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Ballout F, Lu H, Bhat N, Chen L, Peng D, Chen Z, Chen S, Sun X, Giordano S, Corso S, Zaika A, McDonald O, Livingstone AS, El-Rifai W. Targeting SMAD3 Improves Response to Oxaliplatin in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Models by Impeding DNA Repair. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:2193-2205. [PMID: 38592373 PMCID: PMC11096039 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-24-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE TGFβ signaling is implicated in the progression of most cancers, including esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Emerging evidence indicates that TGFβ signaling is a key factor in the development of resistance toward cancer therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, we developed patient-derived organoids and patient-derived xenograft models of EAC and performed bioinformatics analysis combined with functional genetics to investigate the role of SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3) in EAC resistance to oxaliplatin. RESULTS Chemotherapy nonresponding patients showed enrichment of SMAD3 gene expression when compared with responders. In a randomized patient-derived xenograft experiment, SMAD3 inhibition in combination with oxaliplatin effectively diminished tumor burden by impeding DNA repair. SMAD3 interacted directly with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a key regulator of the DNA damage repair protein ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). SMAD3 inhibition diminished ATM phosphorylation by enhancing the binding of PP2A to ATM, causing excessive levels of DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify SMAD3 as a promising therapeutic target for future combination strategies for the treatment of patients with EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Ballout
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Heng Lu
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Nadeem Bhat
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Dunfa Peng
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Steven Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiaodian Sun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Corso
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
| | - Alexander Zaika
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Oliver McDonald
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Alan S. Livingstone
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA
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Plowman JN, Matoy EJ, Uppala LV, Draves SB, Watson CJ, Sefranek BA, Stacey ML, Anderson SP, Belshan MA, Blue EE, Huff CD, Fu Y, Stessman HAF. Targeted sequencing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in BRCA1/2-negative families reveals complex genetic architecture and phenocopies. HGG ADVANCES 2024; 5:100306. [PMID: 38734904 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of breast cancer cases are attributed to increased family risk, yet variation in BRCA1/2 can only explain 20%-25% of cases. Historically, only single gene or single variant testing were common in at-risk family members, and further sequencing studies were rarely offered after negative results. In this study, we applied an efficient and inexpensive targeted sequencing approach to provide molecular diagnoses in 245 human samples representing 134 BRCA mutation-negative (BRCAX) hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) families recruited from 1973 to 2019 by Dr. Henry Lynch. Sequencing identified 391 variants, which were functionally annotated and ranked based on their predicted clinical impact. Known pathogenic CHEK2 breast cancer variants were identified in five BRCAX families in this study. While BRCAX was an inclusion criterion for this study, we still identified a pathogenic BRCA2 variant (p.Met192ValfsTer13) in one family. A portion of BRCAX families could be explained by other hereditary cancer syndromes that increase HBOC risk: Li-Fraumeni syndrome (gene: TP53) and Lynch syndrome (gene: MSH6). Interestingly, many families carried additional variants of undetermined significance (VOUSs) that may further modify phenotypes of syndromic family members. Ten families carried more than one potential VOUS, suggesting the presence of complex multi-variant families. Overall, nine BRCAX HBOC families in our study may be explained by known likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants, and six families carried potential VOUSs, which require further functional testing. To address this, we developed a functional assay where we successfully re-classified one family's PMS2 VOUS as benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn N Plowman
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Evanjalina J Matoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Lavanya V Uppala
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Samantha B Draves
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Cynthia J Watson
- Creighton University Core Facilities, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Bridget A Sefranek
- Creighton University Core Facilities, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Mark L Stacey
- Creighton University Core Facilities, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Samuel P Anderson
- Creighton University Core Facilities, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Michael A Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Blue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yusi Fu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Holly A F Stessman
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; Creighton University Core Facilities, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Usluer S, Galhuber M, Khanna Y, Bourgeois B, Spreitzer E, Michenthaler H, Prokesch A, Madl T. Disordered regions mediate the interaction of p53 and MRE11. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119654. [PMID: 38123020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The genome is frequently targeted by genotoxic agents, resulting in the formation of DNA scars. However, cells employ diverse repair mechanisms to restore DNA integrity. Among these processes, the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex detects double-strand breaks (DSBs) and recruits DNA damage response proteins such as ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase to DNA damage sites. ATM phosphorylates the transactivation domain (TAD) of the p53 tumor suppressor, which in turn regulates DNA repair, growth arrest, apoptosis, and senescence following DNA damage. The disordered glycine-arginine-rich (GAR) domain of double-strand break protein MRE11 (MRE11GAR) and its methylation are important for DSB repair, and localization to Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). There is preliminary evidence that p53, PML protein, and MRE11 might co-localize and interact at DSB sites. To uncover the molecular details of these interactions, we aimed to identify the domains mediating the p53-MRE11 interaction and to elucidate the regulation of the p53-MRE11 interaction by post-translational modifications (PTMs) through a combination of biophysical techniques. We discovered that, in vitro, p53 binds directly to MRE11GAR mainly through p53TAD2 and that phosphorylation further enhances this interaction. Furthermore, we found that MRE11GAR methylation still allows for binding to p53. Overall, we demonstrated that p53 and MRE11 interaction is facilitated by disordered regions. We provide for the first time insight into the molecular details of the p53-MRE11 complex formation and elucidate potential regulatory mechanisms that will promote our understanding of the DNA damage response. Our findings suggest that PTMs regulate the p53-MRE11 interaction and subsequently their colocalization to PML-NBs upon DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Usluer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Research Unit Integrative Structural Biology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Galhuber
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Yukti Khanna
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Research Unit Integrative Structural Biology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Benjamin Bourgeois
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Research Unit Integrative Structural Biology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Emil Spreitzer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Research Unit Integrative Structural Biology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Helene Michenthaler
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria.
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Karakostis K, Malbert-Colas L, Thermou A, Vojtesek B, Fåhraeus R. The DNA damage sensor ATM kinase interacts with the p53 mRNA and guides the DNA damage response pathway. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:21. [PMID: 38263180 PMCID: PMC10804554 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ATM kinase constitutes a master regulatory hub of DNA damage and activates the p53 response pathway by phosphorylating the MDM2 protein, which develops an affinity for the p53 mRNA secondary structure. Disruption of this interaction prevents the activation of the nascent p53. The link of the MDM2 protein-p53 mRNA interaction with the upstream DNA damage sensor ATM kinase and the role of the p53 mRNA in the DNA damage sensing mechanism, are still highly anticipated. METHODS The proximity ligation assay (PLA) has been extensively used to reveal the sub-cellular localisation of the protein-mRNA and protein-protein interactions. ELISA and co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the interactions in vitro and in cells. RESULTS This study provides a novel mechanism whereby the p53 mRNA interacts with the ATM kinase enzyme and shows that the L22L synonymous mutant, known to alter the secondary structure of the p53 mRNA, prevents the interaction. The relevant mechanistic roles in the DNA Damage Sensing pathway, which is linked to downstream DNA damage response, are explored. Following DNA damage (double-stranded DNA breaks activating ATM), activated MDMX protein competes the ATM-p53 mRNA interaction and prevents the association of the p53 mRNA with NBS1 (MRN complex). These data also reveal the binding domains and the phosphorylation events on ATM that regulate the interaction and the trafficking of the complex to the cytoplasm. CONCLUSION The presented model shows a novel interaction of ATM with the p53 mRNA and describes the link between DNA Damage Sensing with the downstream p53 activation pathways; supporting the rising functional implications of synonymous mutations altering secondary mRNA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Karakostis
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris Cité Université, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France.
- Institut de Biotecnologia I de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Laurence Malbert-Colas
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris Cité Université, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France
| | - Aikaterini Thermou
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris Cité Université, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris Cité Université, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France.
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, 90185, Sweden.
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5
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Martin-Folgar R, Sabroso C, Cañas-Portilla AI, Torres-Ruíz M, González-Caballero MC, Dorado H, Velasco I, Morales M. DNA damage and molecular level effects induced by polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics (NPs) after Chironomus riparius (Diptera) larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140552. [PMID: 37914044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we analyzed the early molecular effects of polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics (NPs) on an aquatic primary consumer (larvae of Chironomus riparius, Diptera) to evaluate their potential DNA damage and the transcriptional response of different genes related to cellular and oxidative stress, endocrine response, developmental, oxygen transport, and immune response. After 24-h exposures of larvae to doses of PS NPs close to those currently found in the environment, the results revealed a large genotoxic effect. This end was evidenced after significant increases in DNA strand breaks of C. riparius larvae quantified by the comet assay, together with results obtained when analyzing the expression of four genes involved in DNA repair (xrrc1, ATM, DECAY and NLK) and which were reduced in the presence of these nanomaterials. Consequently, this reduction trend is likely to prevent the repair of DNA damage caused by PS NPs. In addition, the same tendency to reduce the expression of genes involved in cellular stress, oxidative stress, ecdysone pathway, development, and oxygen transport was observed. Taken together, these results suggest that PS NPs reduce the expression of hormonal target genes and a developmental gene. We show, for the first time, effects of PS NPs on the endocrine system of C. riparius and suggest a possible mechanism of blocking ecdysteroid hormones in insects. Moreover, the NPs were able to inhibit the expression of hemoglobin (Hb C), a protein involved in oxygen transport, and activate a gene of the humoral immune system. These data reveal for the first time the genomic effects of PS NPs in the aquatic invertebrate C. riparius, at the base of the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martin-Folgar
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Avda. Esparta s/n Las Rozas, (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Celia Sabroso
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Avda. Esparta s/n Las Rozas, (Madrid), Spain
| | - Ana I Cañas-Portilla
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., 28220, Majadahonda, (Madrid), Spain
| | - Mónica Torres-Ruíz
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., 28220, Majadahonda, (Madrid), Spain
| | - Mª Carmen González-Caballero
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., 28220, Majadahonda, (Madrid), Spain
| | - Helena Dorado
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Avda. Esparta s/n Las Rozas, (Madrid), Spain
| | - Ignacio Velasco
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Avda. Esparta s/n Las Rozas, (Madrid), Spain
| | - Mónica Morales
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Avda. Esparta s/n Las Rozas, (Madrid), Spain.
