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Song Y, Liu Y, Teo HY, Liu H. Targeting Cytokine Signals to Enhance γδT Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914839. [PMID: 35747139 PMCID: PMC9210953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells represent a small percentage of T cells in circulation but are found in large numbers in certain organs. They are considered to be innate immune cells that can exert cytotoxic functions on target cells without MHC restriction. Moreover, γδT cells contribute to adaptive immune response via regulating other immune cells. Under the influence of cytokines, γδT cells can be polarized to different subsets in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current understanding of antigen recognition by γδT cells, and the immune regulation mediated by γδT cells in the tumor microenvironment. More importantly, we depicted the polarization and plasticity of γδT cells in the presence of different cytokines and their combinations, which provided the basis for γδT cell-based cancer immunotherapy targeting cytokine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Song
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yonghao Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huey Yee Teo
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Liu,
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2
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Wandmacher AM, Mehdorn AS, Sebens S. The Heterogeneity of the Tumor Microenvironment as Essential Determinant of Development, Progression and Therapy Response of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4932. [PMID: 34638420 PMCID: PMC8508450 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is commonly diagnosed at advanced stages and most anti-cancer therapies have failed to substantially improve prognosis of PDAC patients. As a result, PDAC is still one of the deadliest tumors. Tumor heterogeneity, manifesting at multiple levels, provides a conclusive explanation for divergent survival times and therapy responses of PDAC patients. Besides tumor cell heterogeneity, PDAC is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory stroma comprising various non-neoplastic cells such as myofibroblasts, endothelial cells and different leukocyte populations which enrich in the tumor microenvironment (TME) during pancreatic tumorigenesis. Thus, the stromal compartment also displays a high temporal and spatial heterogeneity accounting for diverse effects on the development, progression and therapy responses of PDAC. Adding to this heterogeneity and the impact of the TME, the microbiome of PDAC patients is considerably altered. Understanding this multi-level heterogeneity and considering it for the development of novel therapeutic concepts might finally improve the dismal situation of PDAC patients. Here, we outline the current knowledge on PDAC cell heterogeneity focusing on different stromal cell populations and outline their impact on PDAC progression and therapy resistance. Based on this information, we propose some novel concepts for treatment of PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Maxi Wandmacher
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Anne-Sophie Mehdorn
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30 Entrance 1, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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3
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Lo Presti E, Dieli F, Fourniè JJ, Meraviglia S. Deciphering human γδ T cell response in cancer: Lessons from tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:153-164. [PMID: 32691450 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The finding that γδ T cells are present among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in humans suggests they participate in tumor immune surveillance, but their relevance is unclear because the relative abundance of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells correlates with positive or negative, or even do not correlate with prognosis. This likely depends on the fact that tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells may play substantially different effector or regulatory functions, and correlation with patient's prognosis relies on distinct γδ T cell subsets in the context of the tumor. There is interest to exploit γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy, but to make this approach successful there is urgent need to fully understand the biological functions of γδ T cells and of how they can be manipulated in vivo and ex vivo to safely provide benefit to the host. This review focuses on our previous and ongoing studies of tumor-infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes in different types of human cancer. Moreover, we discuss the interaction of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells with other cells and molecules present in the tumor microenvironment, and their clinical relevance on the ground, that deep knowledge in this field can be used further for better immunotherapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jean Jacques Fourniè
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse University, Toulouse, France.,ERL 5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'TOUCAN', Toulouse, France
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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4
