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Xu R, Wen D, Yin L, Tang Y, Lu S, Gao Y, Pan MH, Han B, Ma B. Estrogen influences the transzonal projection assembly of cumulus-oocyte complexes through G protein-coupled estrogen receptor during goat follicle development. Mol Reprod Dev 2024; 91:e23763. [PMID: 38895803 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen is an important hormone that plays a role in regulating follicle development and oocyte maturation. Transzonal projections (TZPs) act as communication bridges between follicle somatic cells and oocytes, and their dynamic changes are critical for oocyte development and maturation. However, the roles and mechanisms of estrogen in regulating TZPs during follicular development are not yet understood. We found that the proportion of oocytes spontaneously resuming meiosis increases as the follicle grows, which is accompanied by rising estrogen levels in follicles and decreasing TZPs in cumulus-oocyte complex. To further explore the effect of elevated estrogen levels on TZP assembly, additional estrogen was added to the culture system. The increased estrogen level significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of TZP assembly-related genes. Subsequent research revealed that TZP regulation by estrogen was mediated by the membrane receptor GPER and downstream ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In summary, our study suggests that estrogen may regulate goat oocyte meiosis arrest by decreasing TZP numbers via estrogen-mediated GPER activation during follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Dongxu Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Lu Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yaju Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Sihai Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Yulin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service Center, Yulin, China
| | - Meng-Hao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Bin Han
- Yulin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service Center, Yulin, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
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2
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Fruzzetti F, Fidecicchi T, Gambacciani M. Oestrogens in oral contraception: considerations for tailoring prescription to women's needs. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2024; 29:93-102. [PMID: 38683756 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2024.2334350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oestrogenic component of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) has changed over years with the aim of reducing oestrogen-related side effects and risks, whilst maintaining oestrogen beneficial effects, particularly on cycle control. PURPOSE To describe the pharmacological profiles of different oestrogens commonly used in COCs to provide insights on contraceptive prescription tailored to women's needs. RESULTS All COCs ensure a high contraceptive efficacy. COCs containing the natural oestrogens oestradiol (E2), oestradiol valerate (E2V) and estetrol (E4) have limited impact on liver metabolism, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, haemostasis and sex hormone binding globulin levels, compared with ethinylestradiol (EE). COCs with E2 and E2V appear also to entail a lower elevation of the risk of venous thromboembolism vs. EE-containing pills. No epidemiological data are available for E4-COC. E2- and E2V-containing COCs seem to exert a less stabilising oestrogenic effect on the endometrium compared with EE-COCs. The E4-COC results in a predictable bleeding pattern with a high rate of scheduled bleeding and minimal unscheduled bleeding per cycle. Based on in vitro and in vivo animal data, E4 seems to be associated with a lower effect on cell breast proliferation. CONCLUSION Today various COCs contain different oestrogens. Prescribers must be familiar with the different properties of each oestrogen for a tailored contraceptive recommendation, considering their safety and contraceptive efficacy, as well as women's needs and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Fruzzetti
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, San Rossore Clinical Center, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Fidecicchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Santa Chiara, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Gambacciani
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, San Rossore Clinical Center, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Zabala AS, Conforti RA, Delsouc MB, Filippa V, Montt-Guevara MM, Giannini A, Simoncini T, Vallcaneras SS, Casais M. Estetrol Inhibits Endometriosis Development in an In Vivo Murine Model. Biomolecules 2024; 14:580. [PMID: 38785987 PMCID: PMC11118049 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, and it is associated with alterations in the expression of hormone receptors and inflammation. Estetrol (E4) is a weak estrogen that recently has been approved for contraception. We evaluated the effect of E4 on the growth of endometriotic-like lesions and the expression of TNF-α, estrogen receptors (ERs), and progesterone receptors (PRs) in an in vivo murine model. Endometriosis was induced surgically in female C57BL/6 mice. E4 was delivered via Alzet pump (3 mg/kg/day) from the 15th postoperative day for 4 weeks. E4 significantly reduced the volume (p < 0.001) and weight (p < 0.05) of ectopic lesions. Histologically, E4 did not affect cell proliferation (PCNA immunohistochemistry) but it did increase cell apoptosis (TUNEL assay) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, it modulated oxidative stress (SOD, CAT, and GPX activity, p < 0.05) and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS/MDA, p < 0.01). Molecular analysis showed mRNA (RT-qPCR) and protein (ELISA) expression of TNF-α decreased (p < 0.05) and mRNA expression of Esr2 reduced (p < 0.05), in contrast with the increased expression of Esr1 (p < 0.01) and Pgr (p < 0.05). The present study demonstrates for the first time that E4 limited the development and progression of endometriosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Zabala
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL-CONICET), San Luis D5700HHW, Argentina; (A.S.Z.); (R.A.C.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Rocío Ayelem Conforti
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL-CONICET), San Luis D5700HHW, Argentina; (A.S.Z.); (R.A.C.); (M.B.D.)
| | - María Belén Delsouc
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL-CONICET), San Luis D5700HHW, Argentina; (A.S.Z.); (R.A.C.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Verónica Filippa
- Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis D5700HHW, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis D5700HHW, Argentina
| | - Maria Magdalena Montt-Guevara
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.M.-G.); (A.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Andrea Giannini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.M.-G.); (A.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.M.-G.); (A.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Sandra Silvina Vallcaneras
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL-CONICET), San Luis D5700HHW, Argentina; (A.S.Z.); (R.A.C.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Marilina Casais
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL-CONICET), San Luis D5700HHW, Argentina; (A.S.Z.); (R.A.C.); (M.B.D.)
