| | - S O Dekker
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (P.R.R.v.G., J.Z., J.L., S.O.D., C.I.B., T.D.C., M.J.S., D.E.A., D.A.P., A.A.F.d.V.)
| | - C I Bart
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (P.R.R.v.G., J.Z., J.L., S.O.D., C.I.B., T.D.C., M.J.S., D.E.A., D.A.P., A.A.F.d.V.)
| | - T De Coster
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (P.R.R.v.G., J.Z., J.L., S.O.D., C.I.B., T.D.C., M.J.S., D.E.A., D.A.P., A.A.F.d.V.)
| | - H Post
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands (H.P., A.J.R.H.).,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, the Netherlands (H.P., A.J.R.H.)
| | - A J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands (H.P., A.J.R.H.).,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, the Netherlands (H.P., A.J.R.H.)
| | - M J Schalij
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (P.R.R.v.G., J.Z., J.L., S.O.D., C.I.B., T.D.C., M.J.S., D.E.A., D.A.P., A.A.F.d.V.)
| | - D E Atsma
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (P.R.R.v.G., J.Z., J.L., S.O.D., C.I.B., T.D.C., M.J.S., D.E.A., D.A.P., A.A.F.d.V.)
| | - D A Pijnappels
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (P.R.R.v.G., J.Z., J.L., S.O.D., C.I.B., T.D.C., M.J.S., D.E.A., D.A.P., A.A.F.d.V.)
| | - A A F de Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. (P.R.R.v.G., J.Z., J.L., S.O.D., C.I.B., T.D.C., M.J.S., D.E.A., D.A.P., A.A.F.d.V.)
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9
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Integrative Computational Modeling of Cardiomyocyte Calcium Handling and Cardiac Arrhythmias: Current Status and Future Challenges. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071090. [PMID: 35406654 PMCID: PMC8997666 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte calcium-handling is the key mediator of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. In the healthy heart, calcium controls both electrical impulse propagation and myofilament cross-bridge cycling, providing synchronous and adequate contraction of cardiac muscles. However, calcium-handling abnormalities are increasingly implicated as a cause of cardiac arrhythmias. Due to the complex, dynamic and localized interactions between calcium and other molecules within a cardiomyocyte, it remains experimentally challenging to study the exact contributions of calcium-handling abnormalities to arrhythmogenesis. Therefore, multiscale computational modeling is increasingly being used together with laboratory experiments to unravel the exact mechanisms of calcium-mediated arrhythmogenesis. This article describes various examples of how integrative computational modeling makes it possible to unravel the arrhythmogenic consequences of alterations to cardiac calcium handling at subcellular, cellular and tissue levels, and discusses the future challenges on the integration and interpretation of such computational data.
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10
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Klumm MJ, Heim C, Fiegle DJ, Weyand M, Volk T, Seidel T. Long-Term Cultivation of Human Atrial Myocardium. Front Physiol 2022; 13:839139. [PMID: 35283779 PMCID: PMC8905341 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.839139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotypic culture of human ventricular myocardium is emerging in basic and translational cardiac research. However, few institutions have access to human ventricular tissue, whereas atrial tissue is more commonly available and important for studying atrial physiology. This study presents a method for long-term cultivation of beating human atrial myocardium. After written informed consent, tissues from the right-atrial appendage were obtained from patients with sinus rhythm undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Trabeculae (pectinate muscles) prepared from the samples were installed into cultivation chambers at 37°C with a diastolic preload of 500 μN. After 2 days with 0.5 Hz pacing, stimulation frequency was set to 1 Hz. Contractile force was monitored continuously. Beta-adrenergic response, refractory period (RP) and maximum captured frequency (fmax) were assessed periodically. After cultivation, viability and electromechanical function were investigated, as well as the expression of several genes important for intracellular Ca2+ cycling and electrophysiology. Tissue microstructure was analyzed by confocal microscopy. We cultivated 19 constantly beating trabeculae from 8 patient samples for 12 days and 4 trabeculae from 3 specimen for 21 days. Functional parameters were compared directly after installation (0 d) with those after 12 d in culture. Contraction force was 384 ± 69 μN at 0 d and 255 ± 90 μN at 12 d (p = 0.8, n = 22), RP 480 ± 97 ms and 408 ± 78 ms (p = 0.3, n = 9), fmax 3.0 ± 0.5 Hz and 