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Trejo-Solis C, Silva-Adaya D, Serrano-García N, Magaña-Maldonado R, Jimenez-Farfan D, Ferreira-Guerrero E, Cruz-Salgado A, Castillo-Rodriguez RA. Role of Glycolytic and Glutamine Metabolism Reprogramming on the Proliferation, Invasion, and Apoptosis Resistance through Modulation of Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17633. [PMID: 38139462 PMCID: PMC10744281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma cells exhibit genetic and metabolic alterations that affect the deregulation of several cellular signal transduction pathways, including those related to glucose metabolism. Moreover, oncogenic signaling pathways induce the expression of metabolic genes, increasing the metabolic enzyme activities and thus the critical biosynthetic pathways to generate nucleotides, amino acids, and fatty acids, which provide energy and metabolic intermediates that are essential to accomplish the biosynthetic needs of glioma cells. In this review, we aim to explore how dysregulated metabolic enzymes and their metabolites from primary metabolism pathways in glioblastoma (GBM) such as glycolysis and glutaminolysis modulate anabolic and catabolic metabolic pathways as well as pro-oncogenic signaling and contribute to the formation, survival, growth, and malignancy of glioma cells. Also, we discuss promising therapeutic strategies by targeting the key players in metabolic regulation. Therefore, the knowledge of metabolic reprogramming is necessary to fully understand the biology of malignant gliomas to improve patient survival significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solis
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Norma Serrano-García
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Roxana Magaña-Maldonado
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Elizabeth Ferreira-Guerrero
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.F.-G.); (A.C.-S.)
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.F.-G.); (A.C.-S.)
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Alvarez JG, García-Peiró A, Barros A, Ferraz L, Sousa M, Sakkas D. Double strand DNA breaks in sperm: the bad guy in the crowd. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:745-751. [PMID: 36823317 PMCID: PMC10224897 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objective of this opinion paper was to bring to light and enhance our understanding of the amount of double-strand DNA breaks in sperm and whether there is a threshold of no return when considering repair by the oocyte/embryo. METHODS A brief review of literature related to the theories proposed for the appearance of double-strand breaks in human spermatozoa. Further commentary regarding their detection, how oocytes or embryos may deal with them, and what are the consequences if they are not repaired. Finally, a strategy for dealing with patients who have higher levels of double-strand DNA breaks in sperm is proposed by reviewing and presenting data using testicular extracted sperm. RESULTS We propose a theory that a threshold may exist in the oocyte that allows either complete or partial DNA repair of impaired sperm. The closer that an embryo is exposed to the threshold, the more the effect on the ensuing embryo will fail to reach various milestones, including blastocyst stage, implantation, pregnancy loss, an adverse delivery outcome, or offspring health. We also present a summary of the role that testicular sperm extraction may play in improving outcomes for couples in which the male has a high double-strand DNA break level in his sperm. CONCLUSIONS Double-strand DNA breaks in sperm provide a greater stress on repair mechanisms and challenge the threshold of repair in oocytes. It is therefore imperative that we improve our understanding and diagnostic ability of sperm DNA, and in particular, how double-strand DNA breaks originate and how an oocyte or embryo is able to deal with them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agustin García-Peiró
- Centro de Infertilidad Masculina y Análisis de Barcelona (CIMAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Barros
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Genética da Reprodução Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Ferraz
- Department of Urology, Hospital Centre of Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Unit 1, Rua Conceição Fernandes 1079, 4434-502 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Mário Sousa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine/ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Frangiamone M, Lozano M, Cimbalo A, Font G, Manyes L. AFB1 and OTA Promote Immune Toxicity in Human LymphoBlastic T Cells at Transcriptomic Level. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020259. [PMID: 36673351 PMCID: PMC9858301 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are typical contaminants of food and feed, which have serious implications for human and animal health, even at low concentrations. Therefore, a transcriptomic study was carried out to analyze gene expression changes triggered by low doses of AFB1 and OTA (100 nM; 7 days), individually and combined, in human lymphoblastic T cells. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that AFB1-exposure resulted in 99 differential gene expressions (DEGs), while 77 DEGs were obtained in OTA-exposure and 3236 DEGs in the combined one. Overall, 16% of human genome expression was altered. Gene ontology analysis revealed, for all studied conditions, biological processes and molecular functions typically associated with the immune system. PathVisio analysis pointed to ataxia telangiectasia mutated signaling as the most significantly altered pathway in AFB1-exposure, glycolysis in OTA-exposure, and ferroptosis in the mixed condition (Z-score > 1.96; adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05). Thus, the results demonstrated the potential DNA damage caused by AFB1, the possible metabolic reprogramming promoted by OTA, and the plausible cell death with oxidative stress prompted by the mixed exposure. They may be considered viable mechanisms of action to promote immune toxicity in vitro.
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Barzilai A, Mitiagin Y. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated plays an important role in cerebellar integrity and functionality. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:497-502. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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Kontandreopoulou CN, Kalopisis K, Viniou NA, Diamantopoulos P. The genetics of myelodysplastic syndromes and the opportunities for tailored treatments. Front Oncol 2022; 12:989483. [PMID: 36338673 PMCID: PMC9630842 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.989483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability, microenvironmental aberrations, and somatic mutations contribute to the phenotype of myelodysplastic syndrome and the risk for transformation to AML. Genes involved in RNA splicing, DNA methylation, histone modification, the cohesin complex, transcription, DNA damage response pathway, signal transduction and other pathways constitute recurrent mutational targets in MDS. RNA-splicing and DNA methylation mutations seem to occur early and are reported as driver mutations in over 50% of MDS patients. The improved understanding of the molecular landscape of MDS has led to better disease and risk classification, leading to novel therapeutic opportunities. Based on these findings, novel agents are currently under preclinical and clinical development and expected to improve the clinical outcome of patients with MDS in the upcoming years. This review provides a comprehensive update of the normal gene function as well as the impact of mutations in the pathogenesis, deregulation, diagnosis, and prognosis of MDS, focuses on the most recent advances of the genetic basis of myelodysplastic syndromes and their clinical relevance, and the latest targeted therapeutic approaches including investigational and approved agents for MDS.
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11
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Saeed N, Mahjabeen I, Hakim F, Hussain MZ, Mehmood A, Nisar A, Ahmed MW, Kayani MA. Role of Chk1 gene in molecular classification and prognosis of gastric cancer using immunohistochemistry and LORD-Q assay. Future Oncol 2022; 18:2827-2841. [PMID: 35762179 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the current study was to assess the prognostic value of the Chk1 gene in the DNA damage response pathway in gastric cancer (GC). Methods: Expression levels of the Chk1 were measured in 220 GC tumor tissues and adjacent healthy/noncancerous tissues using real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Genomic instability in GC patients was measured using the long-run real-time PCR technique for DNA-damage quantification assay and comet assay. Results: Significantly downregulated expression of Chk1 was observed at the mRNA level (p < 0.0001) and protein level (p < 0.0001). Significantly increased frequency of lesions/10 kb and comets was observed in tumor tissues compared with control tissues. Conclusion: The data suggest that downregulated expression of Chk1 and positive Heliobacter pylori infection status may have prognostic significance in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Saeed
- Cancer genetics and epigenetic lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Mahjabeen
- Cancer genetics and epigenetic lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Hakim
- Department of Biochemistry, Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Azhar Mehmood
- Cancer genetics and epigenetic lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asif Nisar
- Cancer genetics and epigenetic lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Waqar Ahmed
- Cancer genetics and epigenetic lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences (PIRS), Isra University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Akhtar Kayani
- Cancer genetics and epigenetic lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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12
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GM-CSF Protects Macrophages from DNA Damage by Inducing Differentiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060935. [PMID: 35326386 PMCID: PMC8946476 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
At inflammatory loci, pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages produces large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce DNA breaks and apoptosis. Given that M-CSF and GM-CSF induce two different pathways in macrophages, one for proliferation and the other for survival, in this study we wanted to determine if these growth factors are able to protect against the DNA damage produced during macrophage activation. In macrophages treated with DNA-damaging agents we found that GM-CSF protects better against DNA damage than M-CSF. Treatment with GM-CSF resulted in faster recovery of DNA damage than treatment with M-CSF. The number of apoptotic cells induced after DNA damage was higher in the presence of M-CSF. Protection against DNA damage by GM-CSF is not related to its higher capacity to induce proliferation. GM-CSF induces differentiation markers such as CD11c and MHCII, as well as the pro-survival Bcl-2A1 protein, which make macrophages more resistant to DNA damage.