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4
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Cirillo F, Spinelli A, Talia M, Scordamaglia D, Santolla MF, Grande F, Rizzuti B, Maggiolini M, Gérard C, Lappano R. Estetrol/GPER/SERPINB2 transduction signaling inhibits the motility of triple-negative breast cancer cells. J Transl Med 2024; 22:450. [PMID: 38741146 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen produced by the fetal liver during pregnancy. Due to its favorable safety profile, E4 was recently approved as estrogenic component of a new combined oral contraceptive. E4 is a selective ligand of estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ, but its binding to the G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) has not been described to date. Therefore, we aimed to explore E4 action in GPER-positive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cells. METHODS The potential interaction between E4 and GPER was investigated by molecular modeling and binding assays. The whole transcriptomic modulation triggered by E4 in TNBC cells via GPER was explored through high-throughput RNA sequencing analyses. Gene and protein expression evaluations as well as migration and invasion assays allowed us to explore the involvement of the GPER-mediated induction of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (SERPINB2) in the biological responses triggered by E4 in TNBC cells. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis was aimed at recognizing the biological significance of SERPINB2 in ER-negative breast cancer patients. RESULTS After the molecular characterization of the E4 binding capacity to GPER, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (SERPINB2) is one of the most up-regulated genes by E4 in a GPER-dependent manner. Worthy, we demonstrated that the GPER-mediated increase of SERPINB2 is engaged in the anti-migratory and anti-invasive effects elicited by E4 in TNBC cells. In accordance with these findings, a correlation between SERPINB2 levels and a good clinical outcome was found in ER-negative breast cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results provide new insights into the mechanisms through which E4 can halt migratory and invasive features of TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Asia Spinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Marianna Talia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Domenica Scordamaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Santolla
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- Department of Physics, CNR-NANOTEC, SS Rende (CS), University of Calabria, Rende, CS, 87036, Italy
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Céline Gérard
- Mithra Pharmaceutical, Rue Saint-Georges 5, Liège, 4000, Belgium.
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy.
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Genazzani AR, Fidecicchi T, Arduini D, Giannini A, Simoncini T. Hormonal and natural contraceptives: a review on efficacy and risks of different methods for an informed choice. Gynecol Endocrinol 2023; 39:2247093. [PMID: 37599373 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2023.2247093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The debate about contraception has become increasingly important as more and more people seek safe and effective contraception. More than 1 billion women of reproductive age worldwide need a method of family planning, and wellbeing, socio-economic status, culture, religion and more influence the reasons why a woman may ask for contraception. Different contraceptive methods exist, ranging from 'natural methods' (fertility awareness-based methods - FABMs) to barrier methods and hormonal contraceptives (HCs). Each method works on a different principle, with different effectiveness.FABMs and HCs are usually pitted against each other, although it's difficult to really compare them. FABMs are a valid alternative for women who cannot or do not want to use hormone therapy, although they may have a high failure rate if not used appropriately and require specific training. HCs are commonly used to address various clinical situations, although concerns about their possible side effects are still widespread. However, many data show that the appropriate use of HC has a low rate of adverse events, mainly related to personal predisposition.The aim of this review is to summarize the information on the efficacy and safety of FABMs and HCs to help clinicians and women choose the best contraceptive method for their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Genazzani
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Fidecicchi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Arduini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giannini
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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6
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Gérard C, Foidart JM. Estetrol: From Preclinical to Clinical Pharmacology and Advances in the Understanding of the Molecular Mechanism of Action. Drugs R D 2023:10.1007/s40268-023-00419-5. [PMID: 37133685 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-023-00419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Estetrol (E4) is the most recently described natural estrogen. It is produced by the human fetal liver during pregnancy and its physiological function remains unclear. E4 is the estrogenic component of a recently approved combined oral contraceptive. It is also in development for use as menopausal hormone therapy. In the context of these developments, the pharmacological activity of E4, alone or in combination with a progestin, has been extensively characterized in preclinical models as well as in clinical studies in women of reproductive age and postmenopausal women. Despite the clinical benefits, the use of oral estrogens for contraception or menopause is also associated with unwanted effects, such as an increased risk of breast cancer and thromboembolic events, due to their impact on non-target tissues. Preclinical and clinical data for E4 point to a tissue-specific activity and a more selective pharmacological profile compared with other estrogens, including a low impact on the liver and hemostasis balance. This review summarizes the characterization of the pharmacological properties of E4 as well as recent advances made in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action driving its activity. How the unique mode of action and the different metabolism of E4 might support its favorable benefit-risk ratio is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Gérard
- Estetra SRL (an affiliate company of Mithra Pharmaceuticals), Rue Saint Georges 5, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Estetra SRL (an affiliate company of Mithra Pharmaceuticals), Rue Saint Georges 5, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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7
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Narisepalli S, Salunkhe SA, Chitkara D, Mittal A. Asiaticoside polymeric nanoparticles for effective diabetic wound healing through increased collagen biosynthesis: In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122508. [PMID: 36539166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Asiaticoside (AST) is a naturally available phytoconstituent that enables effective wound healing mainly by promoting collagen biosynthesis. However, the physicochemical nature of AST such as high molecular weight (959.12 g/mol), poor water solubility and poor permeability limits its therapeutic effects. This study aims to develop Asiaticoside polymeric nanoparticles (AST PNP) embedded in a gelatin based biodegradable hydrogel (15 % w/v) for application in the wound cavity to enable sustained release of AST and enhance its therapeutic effects. The AST PNP were fabricated in the desired size range (168.4 nm; PDI (0.09)) and the morphology, rate of fluid uptake, rate of water loss, and water vapor transmission rate of AST PNP incorporated hydrogel were determined. AST PNP gel showed porous structural morphology and possessed ideal characteristics as a graft for wound healing. The drug release kinetics and cellular uptake of AST PNP were investigated wherein, AST PNP demonstrated sustained release profile upto 24 h in comparison to free AST (complete release within 6 h) and exhibited an enhanced intra-cellular uptake in fibroblasts within 3 h compared to the free drug. In-vitrocell culture studies also demonstrated significant proliferation and migration of fibroblasts in the presence of AST PNP. Additionally, AST PNP gel upon application to the wounds of diabetic rats depicted improved wound healing efficacy in terms of improved collagen biosynthesis, upregulated COL-1 protein level (∼1.85 fold vs free AST), and enhanced expression of α-SMA compared to control groups. Altogether, formulation of AST as polymeric nanoparticles in a gel based carrier offered significant improvement in the therapeutic properties of AST for the management of diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibhargav Narisepalli