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Gonnermann D, Oberg HH, Lettau M, Peipp M, Bauerschlag D, Sebens S, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Galectin-3 Released by Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Suppresses γδ T Cell Proliferation but Not Their Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1328. [PMID: 32695112 PMCID: PMC7338555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment with a dense desmoplastic stroma. The expression of β-galactoside-binding protein galectin-3 is regarded as an intrinsic tumor escape mechanism for inhibition of tumor-infiltrating T cell function. In this study, we demonstrated that galectin-3 is expressed by PDAC and by γδ or αβ T cells but is only released in small amounts by either cell population. Interestingly, large amounts of galectin-3 were released during the co-culture of allogeneic in vitro expanded or allogeneic or autologous resting T cells with PDAC cells. By focusing on the co-culture of tumor cells and γδ T cells, we observed that knockdown of galectin-3 in tumor cells identified these cells as the source of secreted galectin-3. Galectin-3 released by tumor cells or addition of physiological concentrations of recombinant galectin-3 did neither further inhibit the impaired γδ T cell cytotoxicity against PDAC cells nor did it induce cell death of in vitro expanded γδ T cells. Initial proliferation of resting peripheral blood and tumor-infiltrating Vδ2-expressing γδ T cells was impaired by galectin-3 in a cell-cell-contact dependent manner. The interaction of galectin-3 with α3β1 integrin expressed by Vδ2 γδ T cells was involved in the inhibition of γδ T cell proliferation. The addition of bispecific antibodies targeting γδ T cells to PDAC cells enhanced their cytotoxic activity independent of the galectin-3 release. These results are of high relevance in the context of an in vivo application of bispecific antibodies which can enhance cytotoxic activity of γδ T cells against tumor cells but probably not their proliferation when galectin-3 is present. In contrast, adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded γδ T cells together with bispecific antibodies will enhance γδ T cell cytotoxicity and overcomes the immunosuppressive function of galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonnermann
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) and Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) and Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) and Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Bauerschlag
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UKSH, Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) and Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) and Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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5
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Roy S, Sethi TK, Taylor D, Kim YJ, Johnson DB. Breakthrough concepts in immune-oncology: Cancer vaccines at the bedside. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1455-1489. [PMID: 32557857 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5bt0420-585rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical approval of the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) agents for multiple cancer types has reinvigorated the long-standing work on cancer vaccines. In the pre-ICB era, clinical efforts focused on the Ag, the adjuvants, the formulation, and the mode of delivery. These translational efforts on therapeutic vaccines range from cell-based (e.g., dendritic cells vaccine Sipuleucel-T) to DNA/RNA-based platforms with various formulations (liposome), vectors (Listeria monocytogenes), or modes of delivery (intratumoral, gene gun, etc.). Despite promising preclinical results, cancer vaccine trials without ICB have historically shown little clinical activity. With the anticipation and expansion of combinatorial immunotherapeutic trials with ICB, the cancer vaccine field has entered the personalized medicine arena with recent advances in immunogenic neoantigen-based vaccines. In this article, we review the literature to organize the different cancer vaccines in the clinical space, and we will discuss their advantages, limits, and recent progress to overcome their challenges. Furthermore, we will also discuss recent preclinical advances and clinical strategies to combine vaccines with checkpoint blockade to improve therapeutic outcome and present a translational perspective on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Roy
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tarsheen K Sethi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David Taylor
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Young J Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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6
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Jonescheit H, Oberg HH, Gonnermann D, Hermes M, Sulaj V, Peters C, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Influence of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase and Its Metabolite Kynurenine on γδ T Cell Cytotoxicity against Ductal Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1140. [PMID: 32384638 PMCID: PMC7290398 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignant gastrointestinal disease. The enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxgenase (IDO) is often overexpressed in PDAC and its downstream metabolite kynurenine has been reported to inhibit T cell activation and proliferation. Since γδ T cells are of high interest for T cell-based immunotherapy against PDAC, we studied the impact of IDO and kynurenine on γδ T cell cytotoxicity against PDAC cells. METHODS IDO expression was determined in PDAC cells by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. PDAC cells were cocultured with γδ T cells in medium or were stimulated with phosphorylated antigens or bispecific antibody in the presence or absence of IDO inhibitors. Additionally, γδ T cells were treated with recombinant kynurenine. Read-out assays included degranulation, cytotoxicity and cytokine measurement as well as cell cycle analysis. RESULTS Since IDO overexpression was variable in PDAC, IDO inhibitors improved γδ T cell cytotoxicity only against some but not all PDAC cells. γδ T cell degranulation and cytotoxicity were significantly decreased after their treatment with recombinant kynurenine. CONCLUSIONS Bispecific antibody drastically enhanced γδ T cell cytotoxicity against all PDAC cells, which can be further enhanced by IDO inhibitors against several PDAC cells, suggesting a striking heterogeneity in PDAC escape mechanisms towards γδ T cell-mediated anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany; (H.J.); (H.-H.O.); (D.G.); (M.H.); (V.S.); (C.P.); (D.K.)