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13
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An Adenovirus early region 4 deletion mutant induces G2/M arrest via ATM activation and reduces expression of the mitotic marker phosphorylated (ser10) histone 3. Virology 2022; 565:1-12. [PMID: 34626906 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) type 5 (Ad5) early region 4 (E4) proteins inhibit the DNA damage response (DDR) including activation of the DDR kinase ATM and its substrates, which can induce G2/M cell cycle arrest. Infection with Ad5 or the E4 deletion mutant H5dl1007 (1007) resulted in the accumulation of post G1 cells with > 2 N cellular DNA content. A greater fraction of cells with 4 N DNA content was observed in 1007 infections compared to Ad5; this population was dependent on activation of ATM. G2/M checkpoint kinases, phosphorylated Chk2 (pChk2), and phosphorylated Cdk1 (pCdk1) were upregulated in 1007 infections, and 1007 showed reduced levels of the mitosis marker phosphorylated (Ser10) histone 3 compared to Ad5. Our results show that E4 mutant activation of ATM induces G2/M arrest via activation of checkpoint kinases, thereby contributing to viral-mediated regulation of the cell cycle.
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14
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Levi H, Bar E, Cohen-Adiv S, Sweitat S, Kanner S, Galron R, Mitiagin Y, Barzilai A. Dysfunction of cerebellar microglia in Ataxia-telangiectasia. Glia 2021; 70:536-557. [PMID: 34854502 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a multisystem autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the ATM gene and characterized by cerebellar atrophy, progressive ataxia, immunodeficiency, male and female sterility, radiosensitivity, cancer predisposition, growth retardation, insulin-resistant diabetes, and premature aging. ATM phosphorylates more than 1500 target proteins, which are involved in cell cycle control, DNA repair, apoptosis, modulation of chromatin structure, and other cytoplasmic as well as mitochondrial processes. In our quest to better understand the mechanisms by which ATM deficiency causes cerebellar degeneration, we hypothesized that specific vulnerabilities of cerebellar microglia underlie the etiology of A-T. Our hypothesis is based on the recent finding that dysfunction of glial cells affect a variety of process leading to impaired neuronal functionality (Song et al., 2019). Whereas astrocytes and neurons descend from the neural tube, microglia originate from the hematopoietic system, invade the brain at early embryonic stage, and become the innate immune cells of the central nervous system and important participants in development of synaptic plasticity. Here we demonstrate that microglia derived from Atm-/- mouse cerebellum display accelerated cell migration and are severely impaired in phagocytosis, secretion of neurotrophic factors, and mitochondrial activity, suggestive of apoptotic processes. Interestingly, no microglial impairment was detected in Atm-deficient cerebral cortex, and Atm deficiency had less impact on astroglia than microglia. Collectively, our findings validate the roles of glial cells in cerebellar attrition in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Levi
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ela Bar
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stav Cohen-Adiv
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Suzan Sweitat
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sivan Kanner
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Galron
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yulia Mitiagin
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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15
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Wang M, Chen S, Ao D. Targeting DNA repair pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical application. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:654-691. [PMID: 34977872 PMCID: PMC8706759 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the growing understanding on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways has broadened the therapeutic landscape in oncology. It is becoming increasingly clear that the genomic instability of cells resulted from deficient DNA damage response contributes to the occurrence of cancer. One the other hand, these defects could also be exploited as a therapeutic opportunity, which is preferentially more deleterious in tumor cells than in normal cells. An expanding repertoire of DDR-targeting agents has rapidly expanded to inhibitors of multiple members involved in DDR pathways, including PARP, ATM, ATR, CHK1, WEE1, and DNA-PK. In this review, we sought to summarize the complex network of DNA repair machinery in cancer cells and discuss the underlying mechanism for the application of DDR inhibitors in cancer. With the past preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials, we also provide an overview of the history and current landscape of DDR inhibitors in cancer treatment, with special focus on the combination of DDR-targeted therapies with other cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Danyi Ao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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16
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Alblihy A, Shoqafi A, Toss MS, Algethami M, Harris AE, Jeyapalan JN, Abdel-Fatah T, Servante J, Chan SYT, Green A, Mongan NP, Rakha EA, Madhusudan S. Untangling the clinicopathological significance of MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex in sporadic breast cancers. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:143. [PMID: 34782604 PMCID: PMC8593132 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex is critical for genomic stability. Although germline mutations in MRN may increase breast cancer susceptibility, such mutations are extremely rare. Here, we have conducted a comprehensive clinicopathological study of MRN in sporadic breast cancers. We have protein expression profiled for MRN and a panel of DNA repair factors involved in double-strand break repair (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CHK2, ATR, Chk1, pChk1, RAD51, γH2AX, RPA1, RPA2, DNA-PKcs), RECQ DNA helicases (BLM, WRN, RECQ1, RECQL4, RECQ5), nucleotide excision repair (ERCC1) and base excision repair (SMUG1, APE1, FEN1, PARP1, XRCC1, Pol β) in 1650 clinical breast cancers. The prognostic significance of MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1 transcripts and their microRNA regulators (hsa-miR-494 and hsa-miR-99b) were evaluated in large clinical datasets. Expression of MRN components was analysed in The Cancer Genome Atlas breast cancer cohort. We show that low nuclear MRN is linked to aggressive histopathological phenotypes such as high tumour grade, high mitotic index, oestrogen receptor- and high-risk Nottingham Prognostic Index. In univariate analysis, low nuclear MRE11 and low nuclear RAD50 were associated with poor survival. In multivariate analysis, low nuclear RAD50 remained independently linked with adverse clinical outcomes. Low RAD50 transcripts were also linked with reduced survival. In contrast, overexpression of hsa-miR-494 and hsa-miR-99b microRNAs was associated with poor survival. We observed large-scale genome-wide alterations in MRN-deficient tumours contributing to aggressive behaviour. We conclude that MRN status may be a useful tool to stratify tumours for precision medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Alblihy
- Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 3RD, UK
- Medical Center, King Fahad Security College (KFSC), Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Shoqafi
- Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 3RD, UK
| | - Michael S Toss
- Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 3RD, UK
- Department of Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Mashael Algethami
- Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 3RD, UK
| | - Anna E Harris
- Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 3RD, UK
| | - Jennie N Jeyapalan
- Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 3RD, UK
| | - Tarek Abdel-Fatah
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | | | - Stephen Y T Chan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew Green
- Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 3RD, UK
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 3RD, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 3RD, UK
- Department of Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 3RD, UK.
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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17
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Li HL, Deng NH, Xiao JX, He XS. Cross-link between ferroptosis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: New approach to radiotherapy sensitization. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:770. [PMID: 34589149 PMCID: PMC8442204 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered special type of regulated cell death that is strongly associated with both homeostasis maintenance and cancer development. Previous studies have indicated that a number of small-molecular agents inducing ferroptosis have great potential in the treatment of different types of cancer, including breast, pancreatic, prostate and head and neck cancer. However, the role of ferroptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has remained to be fully determined. To the best of our knowledge, no review of the currently available studies on this subject has been published to date. The metabolism and expression of specific genes that regulate ferroptosis may represent a promising radiosensitization target in cancer treatment. The aim of the present review was to describe the cross-link between ferroptosis and NPC and to discuss the potential value of regulators and the possible mechanism underlying the role of ferroptosis in the radiosensitization of NPC, in the hope that linking the mechanism of ferroptosis with the development of NPC will accelerate the development of novel ferroptosis-based targets and radiotherapy strategies in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute of Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Nian-Hua Deng
- Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute of Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Sheng He
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute of Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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18
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Factors Regulating the Activity of LINE1 Retrotransposons. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101562. [PMID: 34680956 PMCID: PMC8535693 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
LINE-1 (L1) is a class of autonomous mobile genetic elements that form somatic mosaicisms in various tissues of the organism. The activity of L1 retrotransposons is strictly controlled by many factors in somatic and germ cells at all stages of ontogenesis. Alteration of L1 activity was noted in a number of diseases: in neuropsychiatric and autoimmune diseases, as well as in various forms of cancer. Altered activity of L1 retrotransposons for some pathologies is associated with epigenetic changes and defects in the genes involved in their repression. This review discusses the molecular genetic mechanisms of the retrotransposition and regulation of the activity of L1 elements. The contribution of various factors controlling the expression and distribution of L1 elements in the genome occurs at all stages of the retrotransposition. The regulation of L1 elements at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and integration into the genome stages is described in detail. Finally, this review also focuses on the evolutionary aspects of L1 accumulation and their interplay with the host regulation system.