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Shubham A Salunkhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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8
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Gemzell-Danielsson K, Cagnacci A, Chabbert-Buffet N, Douxfils J, Foidart JM, Kubba A, Lasa LIL, Mansour D, Neulen J, Neves J, Palma F, Römer T, Ski RS, Tóth V. A novel estetrol-containing combined oral contraceptive: European expert panel review. CESKA GYNEKOLOGIE 2022; 87:440-452. [PMID: 36543594 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2022.2093850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite considerable advances in recently developed combined oral contraceptives (COCs), resulting in lower rates of adverse events while maintaining contraceptive efficacy, there is interest in further innovation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Estetrol (E4), a native oestrogen, and progestin drospirenone (DRSP) were combined in a new COC. A European expert panel reviewed the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety and tolerability of this combination. Their findings are presented as a narrative review. RESULTS E4 15mg/DRSP 3 mg in a 24/4 regimen provided effective contraception with good cycle control, characterised by a predictable regular bleeding pattern and minimal unscheduled bleeding, together with a good safety profile. The combination was associated with high user satisfaction, wellbeing, and minimal changes in body weight. The effects on endocrine and metabolic parameters were limited, and the combination was found to have a limited impact on liver function and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, its effect on several haemostatic parameters was lower than that of comparators containing ethinyl oestradiol (EE) 20mg/DRSP 3 mg and EE 30mg/levonorgestrel 150mg. CONCLUSION E4 15 mg/DRSP 3 mg provides safe and effective contraception, with high user satisfaction and predictable bleeding. Further research will evaluate the long-term safety of the COC.
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9
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Gérard C, Arnal JF, Jost M, Douxfils J, Lenfant F, Fontaine C, Houtman R, Archer DF, Reid RL, Lobo RA, Gaspard U, Coelingh Bennink HJT, Creinin MD, Foidart JM. Profile of estetrol, a promising native estrogen for oral contraception and the relief of climacteric symptoms of menopause. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:121-137. [PMID: 35306927 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2054413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estrogens used in women's healthcare have been associated with increased risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and breast cancer. Estetrol (E4), an estrogen produced by the human fetal liver, has recently been approved for the first time as a new estrogenic component of a novel combined oral contraceptive (E4/drospirenone [DRSP]) for over a decade. In phase 3 studies, E4/DRSP showed good contraceptive efficacy, a predictable bleeding pattern, and a favorable safety and tolerability profile. AREAS COVERED This narrative review discusses E4's pharmacological characteristics, mode of action, and the results of preclinical and clinical studies for contraception, as well as for menopause and oncology. EXPERT OPINION Extensive studies have elucidated the properties of E4 that underlie its favorable safety profile. While classical estrogens (such as estradiol) exert their actions via both activation of nuclear and membrane estrogen receptor α (ERα), E4 presents a specific profile of ERα activation: E4 binds and activates nuclear ERα but does not induce the activation of membrane ERα signaling pathways in specific tissues. E4 has a small effect on normal breast tissue proliferation and minimally affects hepatic parameters. This distinct profile of ERα activation, uncoupling nuclear and membrane activation, is unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Gérard
- Department Research and Development, Estetra Srl, an Affiliate Company of Mithra Pharmaceuticals, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- CHU de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,INSERM-UPS UMR U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Maud Jost
- Department Research and Development, Estetra Srl, an Affiliate Company of Mithra Pharmaceuticals, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Qualiblood S.a, Namur, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacy, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, NAmur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- CHU de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,INSERM-UPS UMR U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- CHU de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,INSERM-UPS UMR U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Robert L Reid
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Rogerio A Lobo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
| | - Ulysse Gaspard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Mitchell D Creinin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Sacramento, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Department Research and Development, Estetra Srl, an Affiliate Company of Mithra Pharmaceuticals, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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10
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Fruzzetti F, Fidecicchi T, Montt Guevara MM, Simoncini T. Estetrol: A New Choice for Contraception. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5625. [PMID: 34884326 PMCID: PMC8658652 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogenic steroid that is normally produced by human fetal liver. Recent research has demonstrated that it is a potent, orally bioavailable, natural selective estrogen receptor modulator; it has a moderate affinity for both human estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and ERβ, with a preference for ERα. Clinical studies have demonstrated possible use as an estrogen in combined oral contraceptives (COC). COCs containing E4 and drospirenone (DRSP) showed a high acceptability, tolerability, and user satisfaction also when compared to COCs containing ethinylestradiol (EE). E4/DRSP effectively inhibits ovulation, with a similar effect on endometrium thickness than that of EE-containing COCs. Low doses (15 mg) of E4 with DRSP (3 mg) showed promising results in term of bleeding pattern and cycle control, also when compared to other COCs containing synthetic estrogens. Moreover, the association has limited effects on serum lipids, liver, SHBG levels, and carbohydrate metabolism. This combination also could drive a lower risk of venous thromboembolism than EE-containing COCs. In this review, we will summarize the actual knowledge about the new E4-containing contraceptive. Further large-scale studies in the full target population are needed to provide more insights into the cardiovascular safety profile and user satisfaction of E4/DRSP.