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7
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Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells: Can We Re-Purpose a Potent Anti-Infection Mechanism for Cancer Therapy? Cells 2020; 9:cells9040829. [PMID: 32235616 PMCID: PMC7226769 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapies based on in vivo stimulation, or on adoptive T cell transfer of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, have been tested in the past decades but have failed to provide consistent clinical efficacy. New, promising concepts such as γδ Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) -T cells and γδ T-cell engagers are currently under preclinical evaluation. Since the impact of factors, such as the relatively low abundance of γδ T cells within tumor tissue is still under investigation, it remains to be shown whether these effector T cells can provide significant efficacy against solid tumors. Here, we highlight key learnings from the natural role of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the elimination of host cells bearing intracellular bacterial agents and we translate these into the setting of tumor therapy. We discuss the availability and relevance of preclinical models as well as currently available tools and knowledge from a drug development perspective. Finally, we compare advantages and disadvantages of existing therapeutic concepts and propose a role for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in immune-oncology next to Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 3 activating therapies.
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8
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Oberg HH, Janitschke L, Sulaj V, Weimer J, Gonnermann D, Hedemann N, Arnold N, Kabelitz D, Peipp M, Bauerschlag D, Wesch D. Bispecific antibodies enhance tumor-infiltrating T cell cytotoxicity against autologous HER-2-expressing high-grade ovarian tumors. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:1081-1095. [PMID: 31833593 PMCID: PMC7318294 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ma1119-265r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer displays the highest mortality of all gynecological tumors. A relapse of the disease even after successful surgical treatment is a significant problem. Resistance against the current platinum‐based chemotherapeutic standard regime requires a detailed ex vivo immune profiling of tumor‐infiltrating cells and the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we phenotypically and functionally characterize tumor cells and autologous tumor‐derived αβ and γδ T lymphocyte subsets. Tumor‐infiltrating (TIL) and tumor‐ascites lymphocytes (TAL) were ex vivo isolated out of tumor tissue and ascites, respectively, from high‐grade ovarian carcinoma patients (FIGO‐stage IIIa‐IV). We observed an increased γδ T cell percentage in ascites compared to tumor‐tissue and blood of these patients, whereas CD8+ αβ T cells were increased within TAL and TIL. The number of Vδ1 and non‐Vδ1/Vδ2‐expressing γδ T cells was increased in the ascites and in the tumor tissue compared to the blood of the same donors. Commonly in PBL, the Vγ9 chain of the γδ T cell receptor is usually associated exclusively with the Vδ2 chain. Interestingly, we detected Vδ1 and non‐Vδ1/Vδ2 T cells co‐expressing Vγ9, which is so far not described for TAL and TIL. Importantly, our data demonstrated an expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)‐2 on high‐grade ovarian tumors, which can serve as an efficient tumor antigen to target CD3 TIL or selectively Vγ9‐expressing γδ T cells by bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) to ovarian cancer cells. Our bsAbs efficiently enhance cytotoxicity of TIL and TAL against autologous HER‐2‐expressing ovarian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lisa Janitschke
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vjola Sulaj
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg Weimer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Gonnermann
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nina Hedemann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Bauerschlag
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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9
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Tawfik D, Groth C, Gundlach JP, Peipp M, Kabelitz D, Becker T, Oberg HH, Trauzold A, Wesch D. TRAIL-Receptor 4 Modulates γδ T Cell-Cytotoxicity Toward Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2044. [PMID: 31555275 PMCID: PMC6722211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immune evasion is one of the mechanisms that contributes to the dismal prognosis of cancer. Recently, we observed that different γδ T cell subsets as well as CD8+ αβ T cells infiltrate the pancreatic tissue. Interestingly, the abundance of γδ T cells was reported to have a positive prognostic impact on survival of cancer patients. Since γδ T cells utilize TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) for killing of tumor cells in addition to granzyme B and perforin, we investigated the role of the TRAIL-/TRAIL-R system in γδ T cell-cytotoxicity toward pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and other cancer cells. Coculture of the different cancer cells with γδ T cells resulted in a moderate lysis of tumor cells. The lysis of PDAC Colo357 cells was independent of TRAIL as it was not inhibited by the addition of neutralizing anti-TRAIL antibodies or TRAIL-R2-Fc fusion protein. In accordance, knockdown (KD) of death receptors TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2 in Colo357 cells had no effect on γδ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. However, KD of decoy receptor TRAIL-R4, which robustly enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis, interestingly, almost completely abolished the γδ T cell-mediated lysis of these tumor cells. This effect was associated with a reduced secretion of granzyme B by γδ T cells and enhanced PGE2 production as a result of increased expression level of synthetase cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 by TRAIL-R4-KD cells. In contrast, knockin of TRAIL-R4 decreased COX-2 expression. Importantly, reduced release of granzyme B by γδ T cells cocultured with TRAIL-R4-KD cells was partially reverted by bispecific antibody [HER2xCD3] and led in consequence to enhanced lysis of tumor cells. Likewise, inhibition of COX-1 and/or COX-2 partially enhanced γδ T cell-mediated lysis of TRAIL-R4-KD cells. The combination of bispecific antibody and COX-inhibitor completely restored the lysis of TRAIL-R4-KD cells by γδ T cells. In conclusion, we uncovered an unexpected novel role of TRAIL-R4 in tumor cells. In contrast to its known pro-tumoral, anti-apoptotic function, TRAIL-R4 augments the anti-tumoral cytotoxic activity of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Tawfik
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christopher Groth
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Paul Gundlach
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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10
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Oberg HH, Peters C, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Real-time cell analysis (RTCA) to measure killer cell activity against adherent tumor cells in vitro. Methods Enzymol 2019; 631:429-441. [PMID: 31948561 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of immune responses against tumor cells is a main focus of cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapeutic approaches comprise a broad range of clinical applications including adjuvant therapies, check point inhibitors, cellular therapies, oncolytic viruses or targeted biologics such as bispecific antibodies. The usage of bispecific antibodies is one promising approach to enhance cytotoxicity and to selectively target effector cells to tumor-associated antigens. Here, we discuss the real-time cell analysis system as a suitable in vitro method to determine the interaction of tumor cell with effector cells alone or within a heterogeneous mixture of immune cells in peripheral blood or within tumor-infiltrating cells. The determination of cytotoxic effector cell activity using the real-time cell analyzer is highly useful to monitor the dynamic cellular interplay over extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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11
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Lo Presti E, Corsale AM, Dieli F, Meraviglia S. γδ cell-based immunotherapy for cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:887-895. [PMID: 31220420 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1634050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer immunotherapy relies on the development of an efficient and long-lasting anti-tumor response, generally mediated by cytotoxic T cells. γδ T cells possess distinctive features that justify their use in cancer immunotherapy. Areas covered: Here we will review our current knowledge on the functions of human γδ T cells that may be relevant in tumor immunity and the most recent advances in our understanding of how these functions are regulated in the tumor microenvironment. We will also discuss the major achievements and limitations of γδ T cell-based immunotherapy of cancer. Expert opinion: Several small-scale clinical trials have been conducted in cancer patients using either in vivo activation of γδ T cells or adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded γδ T cells. Both strategies are safe and give some clinical benefit to patients, thus providing a proof of principle for their utilization in addition to conventional therapies. However, low objective response rates have been obtained in both settings and therefore larger and well-controlled trials are needed. Discovering the factors which influence the success of γδ T cell-based immunotherapy will lead to a better understanding of their mechanism of action and to harness these cells for effective and durable anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- a Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Corsale
- a Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- a Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- a Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
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12
