1
|
Martins ARP, Warren NB, McMillan WO, Barrett RDH. Spatiotemporal dynamics in butterfly hybrid zones. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:328-353. [PMID: 37596954 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating whether hybrid zones are stable or mobile can provide novel insights for evolution and conservation biology. Butterflies exhibit high sensitivity to environmental changes and represent an important model system for the study of hybrid zone origins and maintenance. Here, we review the literature exploring butterfly hybrid zones, with a special focus on their spatiotemporal dynamics and the potential mechanisms that could lead to their movement or stability. We then compare different lines of evidence used to investigate hybrid zone dynamics and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Our goal with this review is to reveal general conditions associated with the stability or mobility of butterfly hybrid zones by synthesizing evidence obtained using different types of data sampled across multiple regions and spatial scales. Finally, we discuss spatiotemporal dynamics in the context of a speciation/divergence continuum, the relevance of hybrid zones for conservation biology, and recommend key topics for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda R Pereira Martins
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama City, Panama
| | - Natalie B Warren
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama City, Panama
| | - Rowan D H Barrett
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tunström K, Woronik A, Hanly JJ, Rastas P, Chichvarkhin A, Warren AD, Kawahara AY, Schoville SD, Ficarrotta V, Porter AH, Watt WB, Martin A, Wheat CW. Evidence for a single, ancient origin of a genus-wide alternative life history strategy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq3713. [PMID: 36947619 PMCID: PMC10032607 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary origins and factors maintaining alternative life history strategies (ALHS) within species is a major goal of evolutionary research. While alternative alleles causing discrete ALHS are expected to purge or fix over time, one-third of the ~90 species of Colias butterflies are polymorphic for a female-limited ALHS called Alba. Whether Alba arose once, evolved in parallel, or has been exchanged among taxa is currently unknown. Using comparative genome-wide association study (GWAS) and population genomic analyses, we placed the genetic basis of Alba in time-calibrated phylogenomic framework, revealing that Alba evolved once near the base of the genus and has been subsequently maintained via introgression and balancing selection. CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis was then used to verify a putative cis-regulatory region of Alba, which we identified using phylogenetic foot printing. We hypothesize that this cis-regulatory region acts as a modular enhancer for the induction of the Alba ALHS, which has likely facilitated its long evolutionary persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Tunström
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alyssa Woronik
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT, USA
| | - Joseph J. Hanly
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anton Chichvarkhin
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo 17, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Andrew D. Warren
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sean D. Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vincent Ficarrotta
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adam H. Porter
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ward B. Watt
- Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - Arnaud Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Van Belleghem SM, Ruggieri AA, Concha C, Livraghi L, Hebberecht L, Rivera ES, Ogilvie JG, Hanly JJ, Warren IA, Planas S, Ortiz-Ruiz Y, Reed R, Lewis JJ, Jiggins CD, Counterman BA, McMillan WO, Papa R. High level of novelty under the hood of convergent evolution. Science 2023; 379:1043-1049. [PMID: 36893249 PMCID: PMC11000492 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the extent to which species use homologous regulatory architectures to achieve phenotypic convergence. By characterizing chromatin accessibility and gene expression in developing wing tissues, we compared the regulatory architecture of convergence between a pair of mimetic butterfly species. Although a handful of color pattern genes are known to be involved in their convergence, our data suggest that different mutational paths underlie the integration of these genes into wing pattern development. This is supported by a large fraction of accessible chromatin being exclusive to each species, including the de novo lineage-specific evolution of a modular optix enhancer. These findings may be explained by a high level of developmental drift and evolutionary contingency that occurs during the independent evolution of mimicry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Van Belleghem
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angelo A. Ruggieri
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Carolina Concha
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Luca Livraghi
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Laura Hebberecht
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edgardo Santiago Rivera
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Department of Biomaterials, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - James G. Ogilvie
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Joseph J. Hanly
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ian A. Warren
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvia Planas
- Molecular Sciences and Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Yadira Ortiz-Ruiz
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
- Molecular Sciences and Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Robert Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James J. Lewis
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - W. Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Riccardo Papa
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