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11
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Gallez A, Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, Foidart JM, Péqueux C. Estetrol and Mammary Gland: Friends or Foes? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:297-308. [PMID: 34463898 PMCID: PMC8566418 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have pleiotropic effects on many reproductive and non-reproductive tissues and organs including the mammary gland, uterus, ovaries, vagina, and endothelium. Estrogen receptor α functions as the principal mediator of estrogenic action in most of these tissues. Estetrol (E4) is a native fetal estrogen with selective tissue actions that is currently approved for use as the estrogen component in a combined oral contraceptive and is being developed as a menopause hormone therapy (MHT, also known as hormone replacement therapy). However, exogenous hormonal treatments, in particular MHTs, have been shown to promote the growth of preexisting breast cancers and are associated with a variable risk of breast cancer depending on the treatment modality. Therefore, evaluating the safety of E4-based formulations on the breast forms a crucial part of the clinical development process. This review highlights preclinical and clinical studies that have assessed the effects of E4 and E4-progestogen combinations on the mammary gland and breast cancer, focusing in particular on the estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of E4. We discuss the potential advantages of E4 over current available estrogen-formulations as a contraceptive and for the treatment of symptoms due to menopause. We also consider the potential of E4 for the treatment of endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gallez
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Dias Da Silva
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Wuidar
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christel Péqueux
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Gallez A, Blacher S, Maquoi E, Konradowski E, Joiret M, Primac I, Gérard C, Taziaux M, Houtman R, Geris L, Lenfant F, Marangoni E, Sounni NE, Foidart JM, Noël A, Péqueux C. Estetrol Combined to Progestogen for Menopause or Contraception Indication Is Neutral on Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102486. [PMID: 34065180 PMCID: PMC8160902 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hormonal treatments, especially those used to treat menopause symptoms are known to increase breast cancer risk. It is thus necessary to identify new formulations with a better benefit/risk profile. The aim of this translational study was to evaluate the breast cancer risk associated with a combination of a natural estrogen named estetrol, with progestogens such as natural progesterone and drospirenone. Since the assessment of breast cancer risk in patients during drug development is not possible given the requirement of long-term studies in large populations, this study provides new evidence that a therapeutic dose of estetrol for menopause treatment or contraception, combined with progesterone or drospirenone, may provide a better benefit/risk profile toward breast cancer risk compared to the hormonal treatments currently available for patients. Abstract Given the unequivocal benefits of menopause hormone therapies (MHT) and combined oral contraceptives (COC), there is a clinical need for new formulations devoid of any risk of breast cancer promotion. Accumulating data from preclinical and clinical studies support that estetrol (E4) is a promising natural estrogen for MHT and COC. Nevertheless, we report here that E4 remains active on the endometrium, even under a dose that is neutral on breast cancer growth and lung metastasis dissemination. This implies that a progestogen should be combined with E4 to protect the endometrium of non-hysterectomized women from hyperplasia and cancer. Through in vivo observations and transcriptomic analyses, our work provides evidence that combining a progestogen to E4 is neutral on breast cancer growth and dissemination, with very limited transcriptional impact. The assessment of breast cancer risk in patients during the development of new MHT or COC is not possible given the requirement of long-term studies in large populations. This translational preclinical research provides new evidence that a therapeutic dose of E4 for MHT or COC, combined with progesterone or drospirenone, may provide a better benefit/risk profile towards breast cancer risk compared to hormonal treatments currently available for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gallez
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.M.); (E.K.); (I.P.); (N.E.S.); (J.-M.F.); (A.N.)
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.M.); (E.K.); (I.P.); (N.E.S.); (J.-M.F.); (A.N.)
| | - Erik Maquoi
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.M.); (E.K.); (I.P.); (N.E.S.); (J.-M.F.); (A.N.)
| | - Erika Konradowski
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.M.); (E.K.); (I.P.); (N.E.S.); (J.-M.F.); (A.N.)
| | - Marc Joiret
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA-In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.J.); (L.G.)
| | - Irina Primac
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.M.); (E.K.); (I.P.); (N.E.S.); (J.-M.F.); (A.N.)
| | - Céline Gérard
- Mithra Pharmaceuticals, rue Saint-Georges 5/7, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Mélanie Taziaux
- Mithra Pharmaceuticals, rue Saint-Georges 5/7, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.G.); (M.T.)
| | - René Houtman
- Precision Medicine Lab, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands;
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA-In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.J.); (L.G.)
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, University Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France;
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Translational Research Department, Institute Curie, PSL Research University, 75248 Paris, France;
| | - Nor Eddine Sounni
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.M.); (E.K.); (I.P.); (N.E.S.); (J.-M.F.); (A.N.)