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19
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Abolhassani H, Wang Y, Hammarström L, Pan-Hammarström Q. Hallmarks of Cancers: Primary Antibody Deficiency Versus Other Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:720025. [PMID: 34484227 PMCID: PMC8416062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.720025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) comprise more than 450 inherited diseases, from which selected patients manifest a frequent and early incidence of malignancies, mainly lymphoma and leukemia. Primary antibody deficiency (PAD) is the most common form of IEI with the highest proportion of malignant cases. In this review, we aimed to compare the oncologic hallmarks and the molecular defects underlying PAD with other IEI entities to dissect the impact of avoiding immune destruction, genome instability, and mutation, enabling replicative immortality, tumor-promoting inflammation, resisting cell death, sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, deregulating cellular energetics, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis in these groups of patients. Moreover, some of the most promising approaches that could be clinically tested in both PAD and IEI patients were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yating Wang
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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20
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Kim H, Kim ST, Yoo KH, Hong JY, Park YS, Lim HY, Park JO. ATM Expression as a Prognostic Marker in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer Treated With First-line Gemcitabine and Platinum Chemotherapy. In Vivo 2021; 35:499-505. [PMID: 33402502 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Biliary tract cancer (BTC) has a poor prognosis due to its highly invasive and metastatic potential. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a key regulator of DNA damage response and an emerging therapeutic target; however, the association between the expression of ATM and the prognosis in advanced BTC is unknown. We aimed to identify the relationship between ATM expression, clinicopathological characteristics, and survival outcomes in patients with advanced BTC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed 113 patients with advanced BTC who received first-line gemcitabine and platinum. RESULTS The tumor location was intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IH-CCC) in 43 patients, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EH-CCC) in 49, and gallbladder (GB) cancer in 21 patients. Fifty-four patients (47.8%) exhibited loss of ATM protein expression. The overall response rate (ORR) of ATM loss and intact ATM was 13.3% and 19.6%, respectively. In a subgroup analysis, EH-CCC patients with ATM loss tended to have improved PFS after platinum-based chemotherapy compared to those with intact ATM (7.9 vs. 6.2 months, respectively; p=0.050). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that ATM loss could be a prognostic marker after platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced EH-CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyera Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwai Han Yoo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yong Hong
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Suk Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yeong Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;
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21
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Porosnicu I, Butnaru CM, Tiseanu I, Stancu E, Munteanu CVA, Bita BI, Duliu OG, Sima F. Y 2O 3 Nanoparticles and X-ray Radiation-Induced Effects in Melanoma Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113403. [PMID: 34199757 PMCID: PMC8200002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innovative strategy of using nanoparticles in radiotherapy has become an exciting topic due to the possibility of simultaneously improving local efficiency of radiation in tumors and real-time monitoring of the delivered doses. Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) are used in material science to prepare phosphors for various applications including X-ray induced photodynamic therapy and in situ nano-dosimetry, but few available reports only addressed the effect induced in cells by combined exposure to different doses of superficial X-ray radiation and nanoparticles. Herein, we analyzed changes induced in melanoma cells by exposure to different doses of X-ray radiation and various concentrations of Y2O3 NPs. By evaluation of cell mitochondrial activity and production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), we estimated that 2, 4, and 6 Gy X-ray radiation doses are visibly altering the cells by inducing ROS production with increasing the dose while at 6 Gy the mitochondrial activity is also affected. Separately, high-concentrated solutions of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL Y2O3 NPs were also found to affect the cells by inducing ROS production with the increase of concentration. Additionally, the colony-forming units assay evidenced a rather synergic effect of NPs and radiation. By adding the NPs to cells before irradiation, a decrease of the number of proliferating cell colonies was observed with increase of X-ray dose. DNA damage was evidenced by quantifying the γ-H2AX foci for cells treated with Y2O3 NPs and exposed to superficial X-ray radiation. Proteomic profile confirmed that a combined effect of 50 µg/mL Y2O3 NPs and 6 Gy X-ray dose induced mitochondria alterations and DNA changes in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Porosnicu
- National Institute of Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics, P.O. Box MG-36, 76900 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania; (I.P.); (I.T.); (E.S.); (B.I.B.)
- Faculty of Physics, Doctoral School on Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania;
| | - Cristian M. Butnaru
- National Institute of Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics, P.O. Box MG-36, 76900 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania; (I.P.); (I.T.); (E.S.); (B.I.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Ion Tiseanu
- National Institute of Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics, P.O. Box MG-36, 76900 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania; (I.P.); (I.T.); (E.S.); (B.I.B.)
| | - Elena Stancu
- National Institute of Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics, P.O. Box MG-36, 76900 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania; (I.P.); (I.T.); (E.S.); (B.I.B.)
| | - Cristian V. A. Munteanu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Bogdan I. Bita
- National Institute of Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics, P.O. Box MG-36, 76900 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania; (I.P.); (I.T.); (E.S.); (B.I.B.)
| | - Octavian G. Duliu
- Faculty of Physics, Doctoral School on Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania;
| | - Felix Sima
- National Institute of Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics, P.O. Box MG-36, 76900 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania; (I.P.); (I.T.); (E.S.); (B.I.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.B.); (F.S.)
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Timmerman DM, Remmers TL, Hillenius S, Looijenga LHJ. Mechanisms of TP53 Pathway Inactivation in Embryonic and Somatic Cells-Relevance for Understanding (Germ Cell) Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105377. [PMID: 34065345 PMCID: PMC8161298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The P53 pathway is the most important cellular pathway to maintain genomic and cellular integrity, both in embryonic and non-embryonic cells. Stress signals induce its activation, initiating autophagy or cell cycle arrest to enable DNA repair. The persistence of these signals causes either senescence or apoptosis. Over 50% of all solid tumors harbor mutations in TP53 that inactivate the pathway. The remaining cancers are suggested to harbor mutations in genes that regulate the P53 pathway such as its inhibitors Mouse Double Minute 2 and 4 (MDM2 and MDM4, respectively). Many reviews have already been dedicated to P53, MDM2, and MDM4, while this review additionally focuses on the other factors that can deregulate P53 signaling. We discuss that P14ARF (ARF) functions as a negative regulator of MDM2, explaining the frequent loss of ARF detected in cancers. The long non-coding RNA Antisense Non-coding RNA in the INK4 Locus (ANRIL) is encoded on the same locus as ARF, inhibiting ARF expression, thus contributing to the process of tumorigenesis. Mutations in tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins deregulate P53 signaling through their ubiquitin ligase activity. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) inactivate the P53 pathway through inhibition of translation. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) maintains an open chromatin structure at the TP53 locus, explaining its inactivation of CTCF during tumorigenesis. P21, a downstream effector of P53, has been found to be deregulated in different tumor types. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these factors that are known to deregulate the P53 pathway in both somatic and embryonic cells, as well as their malignant counterparts (i.e., somatic and germ cell tumors). It provides insights into which aspects still need to be unraveled to grasp their contribution to tumorigenesis, putatively leading to novel targets for effective cancer therapies.
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Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of Quinoline-3-Carboxamide Derivatives with DDR Kinases–Selectivity Studies towards ATM Kinase. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoline-3-carboxamides are an essential class of drug-like small molecules that are known to inhibit the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKK) family kinases. The quinoline nitrogen is shown to bind to the hinge region of the kinases, making them competitive inhibitors of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). We have previously designed and synthesized quinoline-3-carboxamides as potential ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase inhibitors to function as an adjuvant treatment with DNA damaging agents. This article discusses the molecular docking studies performed with these derivatives with the DNA damage and response (DDR) kinases-ATM, ataxia telangiectasia and rad3 related (ATR), and DNA dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and highlights their selectivity towards ATM kinase. Docking studies were also performed with mTOR and PI3Kγ, which are close homologs of the DDR kinases. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed for one of the inhibitors against all the enzymes to establish the stability of the interactions involved. Finally, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of the inhibitors were predicted using the QikProp manual in Maestro. In conclusion, the molecules synthesized showed high selectivity towards the ATM kinase in comparison with the other kinases, though the sequence similarity between them was relatively high.
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Germline Mutations in Other Homologous Recombination Repair-Related Genes Than BRCA1/2: Predictive or Prognostic Factors? J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11040245. [PMID: 33800556 PMCID: PMC8066561 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway repairs double-strand DNA breaks, mostly by BRCA1 and BRCA2, although other proteins such as ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2 are also involved. BRCA1/2 germline mutations are targeted by PARP inhibitors. The aim of this commentary is to explore whether germline mutations in HRR-related genes other than BRCA1/2 have to be considered as prognostic factors or predictive to therapies by discussing the results of two articles published in December 2020. The TBCRC 048 trial published by Tung et al. showed an impressive objective response rate to olaparib in metastatic breast cancer patients with germline PALB2 mutation compared to germline ATM and CHEK2 mutation carriers. Additionally, Yadav et al. observed a significantly longer overall survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients with germline HRR mutations compared to non-carriers. In our opinion, assuming that PALB2 is a high-penetrant gene with a key role in the HRR system, PALB2 mutations are predictive factors for response to treatment. Moreover, germline mutations in the ATM gene provide a better outcome in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, being more often associated to wild-type KRAS. In conclusion, sequencing of HRR-related genes other than BRCA1/2 should be routinely offered as part of a biological characterization of pancreatic and breast cancers.