3.8 ± 0.5 Hz (p = 0.18, n = 9), respectively. Application of 100 nM isoprenaline to 11 trabeculae at 7 d increased contraction force from 168 ± 35 μN to 361 ± 60 μN (p < 0.01), fmax from 6.4 ± 0.6 Hz to 8.5 ± 0.4 Hz (p < 0.01) and lowered RP from 319 ± 22 ms to 223 ± 15 ms. CACNA1c (L-type Ca2+ channel subunit) and GJA1 (connexin-43) mRNA expressions were not significantly altered at 12 d vs 0 d, while ATP2A (SERCA) and KCNJ4 (Kir2.3) were downregulated, and KCNJ2 (Kir2.1) was upregulated. Simultaneous Ca2+ imaging and force recording showed preserved excitation-contraction coupling in cultivated trabeculae. Confocal microscopy indicated preserved cardiomyocyte structure, unaltered amounts of extracellular matrix and gap junctions. MTT assays confirmed viability at 12 d. We established a workflow that allows for stable cultivation and functional analysis of beating human atrial myocardium for up to 3 weeks. This method may lead to novel insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of human atrial myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Klumm
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Heim
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik J Fiegle
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilmann Volk
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Seidel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Sirish P, Diloretto DA, Thai PN, Chiamvimonvat N. The Critical Roles of Proteostasis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Atrial Fibrillation. Front Physiol 2022; 12:793171. [PMID: 35058801 PMCID: PMC8764384 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.793171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains the most common arrhythmia seen clinically. The incidence of AF is increasing due to the aging population. AF is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality, yet current treatment paradigms have proven largely inadequate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new effective therapeutic strategies for AF. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the heart plays critical roles in the regulation of excitation-contraction coupling and cardiac function. Perturbation in the ER homeostasis due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and ischemia, leads to ER stress that has been linked to multiple conditions including diabetes mellitus, neurodegeneration, cancer, heart disease, and cardiac arrhythmias. Recent studies have documented the critical roles of ER stress in the pathophysiological basis of AF. Using an animal model of chronic pressure overload, we demonstrate a significant increase in ER stress in atrial tissues. Moreover, we demonstrate that treatment with a small molecule inhibitor to inhibit the soluble epoxide hydrolase enzyme in the arachidonic acid metabolism significantly reduces ER stress as well as atrial electrical and structural remodeling. The current review article will attempt to provide a perspective on our recent understandings and current knowledge gaps on the critical roles of proteostasis and ER stress in AF progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Sirish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
| | - Daphne A Diloretto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Phung N Thai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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12
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Conditional immortalization of human atrial myocytes for the generation of in vitro models of atrial fibrillation. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:389-402. [PMID: 34992271 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a scalable and robust source of well-differentiated human atrial myocytes constrains the development of in vitro models of atrial fibrillation (AF). Here we show that fully functional atrial myocytes can be generated and expanded one-quadrillion-fold via a conditional cell-immortalization method relying on lentiviral vectors and the doxycycline-controlled expression of a recombinant viral oncogene in human foetal atrial myocytes, and that the immortalized cells can be used to generate in vitro models of AF. The method generated 15 monoclonal cell lines with molecular, cellular and electrophysiological properties resembling those of primary atrial myocytes. Multicellular in vitro models of AF generated using the immortalized atrial myocytes displayed fibrillatory activity (with activation frequencies of 6-8 Hz, consistent with the clinical manifestation of AF), which could be terminated by the administration of clinically approved antiarrhythmic drugs. The conditional cell-immortalization method could be used to generate functional cell lines from other human parenchymal cells, for the development of in vitro models of human disease.