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.M.); (E.K.); (I.P.); (N.E.S.); (J.-M.F.); (A.N.)
| | - Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.M.); (E.K.); (I.P.); (N.E.S.); (J.-M.F.); (A.N.)
| | - Christel Péqueux
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.M.); (E.K.); (I.P.); (N.E.S.); (J.-M.F.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-2569
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13
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Schmidt M, Lenhard H, Hoenig A, Zimmerman Y, Krijgh J, Jansen M, Coelingh Bennink HJT. Tumor suppression, dose-limiting toxicity and wellbeing with the fetal estrogen estetrol in patients with advanced breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 147:1833-1842. [PMID: 33242131 PMCID: PMC8076125 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study (the ABCE4 study) was to assess dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of high doses of the fetal estrogen estetrol (E4) in postmenopausal patients with heavily pretreated, locally advanced and/or metastatic ER+/HER2−breast cancer, resistant to anti-estrogens. Methods This was a multicenter, open-label, phase IB/IIA, dose-escalation study with a 3 + 3 cohort design, whereby successive cohorts of three patients received 20 mg, 40 mg or 60 mg E4 per day for 12 weeks by oral administration. DLTs, safety and wellbeing were evaluated after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. Anti-tumor effects were investigated by computer tomography scanning and evaluated according to RECIST criteria before and after 12 weeks of treatment. Wellbeing was judged weekly by the investigator and by quality-of-life questionnaires by the patients. In view of the small number of patients, no statistical testing was performed. Results All 12 patients enrolled had progressive, heavily pre-treated advanced breast cancer. No treatment-related serious adverse events or DLTs occurred during the first 4 weeks of E4 treatment allowing the investigation of all three doses. Five of nine patients completing 12 weeks of E4 treatment showed objective anti-tumor effects and six of nine patients reported improved wellbeing. Conclusion High doses of estetrol seem to be safe and are well tolerated during 12 weeks of treatment without dose-limiting toxicity and with anti-tumor effects in five of nine heavily treated patients with progressive, anti-estrogen resistant, advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Schmidt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Lenhard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Katholisches Klinikum Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arnd Hoenig
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Katholisches Klinikum Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yvette Zimmerman
- Pantarhei Oncology BV, Boulevard 17, 3707 BK, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Krijgh
- Pantarhei Oncology BV, Boulevard 17, 3707 BK, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Jansen
- Pantarhei Oncology BV, Boulevard 17, 3707 BK, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Genazzani AR, Gaspard U, Foidart JM. Oral investigational drugs currently in phase I or phase II for the amelioration of menopausal symptoms. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:235-247. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1572114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Genazzani
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa,
Pisa, Italy
| | - Ulysse Gaspard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liège, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liège, Liège,
Belgium
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15
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Yu L, Zhao L, Wu H, Zhao H, Yu Z, He M, Jin F, Wei M. Moesin is an independent prognostic marker for ER-positive breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:1921-1933. [PMID: 30675256 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Moesin, a cytoskeletal protein belonging to the ezrin-radixin-moesin family serves important roles in cell motility, invasion and metastasis. Moesin has been demonstrated to be of prognostic significance in tumor progression, due to its role in the metastatic process; however, its role in breast cancer is not well characterized. In the present study, the moesin expression was determined using immunohistochemistry in 404 and 46 patients with breast cancer and fibroadenoma, respectively, and the associations between moesin expression and the clinical parameters and prognostic values were analyzed. The positive rate of moesin protein expression was 47.8% (193/404) in breast cancer tissues, which was significantly higher than in fibroadenoma tissues (15.2%, 14/46). Overexpression of moesin was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage (P=0.002), positive lymph node metastasis (P<0.0001), and estrogen receptor (ER; P=0.008) and progesterone receptor (P=0.026) status. Patients with high moesin expression had significantly lower recurrence-free survival time, compared with patient with low moesin expression. Notably, overexpression of moesin was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with ER-positive breast cancer, and in patients treated with tamoxifen. Using a Cox proportional hazard regression model, further analysis was conducted, which demonstrated that moesin overexpression was a predictive prognostic factor for reduced overall survival time in patients with ER-positive breast cancer, and in patients treated with tamoxifen. These results indicated that moesin may be a potential marker for poor prognosis in patients with ER-positive breast cancer treated with tamoxifen. In conclusion, moesin serves an important role in the progression of breast cancer, and may be a valuable marker of breast cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Huizhe Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Haishan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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Pharmacodynamic effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in postmenopausal women: results from a multiple-rising-dose study. Menopause 2018; 24:677-685. [PMID: 28169916 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estetrol (E4) is an estrogen produced exclusively by the human fetal liver during pregnancy. In this study the pharmacodynamic effects of escalating doses of E4 in postmenopausal women were investigated. METHODS This was a partly randomized, open-label, multiple-rising-dose study in 49 postmenopausal women. Participants were randomized to receive either 2 mg E4 or 2 mg estradiol-valerate (E2 V) for 28 days. Subsequent dose-escalation groups were (non-randomized): 10, 20 and 40 mg E4. Blood samples were collected regularly for measuring endocrine and hemostasis variables, lipids and lipoproteins, fasting glucose and bone turnover markers. RESULTS Estetrol treatment resulted in a decrease of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and an increase of sex-hormone binding globulin. Changes in hemostasis variables were small. A lowering effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was accompanied with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and no or minimal changes in triglycerides. The considerable decrease in osteocalcin levels in the three highest E4 dose groups and the small decrease in C-telopeptide levels were comparable to the E2 V control group and suggest a preventive effect on bone loss. All changes observed were dose-dependent. CONCLUSIONS In this study, estetrol treatment showed dose-dependent estrogenic effects on endocrine parameters, bone turnover markers, and lipids and lipoproteins. The effect on triglycerides was small as were the effects on hemostatic variables. These results support the further investigation of estetrol as a candidate for hormone therapy. Quantitatively, the effects of 10 mg estetrol were similar to the study comparator 2 mg estradiol valerate.