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Single-Strand Annealing in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042167. [PMID: 33671579 PMCID: PMC7926775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are among the most serious forms of DNA damage. In humans, DSBs are repaired mainly by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR). Single-strand annealing (SSA), another DSB repair system, uses homologous repeats flanking a DSB to join DNA ends and is error-prone, as it removes DNA fragments between repeats along with one repeat. Many DNA deletions observed in cancer cells display homology at breakpoint junctions, suggesting the involvement of SSA. When multiple DSBs occur in different chromosomes, SSA may result in chromosomal translocations, essential in the pathogenesis of many cancers. Inhibition of RAD52 (RAD52 Homolog, DNA Repair Protein), the master regulator of SSA, results in decreased proliferation of BRCA1/2 (BRCA1/2 DNA Repair Associated)-deficient cells, occurring in many hereditary breast and ovarian cancer cases. Therefore, RAD52 may be targeted in synthetic lethality in cancer. SSA may modulate the response to platinum-based anticancer drugs and radiation. SSA may increase the efficacy of the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR associated 9) genome editing and reduce its off-target effect. Several basic problems associated with SSA, including its evolutionary role, interplay with HRR and NHEJ and should be addressed to better understand its role in cancer pathogenesis and therapy.
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Alao JP, Legon L, Rallis C. Crosstalk between the mTOR and DNA Damage Response Pathways in Fission Yeast. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020305. [PMID: 33540829 PMCID: PMC7913062 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have developed response systems to constantly monitor environmental changes and accordingly adjust growth, differentiation, and cellular stress programs. The evolutionarily conserved, nutrient-responsive, mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling (mTOR) pathway coordinates basic anabolic and catabolic cellular processes such as gene transcription, protein translation, autophagy, and metabolism, and is directly implicated in cellular and organismal aging as well as age-related diseases. mTOR mediates these processes in response to a broad range of inputs such as oxygen, amino acids, hormones, and energy levels, as well as stresses, including DNA damage. Here, we briefly summarize data relating to the interplays of the mTOR pathway with DNA damage response pathways in fission yeast, a favorite model in cell biology, and how these interactions shape cell decisions, growth, and cell-cycle progression. We, especially, comment on the roles of caffeine-mediated DNA-damage override. Understanding the biology of nutrient response, DNA damage and related pharmacological treatments can lead to the design of interventions towards improved cellular and organismal fitness, health, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Patrick Alao
- ZEAB Therapeutic, University of East London, Stratford Campus, Water Lane, Stratford, London E15 4LZ, UK;
| | - Luc Legon
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford Campus, Water Lane, Stratford, London E15 4LZ, UK;
| | - Charalampos Rallis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
- Correspondence:
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Gutierrez-Castillo E, Ming H, Foster B, Gatenby L, Mak CK, Pinto C, Bondioli K, Jiang Z. Effect of vitrification on global gene expression dynamics of bovine elongating embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:338-348. [PMID: 33602389 DOI: 10.1071/rd20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo vitrification involves exposure to high concentrations of cryoprotectants and osmotic stress during cooling and warming in the cryopreservation process. Many of these factors can potentially affect gene expression. In this study, invitro-produced bovine embryos at the blastocyst stage were subjected to vitrification. Four recipients each were used for transferring non-vitrified (n=80) and vitrified (n=80) embryos. A total of 12 non-vitrified and 9 vitrified viable day-14 (D14) embryos were recovered by uterine flushing. RNA-seq analysis of the whole embryo or isolated trophectoderm (TE) from vitrified and fresh recovered D14 embryos revealed a total of 927 and 4376 genes with changed expression in embryos and TE isolates, respectively, as a result of vitrification. In addition, we found 671 and 61 genes commonly up- or downregulated in both vitrified whole embryos and TE. Commonly upregulated pathways by vitrification included epithelial adherens junctions, sirtuin signalling, germ cell-sertoli cell junction, ATM signalling, NER and protein ubiquitination pathways. The commonly downregulated pathways included EIF2 signalling, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K signalling and mTOR signalling pathways. Our analysis identified specific pathways and implicated specific gene expression patterns affecting embryo developmental competence that are important to cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Ming
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brittany Foster
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Lauren Gatenby
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chun Kuen Mak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Carlos Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kenneth Bondioli
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; and Corresponding authors. ;
| | - Zongliang Jiang
- School of Animal Sciences, AgCenter, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; and Corresponding authors. ;
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Ebahimzadeh K, Shoorei H, Mousavinejad SA, Anamag FT, Dinger ME, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Emerging role of non-coding RNAs in response of cancer cells to radiotherapy. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 218:153327. [PMID: 33422780 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective method for treatment of a large proportion of human cancers. Yet, the efficacy of this method is precluded by the induction of radioresistance in tumor cells and the radiation-associated injury of normal cells surrounding the field of radiation. These restrictions necessitate the introduction of modalities for either radiosensitization of cancer cells or protection of normal cells against adverse effects of radiation. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have essential roles in the determination of radiosensitivity. Moreover, ncRNAs can modulate radiation-induced side effects in normal cells. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-620, miR-21 and miR-96-5p confer radioresistance, while other miRNAs including miR-340/ 429 confer radiosensitivity. The expression levels of a number of miRNAs are associated with radiation-induced complications such as lung fibrosis or oral mucositis. The expression patterns of several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) such as MALAT1, LINC00630, HOTAIR, UCA1 and TINCR are associated with response to radiotherapy. Taken together, lncRNAs and miRNAs contribute both in modulation of response of cancer cells to radiotherapy and in protection of normal cells from the associated side effects. The current review provides an overview of the roles of these transcripts in these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Ebahimzadeh
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mousavinejad
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Marcel E Dinger
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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When Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Meets the DNA Damage Response. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:881-891. [PMID: 33036871 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sustaining both proteome and genome integrity (GI) requires the integration of a wide range of mechanisms and signaling pathways. These comprise, in particular, the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the DNA damage response (DDR). These adaptive mechanisms take place respectively in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in the nucleus. UPR and DDR alterations are associated with aging and with pathologies such as degenerative diseases, metabolic and inflammatory disorders, and cancer. We discuss the emerging signaling crosstalk between UPR stress sensors and the DDR, as well as their involvement in cancer biology.
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Zhang R, Han D, Li L, Luo W, Liu J, Qian L. EphA5 Silencing Increases the Radiosensitivity of ESCC Cells Through ATM-Dependent Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:9539-9549. [PMID: 33061640 PMCID: PMC7537809 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s261182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is one of the most important treatments for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Previously, we found that EphA5 expression was increased in ESCC cells and tumor tissues. Studies from other groups reported that EphA5 is abnormally expressed in numerous malignant tumors and may be involved in the radiosensitivity of lung cancer. However, the role of EphA5 in radiotherapy for ESCC remains unclear. Methods The siRNA sequences against human EPHA5 were transfected to the ESCC cells (KYSE150 and KYSE450). After ionizing radiation (IR), cell viability and colony formation assays were used to test the changes of cell proliferation in EphA5-silenced cells. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to investigate the cell apoptosis and cycle in the irradiated cells interfered by siRNA. The key molecules involved in cell cycle checkpoints and DNA damage repair were evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Results CCK8 assay and clonogenic assay showed that the proliferation of EphA5-silenced ESCC cells was inhibited after IR. At 24 h post-IR treatment, we found that the G1/S checkpoint triggered by DNA damage in EphA5-silenced cells was defective. γ-H2AX foci in the irradiated EphA5-silenced cells were impaired at 0.5 h post-IR treatment as well as ATM activation. The defective activation of ATM resulted in a decrease of p-Chk2, p-p53 and p21 expression. Conclusion In conclusion, these results indicate that EphA5 silencing increases radiosensitivity in ESCC cells through ATM-dependent pathway, which provides a potential target for the radiotherapy in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201799, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Han
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Li
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguang Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Qing Pu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201799, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
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Bandeira G, Rocha K, Lazar M, Ezquina S, Yamamoto G, Varela M, Takahashi V, Aguena M, Gollop T, Zatz M, Passos-Bueno MR, Krepischi A, Okamoto OK. Germline variants of Brazilian women with breast cancer and detection of a novel pathogenic ATM deletion in early-onset breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2020; 28:346-354. [PMID: 32986223 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-020-01165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is estimated that 5-10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary. The identification of pathogenic germline variants allows individualized preventive health care, improvement of clinical management and genetic counseling. Studies in ethnically admixed Latin American populations have identified regions with increased frequency of deleterious variants in breast cancer predisposing genes. In this context, the Brazilian population exhibits great genetic heterogeneity, and is not well represented in international databases, which makes it difficult to interpret the clinical relevance of germline variants. METHODS We evaluated the frequency of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) germline variants in up to 37 breast cancer predisposing genes, in a cohort of 105 breast and/or ovarian cancer Brazilian women referred to two research centers between 2014 and 2019. RESULTS A total of 22 patients (21%) were found to carry P/LP variants, and 16 VUS were detected in 15 patients (14.3%). Additionally, a novel pathogenic ATM intragenic deletion was identified in an early-onset breast cancer. We also detected a BRCA1 pathogenic variant (c.5074+2T>C) in higher frequency (10×) than in other studies with similar cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings contribute to the characterization of the genetic background of breast cancer predisposition in the Brazilian population as a useful resource to discriminate between deleterious variants and VUS, thus enabling improvement in the preventive health care and clinical management of carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Bandeira
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Katia Rocha
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Monize Lazar
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Suzana Ezquina
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Yamamoto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil.,Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Children's Institute, Clinics Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Varela
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Takahashi
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Meire Aguena
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Gollop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Ana Krepischi
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Keith Okamoto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Pesquisa Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-090, Brazil.