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Oberg HH, Kellner C, Gonnermann D, Sebens S, Bauerschlag D, Gramatzki M, Kabelitz D, Peipp M, Wesch D. Tribody [(HER2) 2xCD16] Is More Effective Than Trastuzumab in Enhancing γδ T Cell and Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Against HER2-Expressing Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:814. [PMID: 29725336 PMCID: PMC5916959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An enhanced expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2, ErbB2) often occurs in an advanced stage of breast, ovarian, gastric or esophageal cancer, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Commonly, HER2 expression is associated with poor clinical outcome or chemoresistance in ovarian and breast cancer patients. Treatment with humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies, such as trastuzumab or pertuzumab, has improved the outcome of patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric or breast cancer, but not all patients benefit. In this study, the bispecific antibody [(HER2)2xCD16] in the tribody format was employed to re-direct CD16-expressing γδ T lymphocytes as well as natural killer (NK) cells to the tumor-associated cell surface antigen HER2 to enhance their cytotoxic anti-tumor activity. Tribody [(HER2)2xCD16] comprises two HER2-specific single chain fragment variable fused to a fragment antigen binding directed to the CD16 (FcγRIII) antigen expressed on γδ T cells and NK cells. Our results revealed the superiority of tribody [(HER2)2xCD16] compared to trastuzumab in triggering γδ T cell and NK cell-mediated lysis of HER2-expressing tumor cells, such as PDAC, breast cancer, and autologous primary ovarian tumors. The increased efficacy of [(HER2)2xCD16] can be explained by an enhanced degranulation of immune cells. Although CD16 expression was decreased on γδ T cells in several PDAC patients and the number of tumor-infiltrating NK cells and γδ T cells was impaired in ovarian cancer patients, [(HER2)2xCD16] selectively enhanced cytotoxicity of cells from these patients. Here, unique anti-tumor properties of tribody [(HER2)2xCD16] are identified which beyond addressing HER2 overexpressing solid tumors may allow to treat with similar immunoconstructs combined with the adoptive transfer of γδ T cells and NK cells refractory hematological malignancies. A major advantage of γδ T cells and NK cells in the transplant situation of refractory hematological malignancies is given by their HLA-independent killing and a reduced graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Gonnermann
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Bauerschlag
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Gramatzki
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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13
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Tian W, Ma J, Shi R, Ren C, He J, Zhao H. γδ T cell-mediated individualized immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma considering clinicopathological characteristics and immunosuppressive factors. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5433-5442. [PMID: 29552184 PMCID: PMC5840521 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer. γδ T cells have been revealed to be promising candidates for immunotherapy in patients with HCC. However, the use of these cells in clinical practice has been demonstrated to be challenging. In the present study, γδ T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with HCC (n=83) and healthy donors (n=15) were characterized. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the proportion, phenotype, tumor-killing capacity and cytokine secretion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and γδ T17 cells in peripheral blood samples prior to and following amplification. Interleukin (IL)-17A levels in the supernatant was analyzed using an ELISA on days 3, 7, 10 and 14. The in vitro cytotoxicity of γδ T cells was measured using an MTT assay. It was revealed that zoledronate with IL-2 may efficiently expand γδ T cells sourced from the peripheral blood of patients with HCC. The amplification capacity of γδ T cells was associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients (clinical stage, levels of AFP and albumin, duration of disease, size and number of tumors, numbers of Tregs and γδ T17 cells, and levels of IL-17A). The proportion of γδ T cells positive for interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, granzyme B, perforin, and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 was almost unchanged prior to and following amplification. Following amplification, the in vitro cytotoxicity of γδ T cells also remained unchanged. γδ T17 cells, Tregs and IL-17A levels were not altered during amplification. In summary, following in vitro amplification, circulating γδ T cells were revealed to possess features that may make them suitable for immunotherapy for HCC without increasing immunosuppressive factors. However, immunotherapy should be individualized according to the clinicopathological features of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- The First Clinical Medical School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030009, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- The First Clinical Medical School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Ruyi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Chongren Ren
- The First Clinical Medical School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Jiefeng He
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Haoliang Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
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14