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Lubart Q, Vitet H, Dalonneau F, Le Roy A, Kowalski M, Lourdin M, Ebel C, Weidenhaupt M, Picart C. Role of Phosphorylation in Moesin Interactions with PIP 2-Containing Biomimetic Membranes. Biophys J 2018; 114:98-112. [PMID: 29320700 PMCID: PMC5912500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Moesin, a protein of the ezrin, radixin, and moesin family, which links the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton, is involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including viral budding and infection. Its interaction with the plasma membrane occurs via a key phosphoinositide, the phosphatidyl(4,5)inositol-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphorylation of residue T558, which has been shown to contribute, in cellulo, to a conformationally open protein. We study the impact of a double phosphomimetic mutation of moesin (T235D, T558D), which mimics the phosphorylation state of the protein, on protein/PIP2/microtubule interactions. Analytical ultracentrifugation in the micromolar range showed moesin in the monomer and dimer forms, with wild-type (WT) moesin containing a slightly larger fraction (∼30%) of dimers than DD moesin (10-20%). Only DD moesin was responsive to PIP2 in its micellar form. Quantitative cosedimentation assays using large unilamellar vesicles and quartz crystal microbalance on supported lipid bilayers containing PIP2 reveal a specific cooperative interaction for DD moesin with an ability to bind two PIP2 molecules simultaneously, whereas WT moesin was able to bind only one. In addition, DD moesin could subsequently interact with microtubules, whereas WT moesin was unable to do so. Altogether, our results point to an important role of these two phosphorylation sites in the opening of moesin: since DD moesin is intrinsically in a more open conformation than WT moesin, this intermolecular interaction is reinforced by its binding to PIP2. We also highlight important differences between moesin and ezrin, which appear to be finely regulated and to exhibit distinct molecular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lubart
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Helene Vitet
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Dalonneau
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Aline Le Roy
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathieu Kowalski
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Lourdin
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Ebel
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Marianne Weidenhaupt
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France.
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Montt-Guevara MM, Palla G, Spina S, Bernacchi G, Cecchi E, Campelo AE, Shortrede JE, Canu A, Simoncini T. Regulatory effects of estetrol on the endothelial plasminogen pathway and endothelial cell migration. Maturitas 2017; 99:1-9. [PMID: 28364860 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen produced solely during human pregnancy. E4 is suitable for clinical use since it acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. In clinical trials E4 has been seen to have little or no effect on coagulation. Hence, it is interesting to investigate whether E4 alters endothelial-dependent fibrinolysis. OBJECTIVES We studied the effects of E4 on the fibrinolytic system and whether this could influence the ability of endothelial cells to migrate. In addition, we compared the effects of E4 with those of 17β-estradiol (E2). STUDY DESIGN Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were obtained from healthy women. Expression of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) proteins was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Endothelial cell migration was studied by razor-scrape horizontal and multiwell insert systems assays. RESULTS E4 increased the expression of t-PA, u-PA and PAI-1 in HUVEC, but less so than did equimolar amounts of E2. The effects of E4 on t-PA, u-PA and PAI-1 were mediated by the induction of the early-immediate genes c-Jun and c-Fos. E4 in combination with E2 antagonized the effects induced by pregnancy-like E2 concentrations but did not impair the effects of postmenopausal-like E2 levels. We also found that the increased synthesis of PAI-1, u-PA and t-PA induced by E2 and E4 is important for horizontal and three-dimensional migration of HUVEC. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that E4 acts as an endogenous selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), controlling the fibrinolytic system and endothelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magdalena Montt-Guevara
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Giulia Palla
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Stefania Spina
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Guja Bernacchi
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Elena Cecchi
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Adrian Esteban Campelo
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Jorge Eduardo Shortrede
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Alessio Canu
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy.