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Umar AA, Liddell S, Hussain R, Siligardi G, Harris G, Carr S, Asiani K, Gowers DM, Odell M, Scott DJ. Allosteric inhibition of human exonuclease1 (hExo1) through a novel extended β-sheet conformation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129730. [PMID: 32926959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Exonuclease1 (hExo1) participates in the resection of DNA double-strand breaks by generating long 3'-single-stranded DNA overhangs, critical for homology-based DNA repair and activation of the ATR-dependent checkpoint. The C-terminal region is essential for modulating the activity of hExo1, containing numerous sites of post-translational modification and binding sites for partner proteins. METHODS Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and enzymatic assays. RESULTS AUC and DLS indicates the C-terminal region has a highly extended structure while CD suggest a tendency to adopt a novel left-handed β-sheet structure, together implying the C-terminus may exhibit a transient fluctuating structure that could play a role in binding partner proteins known to regulate the activity of hExo1. Interaction with 14-3-3 protein has a cooperative inhibitory effect upon DNA resection activity, which indicates an allosteric transition occurs upon binding partner proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study has uncovered that hExo1 consist of a folded N-terminal nuclease domain and a highly extended C-terminal region which is known to interact with partner proteins that regulates the activity of hExo1. A positively cooperative mechanism of binding allows for stringent control of hExo1 activity. Such a transition would coordinate the control of hExo1 by hExo1 regulators and hence allow careful coordination of the process of DNA end resection. SIGNIFICANCE The assays presented herein could be readily adapted to rapidly identify and characterise the effects of modulators of the interaction between the 14-3-3 proteins and hExo1. It is conceivable that small molecule modulators of 14-3-3 s-hExo1 interaction may serve as effective chemosensitizers for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Argungu Umar
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, P.M.B 1144, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria.
| | - Susan Liddell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Rohanah Hussain
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Harris
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Carr
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Karishma Asiani
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Darren M Gowers
- School of Biological Science, King Henry Building, King Henry 1(st) Street, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Odell
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - David J Scott
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom; ISIS Spallation Neutron and Muon source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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Zheng S, Tao W. Targeting Cullin-RING E3 Ligases for Radiosensitization: From NEDDylation Inhibition to PROTACs. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1517. [PMID: 32983997 PMCID: PMC7475704 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a dynamic regulator for short-lived protein degradation and turnover, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays important roles in various biological processes, including response to cellular stress, regulation of cell cycle progression, and carcinogenesis. Over the past decade, research on targeting the cullin-RING (really interesting new gene) E3 ligases (CRLs) in the UPS has gained great momentum with the entry of late-phase clinical trials of its novel inhibitors MLN4924 (pevonedistat) and TAS4464. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of MLN4924 as a radiosensitizer, mainly due to its unique cytotoxic properties, including induction of DNA damage response, cell cycle checkpoints dysregulation, and inhibition of NF-κB and mTOR pathways. Recently, the PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology was developed to recruit the target proteins for CRL-mediated polyubiquitination, overcoming the resistance that develops inevitably with traditional targeted therapies. First-in-class cell-permeable PROTACs against critical radioresistance conferring proteins, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), MAP kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), and MEK2, have emerged in the past 5 years. In this review article, we will summarize the most important research findings of targeting CRLs for radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Zheng
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Wensi Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
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Karakostis K, Vadivel Gnanasundram S, López I, Thermou A, Wang L, Nylander K, Olivares-Illana V, Fåhraeus R. A single synonymous mutation determines the phosphorylation and stability of the nascent protein. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:187-199. [PMID: 30252118 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is an intrinsically disordered protein with a large number of post-translational modifications and interacting partners. The hierarchical order and subcellular location of these events are still poorly understood. The activation of p53 during the DNA damage response (DDR) requires a switch in the activity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 from a negative to a positive regulator of p53. This is mediated by the ATM kinase that regulates the binding of MDM2 to the p53 mRNA facilitating an increase in p53 synthesis. Here we show that the binding of MDM2 to the p53 mRNA brings ATM to the p53 polysome where it phosphorylates the nascent p53 at serine 15 and prevents MDM2-mediated degradation of p53. A single synonymous mutation in p53 codon 22 (L22L) prevents the phosphorylation of the nascent p53 protein and the stabilization of p53 following genotoxic stress. The ATM trafficking from the nucleus to the p53 polysome is mediated by MDM2, which requires its interaction with the ribosomal proteins RPL5 and RPL11. These results show how the ATM kinase phosphorylates the p53 protein while it is being synthesized and offer a novel mechanism whereby a single synonymous mutation controls the stability and activity of the encoded protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Karakostis
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 7, INSERM UMR 1162, 27 Rue Juliette Dodu, Paris, France
| | | | - Ignacio López
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 7, INSERM UMR 1162, 27 Rue Juliette Dodu, Paris, France
| | - Aikaterini Thermou
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 7, INSERM UMR 1162, 27 Rue Juliette Dodu, Paris, France
| | - Lixiao Wang
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Nylander
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Robin Fåhraeus
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 7, INSERM UMR 1162, 27 Rue Juliette Dodu, Paris, France.,Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, Czech Republic
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Mehmood A, Kayani MA, Ahmed MW, Nisar A, Mahjabeen I. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of DNA damage response pathway genes and increased risk in breast cancer. Future Oncol 2020; 16:1977-1995. [PMID: 32597209 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to evaluate the role of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms of DNA damage response pathway genes in breast cancer (BC). Materials & methods: In present study, 500 BC patients and 500 controls was used to estimate the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms of DNA damage response pathway genes. Tetra-amplification refractory mutation system-PCR technique was used for screening of the six selected polymorphisms. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that heterozygous mutant genotype of rs1800057 (p < 0.0001) and homozygous mutant genotype of rs1801516 (p < 0.0001) was associated with significant increased risk of BC. In the ATR gene, heterozygous mutant genotype of rs2227931 (p < 0.0001) was associated with significant increased risk of BC. However, significant decreased risk of BC was found associated with heterozygous mutant genotype of rs2227928 (p < 0.0002) and homozygous mutant genotype of rs2229032 (p < 0.0001) in patients compared with controls. Conclusion: The present results showed that alteration in DNA damage response pathway gene (ATM & ATR) results in increased BC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Mehmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Asif Nisar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Mahjabeen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Yam CQX, Chia DB, Shi I, Lim HH, Surana U. Dun1, a Chk2-related kinase, is the central regulator of securin-separase dynamics during DNA damage signaling. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:6092-6107. [PMID: 32402080 PMCID: PMC7293041 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage checkpoint halts cell cycle progression in G2 in response to genotoxic insults. Central to the execution of cell cycle arrest is the checkpoint-induced stabilization of securin-separase complex (yeast Pds1-Esp1). The checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 (yeast Chk1 and Rad53) are thought to critically contribute to the stability of securin-separase complex by phosphorylation of securin, rendering it resistant to proteolytic destruction by the anaphase promoting complex (APC). Dun1, a Rad53 paralog related to Chk2, is also essential for checkpoint-imposed arrest. Dun1 is required for the DNA damage-induced transcription of DNA repair genes; however, its role in the execution of cell cycle arrest remains unknown. Here, we show that Dun1′s role in checkpoint arrest is independent of its involvement in the transcription of repair genes. Instead, Dun1 is necessary to prevent Pds1 destruction during DNA damage in that the Dun1-deficient cells degrade Pds1, escape G2 arrest and undergo mitosis despite the presence of checkpoint-active Chk1 and Rad53. Interestingly, proteolytic degradation of Pds1 in the absence of Dun1 is mediated not by APC but by the HECT domain-containing E3 ligase Rsp5. Our results suggest a regulatory scheme in which Dun1 prevents chromosome segregation during DNA damage by inhibiting Rsp5-mediated proteolytic degradation of securin Pds1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Qiu Xia Yam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore.,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - David Boy Chia
- Biotransformation Innovation Platform, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Idina Shi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore
| | - Hong Hwa Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore.,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Uttam Surana
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore.,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore.,Biotransformation Innovation Platform, A*STAR, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Colombo CV, Gnugnoli M, Gobbini E, Longhese MP. How do cells sense DNA lesions? Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:677-691. [PMID: 32219379 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA is exposed to both endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging agents that chemically modify it. To counteract the deleterious effects exerted by DNA lesions, eukaryotic cells have evolved a network of cellular pathways, termed DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR comprises both mechanisms devoted to repair DNA lesions and signal transduction pathways that sense DNA damage and transduce this information to specific cellular targets. These targets, in turn, impact a wide range of cellular processes including DNA replication, DNA repair and cell cycle transitions. The importance of the DDR is highlighted by the fact that DDR inactivation is commonly found in cancer and causes many different human diseases. The protein kinases ATM and ATR, as well as their budding yeast orthologs Tel1 and Mec1, act as master regulators of the DDR. The initiating events in the DDR entail both DNA lesion recognition and assembly of protein complexes at the damaged DNA sites. Here, we review what is known about the early steps of the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vittoria Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Gnugnoli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Gobbini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Longhese
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Differences in the Response to DNA Double-Strand Breaks between Rod Photoreceptors of Rodents, Pigs, and Humans. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040947. [PMID: 32290532 PMCID: PMC7226979 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing (GE) represents a powerful approach to fight inherited blinding diseases in which the underlying mutations cause the degeneration of the light sensing photoreceptor cells of the retina. Successful GE requires the efficient repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) generated during the treatment. Rod photoreceptors of adult mice have a highly specialized chromatin organization, do not efficiently express a variety of DSB response genes and repair DSBs very inefficiently. The DSB repair efficiency in rods of other species including humans is unknown. Here, we used ionizing radiation to analyze the DSB response in rods of various nocturnal and diurnal species, including genetically modified mice, pigs, and humans. We show that the inefficient repair of DSBs in adult mouse rods does not result from their specialized chromatin organization. Instead, the DSB repair efficiency in rods correlates with the level of Kruppel-associated protein-1 (KAP1) expression and its ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent phosphorylation. Strikingly, we detected robust KAP1 expression and phosphorylation only in human rods but not in rods of other diurnal species including pigs. Hence, our study provides important information about the uniqueness of the DSB response in human rods which needs to be considered when choosing model systems for the development of GE strategies.