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13
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Gauvrit S, Bossaer J, Lee J, Collins MM. Modeling Human Cardiac Arrhythmias: Insights from Zebrafish. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9010013. [PMID: 35050223 PMCID: PMC8779270 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heart rhythm, is associated with morbidity and mortality and is described as one of the most important future public health challenges. Therefore, developing new models of cardiac arrhythmia is critical for understanding disease mechanisms, determining genetic underpinnings, and developing new therapeutic strategies. In the last few decades, the zebrafish has emerged as an attractive model to reproduce in vivo human cardiac pathologies, including arrhythmias. Here, we highlight the contribution of zebrafish to the field and discuss the available cardiac arrhythmia models. Further, we outline techniques to assess potential heart rhythm defects in larval and adult zebrafish. As genetic tools in zebrafish continue to bloom, this model will be crucial for functional genomics studies and to develop personalized anti-arrhythmic therapies.
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14
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Odening KE, Gomez AM, Dobrev D, Fabritz L, Heinzel FR, Mangoni ME, Molina CE, Sacconi L, Smith G, Stengl M, Thomas D, Zaza A, Remme CA, Heijman J. ESC working group on cardiac cellular electrophysiology position paper: relevance, opportunities, and limitations of experimental models for cardiac electrophysiology research. Europace 2021; 23:1795-1814. [PMID: 34313298 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of death and disability. A large number of experimental cell and animal models have been developed to study arrhythmogenic diseases. These models have provided important insights into the underlying arrhythmia mechanisms and translational options for their therapeutic management. This position paper from the ESC Working Group on Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology provides an overview of (i) currently available in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo electrophysiological research methodologies, (ii) the most commonly used experimental (cellular and animal) models for cardiac arrhythmias including relevant species differences, (iii) the use of human cardiac tissue, induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived and in silico models to study cardiac arrhythmias, and (iv) the availability, relevance, limitations, and opportunities of these cellular and animal models to recapitulate specific acquired and inherited arrhythmogenic diseases, including atrial fibrillation, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, sinus node, and conduction disorders and channelopathies. By promoting a better understanding of these models and their limitations, this position paper aims to improve the quality of basic research in cardiac electrophysiology, with the ultimate goal to facilitate the clinical translation and application of basic electrophysiological research findings on arrhythmia mechanisms and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja E Odening
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Maria Gomez
- Signaling and cardiovascular pathophysiology-UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Frank R Heinzel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matteo E Mangoni
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cristina E Molina
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- National Institute of Optics and European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy, Italy.,Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Godfrey Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Milan Stengl
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Dierk Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders (HCR), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antonio Zaza
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Heijman
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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15
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Subramonian D, Wu YJ, Amed S, Sanatani S. Hyperthyroidism With Atrial Fibrillation in Children: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:689497. [PMID: 34616360 PMCID: PMC8488087 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.689497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is exceedingly rare in children with structurally and functionally normal hearts. We present a novel case of a 15-year-old female with known hyperthyroidism who subsequently developed atrial fibrillation. She had been suffering from fatigue, heat intolerance and myalgias for 6 months. Her initial TSH was 0.01mU/L, and free T4 was 75.4 pmol/L, with a free T3 of >30.8 pmol/L. An electrocardiogram showed atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 141 beats per minute. An echocardiogram demonstrated an enlarged left atrium and ventricle, with mild mitral regurgitation. She was treated with methimazole and underwent synchronized cardioversion. She subsequently returned to a euthyroid state and remained in normal sinus rhythm. In this case, we discuss the physiologic and arrhythmogenic properties of thyroid hormone, with a summary of the existing literature on atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism in children. Current guidelines for treatment of atrial fibrillation are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Subramonian