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Xie F, Zhu F, Lu Z, Liu Z, Wang H. Investigation of potential molecular biomarkers and small molecule drugs for hepatocellular carcinoma transformed from cirrhosis. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:495-503. [PMID: 27347171 PMCID: PMC4906898 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in China and the third leading cause of cancer-associated morality. The aim of the present study was to investigate and analyze differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) between cirrhosis and HCC, in order to screen the key genes involved in the transformation from cirrhosis to HCC and provide novel targets for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC in patients with cirrhosis. The gene expression profile, GSE17548, was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database and the DEGs were identified by LIMMA package in R language. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and gene ontology biology process analysis were performed for the DEGs. Differential co-expression network (DEN) analysis was conducted and the network was visualized using Cytoscape. Small molecule drugs were also screened from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database for higher degree DEGs. A total of 95 DEGs were obtained, including 46 upregulated and 49 downregulated genes. The upregulated DEGs were primarily involved in biological processes and pathways associated with the cell cycle, while the downregulated DEGs were primarily involved in immune-associated biological processes. A total of 22 key DEGs were identified by DEN analysis, which distinguished HCC from cirrhosis samples. Furthermore, estradiol, benzo(a)pyrene, acetaminophen, copper sulfate and bisphenol A were identified as the five most associated chemicals to these 22 DEGs. In conclusion, the hub genes and chemicals identified by the present study may provide a theoretical basis for additional research on diagnosis and treatment of HCC transformed from cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaoning, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Cardiovascular Center, The People's Hospital of Liaoning, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Liaoning, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Liaoning, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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Coelingh Bennink HJT, Verhoeven C, Zimmerman Y, Visser M, Foidart JM, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Clinical effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in a multiple-rising-dose study in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2016; 91:93-100. [PMID: 27451327 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estetrol (E4) is a natural fetal estrogen. The safety of increasing doses of E4 and its preliminary effects on the vagina, endometrium and menopausal vasomotor symptoms were investigated. STUDY DESIGN This was a partly randomized, open-label, multiple-rising-dose study in 49 postmenopausal women. Subjects with an intact uterus were randomized to receive either 2mg E4 or 2mg estradiol-valerate (E2V) for 28days. Subsequent dose-escalation groups (non-randomized) were: 10mg E4 (intact uterus and ≥35 hot flushes/week); and 20mg and 40mg E4 (hysterectomized subjects). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Adverse events (AEs) and vaginal cytology were evaluated in all treatment groups; hot flushes/sweating and endometrial proliferation were analyzed with 2 and 10mg E4 and 2mg E2V. RESULTS Estetrol appeared to be safe, without serious drug-related AEs. In all the groups there was a clear shift from parabasal to superficial vaginal cells, indicating an estrogenic effect and a potential for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy. The endometrial thickness remained stable in the 2mg E4 group and increased with E2V and 10mg E4. A decrease in the mean number of hot flushes and sweating was seen with 2 and 10mg E4 and 2mg E2V. CONCLUSIONS Estetrol in a dose range of 2-40mg per day improved vaginal cytology and vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Endometrial proliferation occurred with the 10mg dose. Estetrol seems a safe and suitable candidate to develop further for hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Gérard C, Mestdagt M, Tskitishvili E, Communal L, Gompel A, Silva E, Arnal JF, Lenfant F, Noel A, Foidart JM, Péqueux C. Combined estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of estetrol on breast cancer may provide a safe therapeutic window for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17621-36. [PMID: 26056044 PMCID: PMC4627333 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased risk of breast cancer is a critical side effect associated with the use of a menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen produced by the human fetal liver and is a promising compound for clinical use in MHT. However, its impact on breast cancer is controversial and poorly defined. In this preclinical study, we show that E4 acts as a weak estrogen by stimulating the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancer only at concentrations exceeding menopausal therapeutic needs. E4 presents also an antitumor activity by decreasing the strong proliferative effect of estradiol (E2). While estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the predominant receptor mediating its effects, the dual weak-estrogenic/anti-estrogenic feature of E4 results from differential signaling pathways activation. Both nuclear and rapid extra-nuclear signaling pathway are necessary for a complete estrogenic effect of E4. However, the antitumor action of E4 is not due to a capacity to antagonize E2-induced nuclear activity. Altogether, our results highlight that E4 has a limited impact on breast cancer and may offer a safe therapeutic window for the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Gérard
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Mestdagt
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ekaterine Tskitishvili
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laudine Communal
- Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, Paris Descartes University, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Paris, France
| | - Anne Gompel
- Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, Paris Descartes University, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Paris, France.,INSERM U938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris
| | - Elisabete Silva
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, University of Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, University of Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christel Péqueux
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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22
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Montt-Guevara MM, Shortrede JE, Giretti MS, Giannini A, Mannella P, Russo E, Genazzani AD, Simoncini T. Androgens Regulate T47D Cells Motility and Invasion through Actin Cytoskeleton Remodeling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:136. [PMID: 27746764 PMCID: PMC5043384 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between androgens and breast cancer is controversial. Androgens have complex effects on breast cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in approximately 70 to 90% of invasive breast carcinomas, which has prognostic relevance in basal-like cancers and in triple-negative breast cancers. Recent studies have associated the actin-binding proteins of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family with metastasis in endocrine-sensitive cancers. We studied on T47D breast cancer cells whether androgens with different characteristics, such as testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may regulate breast cancer cell motility and invasion through the control of actin remodeling. We demonstrate that androgens promote migration and invasion in T47D via Moesin activation. We show that T and DHEA exert their actions via the AR and estrogen receptor (ER), while the non-aromatizable androgen - DHT - only recruits AR. We further report that androgen induced significant changes in actin organization with pseudopodia along with membrane ruffles formation, and this process is mediated by Moesin. Our work identifies novel mechanisms of action of androgens on breast cancer cells. Through the modulation of Moesin, androgens alter the architecture of cytoskeleton in T47D breast cancer cell and promote cell migration and invasion. These results could help to understand the biological actions of androgens on breast cancer and, eventually, to develop new strategies for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magdalena Montt-Guevara
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jorge Eduardo Shortrede
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Giretti
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Giannini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Mannella
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro David Genazzani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Gynecological Endocrinology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Simoncini,
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23