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Hohl M, Mojumdar A, Hailemariam S, Kuryavyi V, Ghisays F, Sorenson K, Chang M, Taylor BS, Patel DJ, Burgers PM, Cobb JA, Petrini JHJ. Modeling cancer genomic data in yeast reveals selection against ATM function during tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008422. [PMID: 32187176 PMCID: PMC7105138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) comprises multiple functions that collectively preserve genomic integrity and suppress tumorigenesis. The Mre11 complex and ATM govern a major axis of the DDR and several lines of evidence implicate that axis in tumor suppression. Components of the Mre11 complex are mutated in approximately five percent of human cancers. Inherited mutations of complex members cause severe chromosome instability syndromes, such as Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome, which is associated with strong predisposition to malignancy. And in mice, Mre11 complex mutations are markedly more susceptible to oncogene- induced carcinogenesis. The complex is integral to all modes of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair and is required for the activation of ATM to effect DNA damage signaling. To understand which functions of the Mre11 complex are important for tumor suppression, we undertook mining of cancer genomic data from the clinical sequencing program at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, which includes the Mre11 complex among the 468 genes assessed. Twenty five mutations in MRE11 and RAD50 were modeled in S. cerevisiae and in vitro. The mutations were chosen based on recurrence and conservation between human and yeast. We found that a significant fraction of tumor-borne RAD50 and MRE11 mutations exhibited separation of function phenotypes wherein Tel1/ATM activation was severely impaired while DNA repair functions were mildly or not affected. At the molecular level, the gene products of RAD50 mutations exhibited defects in ATP binding and hydrolysis. The data reflect the importance of Rad50 ATPase activity for Tel1/ATM activation and suggest that inactivation of ATM signaling confers an advantage to burgeoning tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hohl
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aditya Mojumdar
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sarem Hailemariam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, Untied States of America
| | - Vitaly Kuryavyi
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fiorella Ghisays
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kyle Sorenson
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Matthew Chang
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Barry S. Taylor
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dinshaw J. Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Burgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, Untied States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Cobb
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - John H. J. Petrini
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Mahale R, Reddy N, Mathuranth P, Mailankody P, Padmanabha H, Retnaswami C. A rare case of ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder with MRE11 mutation. J Pediatr Neurosci 2020; 15:283-285. [PMID: 33531947 PMCID: PMC7847126 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_152_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototypical disorder for the early-onset cerebellar ataxia with cerebellar atrophy is ataxia telangiectasia (AT). AT belongs to “DNA-repair defects” or “DNA-repair deficiency” disorders. The ATM (Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase) gene mutated in AT is central to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage response (DDR) signaling. Other genes implicated in DDR signaling are MRE11A (Meiotic recombination 11). Mutation of this gene results in ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD). We report a boy who presented with mild cerebellar ataxia and dystonia with cerebellar atrophy on brain imaging. Clinical exome sequencing showed compound heterozygous variants in MRE11 gene. He was diagnosed as ATLD, which has not been reported in Indian subcontinent so far.
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Goerlitz DS, Blancato J, Ramesh A, Islam M, Graham GT, Revina V, Kallakury B, Zeck J, Kirillova E, Loffredo CA. Somatic mutation signatures in primary liver tumors of workers exposed to ionizing radiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18199. [PMID: 31796844 PMCID: PMC6890664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is associated with genetic mutations caused by environmental exposures, including occupational exposure to alpha radiation emitted by plutonium. We used whole exome sequencing (WES) to characterize somatic mutations in 3 histologically distinct primary liver tumors (angiosarcoma of the liver (ASL), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)) from Mayak worker subjects occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) to investigate the contribution of IR to the mutational landscape of liver cancer. DNA sequence analysis revealed these tumors harbor an excess of deletions, with a deletions:substitutions ratio similar to that previously reported in radiation-associated tumors. These tumors were also enriched for clustered mutations, a signature of radiation exposure. Multiple tumors displayed similarities in abrogated gene pathways including actin cytoskeletal signaling and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. WES identified novel candidate driver genes in ASL involved in angiogenesis and PIK3CA/AKT/mTOR signaling. We confirmed known driver genes of CCA, and identified candidate driver genes involved in chromatin remodeling. In HCC tumors we validated known driver genes, and identified novel putative driver genes involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, chromatin remodeling, PIK3CA/AKT/mTOR signaling, and angiogenesis. This pilot study identifies several novel candidate driver mutations that are likely to be caused by IR exposure, and provides the first data on the mutational landscape of liver cancer after IR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goerlitz
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jan Blancato
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Archana Ramesh
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Md Islam
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Garrett T Graham
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Valentina Revina
- Russian Radiobiology Human Tissue Repository, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian Federation
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jay Zeck
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Evgeniya Kirillova
- Russian Radiobiology Human Tissue Repository, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian Federation
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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Shailender G, Patanla K, Malla RR. ShRNA-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene silencing protects normal cells and sensitizes cancer cells against ionizing-radiation induced damage. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1332-1352. [PMID: 31489968 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ionizing radiation (IR) affects healthy tissues during the treatment of cancer radiation therapy and other nuclear and radiological accidents. Some natural compounds showed nonspecific radioprotective activity with severe side effects. The present study is aimed to develop potent and specific radioprotective short hairpin RNA (shRNA), which selectively protects normal cells from IR by specifically targeting matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2). RESULTS IR reduced the viability of human normal dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) in a dose-response manner. It enhanced the expression of MMP-2 at 10 Gy. Plasmid MMP-2shRNA (pMMP-2) reduced the IR (10 Gy) induced cytotoxicity analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, normalized IR induced cellular and morphological changes with enhanced the clonogenicity in 48 hours at 2 µg/mL. It reduced the ROS generation, released HDFs from G2 /M arrest and rescued from apoptosis analyzed by DCFDA dye, cell cycle analysis by PI stain and annexin V assay, respectively. pMMP-2 also modulates the expression of EGFR and reduced IR induced expression of DNA damage response protein, ATM and increased the expression of repair proteins, KU70/KU80, and RAD51. In addition, decreased the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK1) and Cyclin B as well as proapoptotic proteins BAX, caspase-3, and Cytochrome-C and increased the expression of survival protein, Bcl-2. In contrary pMMP-2 decreased the LDH activity, survival fraction and blocked G2 /M phase of cell cycle and increased apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. In addition, decreased the expression of EGFR, proapoptotic BAX and DNA repair proteins ATM, KU70/80 and RAD51, increased expression of cyclinB as well as CDK1. CONCLUSION Results conclude that pMMP-2 protected HDFs from IR and sensitized the MCF-7 cells. Therefore, pMMP-2 can be employed for better treatment of radiation accidents and during the treatment of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gugalavath Shailender
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Vishakhapatnam, India
| | - Kiranmayi Patanla
- Department of Biotechnology, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Vishakhapatnam, India
| | - Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Vishakhapatnam, India
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Sokolova O, Naumann M. Crosstalk Between DNA Damage and Inflammation in the Multiple Steps of Gastric Carcinogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:107-137. [PMID: 31123887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, intensive investigations in molecular biology and cell physiology extended tremendously the knowledge about the association of inflammation and cancer. In frame of this paradigm, the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori triggers gastritis and gastric ulcer disease, and contributes to the development of gastric cancer. Mechanisms, by which the bacteria-induced inflammation in gastric mucosa leads to intestinal metaplasia and carcinoma, are represented in this review. An altered cell-signaling response and increased production of free radicals by epithelial and immune cells account for the accumulation of DNA damage in gastric mucosa, if infection stays untreated. Host genetics and environmental factors, especially diet, can accelerate the process, which offers the opportunity of intervention based on a balanced nutrition. It is supposed that inflammation might influence stem- or progenitor cells in gastric tissue predisposing for metaplasia or tumor relapse. Herein, DNA is strongly mutated and labile, which restricts therapy options. Thus, the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie gastric carcinogenesis will be of preeminent importance for the development of strategies for screening and early detection. As most gastric cancer patients face late-stage disease with a poor overall survival, the development of multi-targeted therapeutic intervention strategies is a major challenge for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sokolova