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuwei Juliana Wu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shazhan Amed
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shubhayan Sanatani
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shubhayan Sanatani,
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16
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Mikhailov AV, Kalyanasundaram A, Li N, Scott SS, Artiga EJ, Subr MM, Zhao J, Hansen BJ, Hummel JD, Fedorov VV. Comprehensive evaluation of electrophysiological and 3D structural features of human atrial myocardium with insights on atrial fibrillation maintenance mechanisms. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 151:56-71. [PMID: 33130148 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurrence and maintenance is associated with progressive remodeling of electrophysiological (repolarization and conduction) and 3D structural (fibrosis, fiber orientations, and wall thickness) features of the human atria. Significant diversity in AF etiology leads to heterogeneous arrhythmogenic electrophysiological and structural substrates within the 3D structure of the human atria. Since current clinical methods have yet to fully resolve the patient-specific arrhythmogenic substrates, mechanism-based AF treatments remain underdeveloped. Here, we review current knowledge from in-vivo, ex-vivo, and in-vitro human heart studies, and discuss how these studies may provide new insights on the synergy of atrial electrophysiological and 3D structural features in AF maintenance. In-vitro studies on surgically acquired human atrial samples provide a great opportunity to study a wide spectrum of AF pathology, including functional changes in single-cell action potentials, ion channels, and gene/protein expression. However, limited size of the samples prevents evaluation of heterogeneous AF substrates and reentrant mechanisms. In contrast, coronary-perfused ex-vivo human hearts can be studied with state-of-the-art functional and structural technologies, such as high-resolution near-infrared optical mapping and contrast-enhanced MRI. These imaging modalities can resolve atrial arrhythmogenic substrates and their role in reentrant mechanisms maintaining AF and validate clinical approaches. Nonetheless, longitudinal studies are not feasible in explanted human hearts. As no approach is perfect, we suggest that combining the strengths of direct human atrial studies with high fidelity approaches available in the laboratory and in realistic patient-specific computer models would elucidate deeper knowledge of AF mechanisms. We propose that a comprehensive translational pipeline from ex-vivo human heart studies to longitudinal clinically relevant AF animal studies and finally to clinical trials is necessary to identify patient-specific arrhythmogenic substrates and develop novel AF treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei V Mikhailov
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Bob and Corrine Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Arrhythmology Research Department, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anuradha Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Bob and Corrine Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Bob and Corrine Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shane S Scott
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Bob and Corrine Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Esthela J Artiga
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Bob and Corrine Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Megan M Subr
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Bob and Corrine Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jichao Zhao
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brian J Hansen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Bob and Corrine Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John D Hummel
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vadim V Fedorov
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Bob and Corrine Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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17
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Yu Y, Tan K, Shaharuddin B, Guo Z, Tan JJ. Modelling Atrial Arrhythmia In vitro Using Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Atrial Cardiomyocytes in Three-dimensional Culture. BIO INTEGRATION 2020. [DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2020-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Yu
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Penang, Malaysia
| | - KokLeng Tan
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Bakiah Shaharuddin
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Jun Jie Tan
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Penang, Malaysia
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18