- Molecular Sciences and Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valette T, Leitwein M, Lascaux JM, Desmarais E, Berrebi P, Guinand B. Redundancy analysis, genome-wide association studies and the pigmentation of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:96-118. [PMID: 36218076 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The association of molecular variants with phenotypic variation is a main issue in biology, often tackled with genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS are challenging, with increasing, but still limited, use in evolutionary biology. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) as a complimentary ordination approach to single- and multitrait GWAS to explore the molecular basis of pigmentation variation in brown trout (Salmo trutta) belonging to wild populations impacted by hatchery fish. Based on 75,684 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, RDA, single- and multitrait GWAS allowed the extraction of 337 independent colour patterning loci (CPLs) associated with trout pigmentation traits, such as the number of red and black spots on flanks. Collectively, these CPLs (i) mapped onto 35 out of 40 brown trout linkage groups indicating a polygenic genomic architecture of pigmentation, (ii) were found to be associated with 218 candidate genes, including 197 genes formerly mentioned in the literature associated to skin pigmentation, skin patterning, differentiation or structure notably in a close relative, the rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), and (iii) related to functions relevant to pigmentation variation (e.g., calcium- and ion-binding, cell adhesion). Annotated CPLs include genes with well-known pigmentation effects (e.g., PMEL, SLC45A2, SOX10), but also markers associated with genes formerly found expressed in rainbow or brown trout skins. RDA was also shown to be useful to investigate management issues, especially the dynamics of trout pigmentation submitted to several generations of hatchery introgression.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liao IT, Rifkin JL, Cao G, Rausher MD. Modularity and selection of nectar traits in the evolution of the selfing syndrome in Ipomoea lacunosa (Convolvulaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1505-1519. [PMID: 34783034 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the evolution of the selfing syndrome often involves reductions in floral size, pollen and nectar, few studies of selfing syndrome divergence have examined nectar. We investigate whether nectar traits have evolved independently of other floral size traits in the selfing syndrome, whether nectar traits diverged due to drift or selection, and the extent to which quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses predict genetic correlations. We use F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from a cross between Ipomoea cordatotriloba and Ipomoea lacunosa. We calculate genetic correlations to identify evolutionary modules, test whether trait divergence was due to selection, identify QTLs and perform correlation analyses to evaluate how well QTL properties reflect genetic correlations. Nectar and floral size traits form separate evolutionary modules. Selection has acted to reduce nectar traits in the selfing I. lacunosa. Genetic correlations predicted from QTL properties are consistent with observed genetic correlations. Changes in floral traits associated with the selfing syndrome reflect independent evolution of at least two evolutionary modules: nectar and floral size traits. We also demonstrate directional selection on nectar traits, which is likely to be independent of selection on floral size traits. Our study also supports the expected mechanistic link between QTL properties and genetic correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene T Liao
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Joanna L Rifkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gongyuan Cao
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Mark D Rausher
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Livraghi L, Hanly JJ, Van Bellghem SM, Montejo-Kovacevich G, van der Heijden ESM, Loh LS, Ren A, Warren IA, Lewis JJ, Concha C, Hebberecht L, Wright CJ, Walker JM, Foley J, Goldberg ZH, Arenas-Castro H, Salazar C, Perry MW, Papa R, Martin A, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD. Cortex cis-regulatory switches establish scale colour identity and pattern diversity in Heliconius. eLife 2021; 10:e68549. [PMID: 34280087 PMCID: PMC8289415 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Heliconius butterflies, wing colour pattern diversity and scale types are controlled by a few genes of large effect that regulate colour pattern switches between morphs and species across a large mimetic radiation. One of these genes, cortex, has been repeatedly associated with colour pattern evolution in butterflies. Here we carried out CRISPR knockouts in multiple Heliconius species and show that cortex is a major determinant of scale cell identity. Chromatin accessibility profiling and introgression scans identified cis-regulatory regions associated with discrete phenotypic switches. CRISPR perturbation of these regions in black hindwing genotypes recreated a yellow bar, revealing their spatially limited activity. In the H. melpomene/timareta lineage, the candidate CRE from yellow-barred phenotype morphs is interrupted by a transposable element, suggesting that cis-regulatory structural variation underlies these mimetic adaptations. Our work shows that cortex functionally controls scale colour fate and that its cis-regulatory regions control a phenotypic switch in a modular and pattern-specific fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Livraghi
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St.CambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteGamboaPanama
| | - Joseph J Hanly
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St.CambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteGamboaPanama
- The George Washington University Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering HallWashingtonUnited States
| | - Steven M Van Bellghem
- Department of Biology, Centre for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, University of Puerto RicoRio PiedrasPuerto Rico
| | | | - Eva SM van der Heijden
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St.CambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteGamboaPanama
| | - Ling Sheng Loh
- The George Washington University Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering HallWashingtonUnited States
| | - Anna Ren
- The George Washington University Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering HallWashingtonUnited States
| | - Ian A Warren
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St.CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - James J Lewis