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract
Alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are hallmarks of cancer. Incorrect repair of DNA lesions often leads to genomic instability. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a core component of the DNA repair system, is activated to enhance the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway upon DNA double-strand breaks. Although ATM signaling has been widely studied in different types of cancer, its research is still lacking compared with other DDR-involved molecules such as PARP and ATR. There is still a vast research opportunity for the development of ATM inhibitors as anticancer agents. Here, we focus on the recent findings of ATM signaling in DNA repair of cancer. Previous studies have identified several partners of ATM, some of which promote ATM signaling, while others have the opposite effect. ATM inhibitors, including KU-55933, KU-60019, KU-59403, CP-466722, AZ31, AZ32, AZD0156, and AZD1390, have been evaluated for their antitumor effects. It has been revealed that ATM inhibition increases a cancer cell's sensitivity to radiotherapy. Moreover, the combination with PARP or ATR inhibitors has synergistic lethality in some cancers. Of note, among these ATM inhibitors, AZD0156 and AZD1390 achieve potent and highly selective ATM kinase inhibition and have an excellent ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Currently, AZD0156 and AZD1390 are under investigation in phase I clinical trials. Taken together, targeting ATM may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Hence, further development of ATM inhibitors is urgently needed in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua Jin
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Alnafakh RAA, Adishesh M, Button L, Saretzki G, Hapangama DK. Telomerase and Telomeres in Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 31157162 PMCID: PMC6533802 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres at the termini of human chromosomes are shortened with each round of cell division due to the “end replication problem” as well as oxidative stress. During carcinogenesis, cells acquire or retain mechanisms to maintain telomeres to avoid initiation of cellular senescence or apoptosis and halting cell division by critically short telomeres. The unique reverse transcriptase enzyme complex, telomerase, catalyzes the maintenance of telomeres but most human somatic cells do not have sufficient telomerase activity to prevent telomere shortening. Tissues with high and prolonged replicative potential demonstrate adequate cellular telomerase activity to prevent telomere erosion, and high telomerase activity appears to be a critical feature of most (80–90%) epithelial cancers, including endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancers regress in response to progesterone which is frequently used to treat advanced endometrial cancer. Endometrial telomerase is inhibited by progestogens and deciphering telomere and telomerase biology in endometrial cancer is therefore important, as targeting telomerase (a downstream target of progestogens) in endometrial cancer may provide novel and more effective therapeutic avenues. This review aims to examine the available evidence for the role and importance of telomere and telomerase biology in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafah A A Alnafakh
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Meera Adishesh
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Button
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dharani K Hapangama
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Filipponi D, Emelyanov A, Muller J, Molina C, Nichols J, Bulavin DV. DNA Damage Signaling-Induced Cancer Cell Reprogramming as a Driver of Tumor Relapse. Mol Cell 2019; 74:651-663.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Macedo GS, Alemar B, Ashton-Prolla P. Reviewing the characteristics of BRCA and PALB2-related cancers in the precision medicine era. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 42:215-231. [PMID: 31067289 PMCID: PMC6687356 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) genes confer high risk of developing cancer, especially breast and ovarian tumors. Since the cloning of these tumor suppressor genes over two decades ago, a significant amount of research has been done. Most recently, monoallelic loss-of-function mutations in PALB2 have also been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer. The identification of BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 as proteins involved in DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination and of the impact of complete loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 within tumors have allowed the development of novel therapeutic approaches for patients with germline or somatic mutations in said genes. Despite the advances, especially in the clinical use of PARP inhibitors, key gaps remain. Now, new roles for BRCA1 and BRCA2 are emerging and old concepts, such as the classical two-hit hypothesis for tumor suppression, have been questioned, at least for some BRCA functions. Here aspects regarding cancer predisposition, cellular functions, histological and genomic findings in BRCA and PALB2-related tumors will be presented, in addition to an up-to-date review of the evolution and challenges in the development and clinical use of PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Macedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Precision Medicine Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Barbara Alemar
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Precision Medicine Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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48
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Munera López J, Ganuza A, Bogado SS, Muñoz D, Ruiz DM, Sullivan WJ, Vanagas L, Angel SO. Evaluation of ATM Kinase Inhibitor KU-55933 as Potential Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Agent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:26. [PMID: 30815397 PMCID: PMC6381018 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite with a complex life cycle composed of multiple stages that infect mammals and birds. Tachyzoites rapidly replicate within host cells to produce acute infection during which the parasite disseminates to tissues and organs. Highly replicative cells are subject to Double Strand Breaks (DSBs) by replication fork collapse and ATM, a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family, is a key factor that initiates DNA repair and activates cell cycle checkpoints. Here we demonstrate that the treatment of intracellular tachyzoites with the PI3K inhibitor caffeine or ATM kinase-inhibitor KU-55933 affects parasite replication rate in a dose-dependent manner. KU-55933 affects intracellular tachyzoite growth and induces G1-phase arrest. Addition of KU-55933 to extracellular tachyzoites also leads to a significant reduction of tachyzoite replication upon infection of host cells. ATM kinase phosphorylates H2A.X (γH2AX) to promote DSB damage repair. The level of γH2AX increases in tachyzoites treated with camptothecin (CPT), a drug that generates fork collapse, but this increase was not observed when co-administered with KU-55933. These findings support that KU-55933 is affecting the Toxoplasma ATM-like kinase (TgATM). The combination of KU-55933 and other DNA damaging agents such as methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and CPT produce a synergic effect, suggesting that TgATM kinase inhibition sensitizes the parasite to damaged DNA. By contrast, hydroxyurea (HU) did not further inhibit tachyzoite replication when combined with KU-55933.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Munera López
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional General San Martin (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Agustina Ganuza
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional General San Martin (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Silvina S Bogado
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional General San Martin (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Daniela Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional General San Martin (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Diego M Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional General San Martin (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - William J Sullivan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Laura Vanagas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional General San Martin (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Sergio O Angel
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional General San Martin (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
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Suh KJ, Ryu HS, Lee KH, Kim H, Min A, Kim TY, Yang Y, Lee HB, Moon HG, Han SW, Oh DY, Han W, Park IA, Noh DY, Im SA. Prognostic effects of abnormal DNA damage response protein expression in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 175:117-127. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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He N, Kong Y, Lei X, Liu Y, Wang J, Xu C, Wang Y, Du L, Ji K, Wang Q, Li Z, Liu Q. MSCs inhibit tumor progression and enhance radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells by down-regulating Stat3 signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1026. [PMID: 30297887 PMCID: PMC6175943 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of radioresistance by breast cancer cells during radiotherapy may lead to cancer recurrence and poor survival. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is activated in breast cancer cells and, therefore, may be an effective target for overcoming therapeutic resistance. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated for use in cancer treatment. Here, we investigated the potential of MSC conditioned medium (MSC-CM) in sensitizing breast cancer to radiotherapy. It was found that MSC-CM could inhibit the level of activated Stat3, suppress cancer growth, and exhibit synergetic effects with radiation treatment in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, MSC-CM reduced the ALDH-positive cancer stem cells (CSCs) population, modulated several potential stem cell markers, and decreased tumor migration, as well as metastasis. These results demonstrate that MSC-CM suppresses breast cancer cells growth and sensitizes cancer cells to radiotherapy through inhibition of the Stat3 signaling pathway, thus, providing a novel strategy for breast cancer therapy by overcoming radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xudan Lei
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Liqing Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaihua Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Zongjin Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
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