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Kiyama R, Wada-Kiyama Y. Estrogenic endocrine disruptors: Molecular mechanisms of action. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:11-40. [PMID: 26073844 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of more than 450 estrogenic chemicals including estrogenic endocrine disruptors is provided here to understand the complex and profound impact of estrogen action. First, estrogenic chemicals are categorized by structure as well as their applications, usage and effects. Second, estrogenic signaling is examined by the molecular mechanism based on the receptors, signaling pathways, crosstalk/bypassing and autocrine/paracrine/homeostatic networks involved in the signaling. Third, evaluation of estrogen action is discussed by focusing on the technologies and protocols of the assays for assessing estrogenicity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of estrogen action is important to assess the action of endocrine disruptors and will be used for risk management based on pathway-based toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoiti Kiyama
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Yuko Wada-Kiyama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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24
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Abot A, Fontaine C, Buscato M, Solinhac R, Flouriot G, Fabre A, Drougard A, Rajan S, Laine M, Milon A, Muller I, Henrion D, Adlanmerini M, Valéra MC, Gompel A, Gerard C, Péqueux C, Mestdagt M, Raymond-Letron I, Knauf C, Ferriere F, Valet P, Gourdy P, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA, Lenfant F, Greene GL, Foidart JM, Arnal JF. The uterine and vascular actions of estetrol delineate a distinctive profile of estrogen receptor α modulation, uncoupling nuclear and membrane activation. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1328-46. [PMID: 25214462 PMCID: PMC4287935 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen with a long half-life produced only by the human fetal liver during pregnancy. The crystal structures of the estrogen receptor α (ERα) ligand-binding domain bound to 17β-estradiol (E2) and E4 are very similar, as well as their capacity to activate the two activation functions AF-1 and AF-2 and to recruit the coactivator SRC3. In vivo administration of high doses of E4 stimulated uterine gene expression, epithelial proliferation, and prevented atheroma, three recognized nuclear ERα actions. However, E4 failed to promote endothelial NO synthase activation and acceleration of endothelial healing, two processes clearly dependent on membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS). Furthermore, E4 antagonized E2 MISS-dependent effects in endothelium but also in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. This profile of ERα activation by E4, uncoupling nuclear and membrane activation, characterizes E4 as a selective ER modulator which could have medical applications that should now be considered further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Abot
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mélissa Buscato
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Solinhac
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Flouriot
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail, IRSET, INSERM U1085, Team TREC, Biosit, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
| | - Aurélie Fabre
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Drougard
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Shyamala Rajan
- Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Muriel Laine
- Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alain Milon
- CNRS and Université de Toulouse, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Daniel Henrion
- INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6214, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Valéra
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Gompel
- APHP, Unité de Gynécologie Endocrinienne, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Céline Gerard
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-cancer), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Christel Péqueux
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-cancer), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Mélanie Mestdagt
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-cancer), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | | | - Claude Knauf
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - François Ferriere
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail, IRSET, INSERM U1085, Team TREC, Biosit, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Biology and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Biology and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Geoffrey L Greene
- Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-cancer), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, Toulouse, France
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25
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Montt-Guevara MM, Giretti MS, Russo E, Giannini A, Mannella P, Genazzani AR, Genazzani AD, Simoncini T. Estetrol Modulates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Human Endothelial Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:111. [PMID: 26257704 PMCID: PMC4510430 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Estetrol (E4) is a natural human estrogen that is present at high concentrations during pregnancy. E4 has been reported to act as an endogenous estrogen receptor modulator, exerting estrogenic actions on the endometrium or the central nervous system but presenting antagonistic effects on the breast. Due to these characteristics, E4 is currently being developed for a number of clinical applications, including contraception and menopausal hormone therapy. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is a key player for vascular function and disease during pregnancy and throughout aging in women. Endothelial NO is an established target of estrogens that enhance its formation in human endothelial cells. We here addressed the effects of E4 on the activity and expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). E4 stimulated the activation of eNOS and NO secretion in HUVEC. E4 was significantly less effective compared to E2, and a peculiar concentration-dependent effect was found, with higher amounts of E4 being less effective than lower concentrations. When E2 was combined with E4, an interesting pattern was noted. E4 antagonized NO synthesis induced by pregnancy-like E2 concentrations. However, E4 did not impede the modest induction of NO synthesis associated with postmenopausal-like E2 levels. These results support the hypothesis that E4 may be a regulator of NO synthesis in endothelial cells and raise questions on its peculiar signaling in this context. Our results may be useful to interpret the role of E4 during human pregnancy and possibly to help develop this interesting steroid for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magdalena Montt-Guevara
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Giretti
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Giannini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Mannella
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Riccardo Genazzani
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Simoncini, Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, Pisa 56100, Italy,
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26
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da Silva PL, do Amaral VC, Gabrielli V, Montt Guevara MM, Mannella P, Baracat EC, Soares-Jr JM, Simoncini T. Prolactin Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Migration through Actin Cytoskeleton Remodeling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:186. [PMID: 26733941 PMCID: PMC4681777 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of prolactin on breast cancer development and progression is debated. Breast cancer progression largely depends on cell movement and on the ability to remodel the actin cytoskeleton. In this process, actin-binding proteins are requested to achieve fibrillar actin de-polymerization and relocation at the cell membrane. Kinases such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are later required to form actin/vinculin-enriched structures called focal adhesion complexes, which mediate firm adhesion to the extracellular matrix. These controllers are regulated by c-Src, which forms multiprotein signaling complexes with membrane receptors and is regulated by a number of hormones, including -prolactin. We here show that breast cancer cells exposed to prolactin display an elevated c-Src expression and phosphorylation. In parallel, increased moesin and FAK expression and phosphorylation are found. These molecular changes are associated to relocation to the plasma membrane of cytoskeletal actin fibers and to increased horizontal cell movement. In conclusion, prolactin regulates actin remodeling and enhances breast cancer cell movement. This finding broadens the understanding of prolactin actions on breast cancer cells, highlighting new pathways that may be relevant to on breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Ludovico da Silva
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Gynecology (LIM58), Discipline of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Cestari do Amaral
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Health Sciences Institute (ICS), Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valentina Gabrielli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Mannella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Gynecology (LIM58), Discipline of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Maria Soares-Jr
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Gynecology (LIM58), Discipline of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Simoncini,
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