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | | | - Laura Hebberecht
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St.CambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteGamboaPanama
| | - Charlotte J Wright
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St.CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonah M Walker
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St.CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Zachary H Goldberg
- Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, UC San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | | | - Camilo Salazar
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
| | - Michael W Perry
- Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, UC San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Riccardo Papa
- Department of Biology, Centre for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, University of Puerto RicoRio PiedrasPuerto Rico
| | - Arnaud Martin
- The George Washington University Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering HallWashingtonUnited States
| | | | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St.CambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteGamboaPanama
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Van Belleghem SM, Lewis JJ, Rivera ES, Papa R. Heliconius butterflies: a window into the evolution and development of diversity. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:72-81. [PMID: 33714874 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Butterflies have become prominent models for studying the evolution and development of phenotypic variation. In Heliconius, extraordinary within species divergence and between species convergence in wing color patterns has driven decades of comparative genetic studies. However, connecting genetic patterns of diversification to the molecular mechanisms of adaptation has remained elusive. Recent studies are bridging this gap between genome and function and have driven substantial advances in deciphering the genetic architecture of diversification in Heliconius. While only a handful of large-effect genes were initially identified in the diversification of Heliconius color patterns, recent experiments have begun to unravel the underlying gene regulatory networks and how these have evolved. These results reveal an evolutionary story of many interacting loci and partly independent genetic architectures that underlie convergent evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James J Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edgardo S Rivera
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Chairs of Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Bayern, Germany
| | - Riccardo Papa
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Molecular Sciences and Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kittelmann S, Preger-Ben Noon E, McGregor AP, Frankel N. A complex gene regulatory architecture underlies the development and evolution of cuticle morphology in Drosophila. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:21-27. [PMID: 33529925 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cuticle of insects is decorated with non-sensory hairs called trichomes. A few Drosophila species independently lost most of the dorso-lateral trichomes on first instar larvae. Genetic experiments revealed that this naked cuticle phenotype was caused by the evolution of enhancer function at the ovo/shavenbaby (ovo/svb) locus. Here we explore how this discovery catalyzed major new insights into morphological evolution in different developmental contexts, enhancer pleiotropy in gene regulation and the functionality and evolution of the Svb gene regulatory network (GRN). Taken together this highlights the importance of understanding the architecture and evolution of gene regulatory networks in detail and the great potential for further study of the Svb GRN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kittelmann
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Ella Preger-Ben Noon
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Alistair P McGregor
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolás Frankel
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (FCEyN, UBA), Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Morris J, Hanly JJ, Martin SH, Van Belleghem SM, Salazar C, Jiggins CD, Dasmahapatra KK. Deep Convergence, Shared Ancestry, and Evolutionary Novelty in the Genetic Architecture of Heliconius Mimicry. Genetics 2020; 216:765-780. [PMID: 32883703 PMCID: PMC7648585 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent evolution can occur through different genetic mechanisms in different species. It is now clear that convergence at the genetic level is also widespread, and can be caused by either (i) parallel genetic evolution, where independently evolved convergent mutations arise in different populations or species, or (ii) collateral evolution in which shared ancestry results from either ancestral polymorphism or introgression among taxa. The adaptive radiation of Heliconius butterflies shows color pattern variation within species, as well as mimetic convergence between species. Using comparisons from across multiple hybrid zones, we use signals of shared ancestry to identify and refine multiple putative regulatory elements in Heliconius melpomene and its comimics, Heliconius elevatus and Heliconius besckei, around three known major color patterning genes: optix, WntA, and cortex While we find that convergence between H. melpomene and H. elevatus is caused by a complex history of collateral evolution via introgression in the Amazon, convergence between these species in the Guianas appears to have evolved independently. Thus, we find adaptive convergent genetic evolution to be a key driver of regulatory changes that lead to rapid phenotypic changes. Furthermore, we uncover evidence of parallel genetic evolution at some loci around optix and WntA in H. melpomene and its distant comimic Heliconius erato Ultimately, we show that all three of convergence, conservation, and novelty underlie the modular architecture of Heliconius color pattern mimicry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Morris
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph J Hanly
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon H Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Steven M Van Belleghem
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|