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Del-Canto I, Gómez-Cid L, Hernández-Romero I, Guillem MS, Fernández-Santos ME, Atienza F, Such L, Fernández-Avilés F, Chorro FJ, Climent AM. Ranolazine-Mediated Attenuation of Mechanoelectric Feedback in Atrial Myocyte Monolayers. Front Physiol 2020; 11:922. [PMID: 32848863 PMCID: PMC7417656 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanical stretch increases Na+ inflow into myocytes, related to mechanisms including stretch-activated channels or Na+/H+ exchanger activation, involving Ca2+ increase that leads to changes in electrophysiological properties favoring arrhythmia induction. Ranolazine is an antianginal drug with confirmed beneficial effects against cardiac arrhythmias associated with the augmentation of INaL current and Ca2+ overload. Objective This study investigates the effects of mechanical stretch on activation patterns in atrial cell monolayers and its pharmacological response to ranolazine. Methods Confluent HL-1 cells were cultured in silicone membrane plates and were stretched to 110% of original length. The characteristics of in vitro fibrillation (dominant frequency, regularity index, density of phase singularities, rotor meandering, and rotor curvature) were analyzed using optical mapping in order to study the mechanoelectric response to stretch under control conditions and ranolazine action. Results HL-1 cell stretch increased fibrillatory dominant frequency (3.65 ± 0.69 vs. 4.35 ± 0.74 Hz, p < 0.01) and activation complexity (1.97 ± 0.45 vs. 2.66 ± 0.58 PS/cm2, p < 0.01) under control conditions. These effects were related to stretch-induced changes affecting the reentrant patterns, comprising a decrease in rotor meandering (0.72 ± 0.12 vs. 0.62 ± 0.12 cm/s, p < 0.001) and an increase in wavefront curvature (4.90 ± 0.42 vs. 5.68 ± 0.40 rad/cm, p < 0.001). Ranolazine reduced stretch-induced effects, attenuating the activation rate increment (12.8% vs. 19.7%, p < 0.01) and maintaining activation complexity—both parameters being lower during stretch than under control conditions. Moreover, under baseline conditions, ranolazine slowed and regularized the activation patterns (3.04 ± 0.61 vs. 3.65 ± 0.69 Hz, p < 0.01). Conclusion Ranolazine attenuates the modifications of activation patterns induced by mechanical stretch in atrial myocyte monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Del-Canto
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lidia Gómez-Cid
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María S Guillem
- ITACA Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Fernández-Santos
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Atienza
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Such
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Universitat de València Estudi General, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Fernández-Avilés
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Chorro
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andreu M Climent
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.,ITACA Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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19
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Electrophysiological Effects of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Cardiosphere-Derived Cells: Unraveling the Antiarrhythmic Properties of Cell Therapies. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8080924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cell-based therapies show potential antiarrhythmic effects that could be mediated by their paracrine action, the mechanisms and the extent of these effects were not deeply explored. We investigated the antiarrhythmic mechanisms of extracellular vesicles secreted by cardiosphere-derived cell extracellular vesicles (CDC-EVs) on the electrophysiological properties and gene expression profile of HL1 cardiomyocytes. HL-1 cultures were primed with CDC-EVs or serum-free medium alone for 48 h, followed by optical mapping and gene expression analysis. In optical mapping recordings, CDC-EVs reduced the activation complexity of the cardiomyocytes by 40%, increased rotor meandering, and reduced rotor curvature, as well as induced an 80% increase in conduction velocity. HL-1 cells primed with CDC-EVs presented higher expression of SCN5A, CACNA1C, and GJA1, coding for proteins involved in INa, ICaL, and Cx43, respectively. Our results suggest that CDC-EVs reduce activation complexity by increasing conduction velocity and modifying rotor dynamics, which could be driven by an increase in expression of SCN5A and CACNA1C genes, respectively. Our results provide new insights into the antiarrhythmic mechanisms of cell therapies, which should be further validated using other models.
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20
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Insight into atrial fibrillation through analysis of the coding transcriptome in humans. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:817-826. [PMID: 32666467 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in humans, and its prevalence continues to increase because of the aging of the world population. Much still needs to be learned about the molecular pathways involved in the development and the persistence of the disease. Analysis of the transcriptome of cardiac tissue has provided valuable insight into diverse aspects of atrial remodeling, in particular concerning electrical remodeling-related to ion channels-and structural remodeling identified by dysregulation of processes linked to inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and thrombogenesis. The huge amount of data produced by these studies now represents a valuable source for the identification of novel potential therapeutic targets. In addition, the shift from cardiac tissue to peripheral blood as a substrate for transcriptome analysis revealed this strategy as a promising tool for improved diagnosis and therefore better patient care.
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