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Legut M, Dolton G, Mian AA, Ottmann OG, Sewell AK. CRISPR-mediated TCR replacement generates superior anticancer transgenic T cells. Blood 2018; 131:311-322. [PMID: 29122757 PMCID: PMC5774207 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-787598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express a cancer-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) has shown significant therapeutic potential for both hematological and solid tumors. However, a major issue of transducing T cells with a transgenic TCR is the preexisting expression of TCRs in the recipient cells. These endogenous TCRs compete with the transgenic TCR for surface expression and allow mixed dimer formation. Mixed dimers, formed by mispairing between the endogenous and transgenic TCRs, may harbor autoreactive specificities. To circumvent these problems, we designed a system where the endogenous TCR-β is knocked out from the recipient cells using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9) technology, simultaneously with transduction with a cancer-reactive receptor of choice. This TCR replacement strategy resulted in markedly increased surface expression of transgenic αβ and γδ TCRs, which in turn translated to a stronger, and more polyfunctional, response of engineered T cells to their target cancer cell lines. Additionally, the TCR-plus-CRISPR-modified T cells were up to a thousandfold more sensitive to antigen than standard TCR-transduced T cells or conventional model proxy systems used for studying TCR activity. Finally, transduction with a pan-cancer-reactive γδ TCR used in conjunction with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the endogenous αβ TCR resulted in more efficient redirection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against a panel of established blood cancers and primary, patient-derived B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia blasts compared with standard TCR transfer. Our results suggest that TCR transfer combined with genome editing could lead to new, improved generations of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, and
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, and
| | - Afsar Ali Mian
- Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G Ottmann
- Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, and
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15
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Influence of physical activity on the immune system in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:579-586. [PMID: 29305709 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity can impact the immune system in different ways, e.g. by alteration of the humoral and cellular immune response. Physical activity at medium intensity enhances numbers of cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and macrophages in healthy people. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of endurance and resistance training on the immune system in breast cancer patients during adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS In a prospective, controlled and randomized intervention exploratory trial, 12-week supervised endurance or resistance training were compared with usual care twice a week. Endpoints were the absolute numbers of the immune cells such as CD3+ T lymphocytes including CD4+- and CD8+, αβ T cells, γδT cells, CD3-/CD16+/56+ NK cells and CD19+ B cells, before and after 12 weeks of treatment. Cell numbers were analyzed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS Despite different physical interventions in all groups immune cell count decreased in CD3 T cells including TCR αβ and CD4 T cells, NK cells and CD19 B cells 12 weeks after initiation of chemotherapy and start of the physical intervention program, while the reduction of γδ T cells and CD8 T cells is less prominent in the RT and UC group. CONCLUSION Chemotherapy led to a decrease in nearly all measured immune cells. In this study, physical intervention with endurance or resistance training did not suppress cellular immunity any further. Larger multicenter trials are needed to evaluate the exact impact of sports intervention on immune cell subpopulations.
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16
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Lo Presti E, Pizzolato G, Gulotta E, Cocorullo G, Gulotta G, Dieli F, Meraviglia S. Current Advances in γδ T Cell-Based Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1401. [PMID: 29163482 PMCID: PMC5663908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are a minor population (~5%) of CD3 T cells in the peripheral blood, but abound in other anatomic sites such as the intestine or the skin. There are two major subsets of γδ T cells: those that express Vδ1 gene, paired with different Vγ elements, abound in the intestine and the skin, and recognize the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecules such as MHC class I-related molecule A, MHC class I-related molecule B, and UL16-binding protein expressed on many stressed and tumor cells. Conversely, γδ T cells expressing the Vδ2 gene paired with the Vγ9 chain are the predominant (50-90%) γδ T cell population in the peripheral blood and recognize phosphoantigens (PAgs) derived from the mevalonate pathway of mammalian cells, which is highly active upon infection or tumor transformation. Aminobisphosphonates (n-BPs), which inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, a downstream enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, cause accumulation of upstream PAgs and therefore promote γδ T cell activation. γδ T cells have distinctive features that justify their utilization in antitumor immunotherapy: they do not require MHC restriction and are less dependent that αβ T cells on co-stimulatory signals, produce cytokines with known antitumor effects as interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α and display cytotoxic and antitumor activities in vitro and in mouse models in vivo. Thus, there is interest in the potential application of γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy, and several small-sized clinical trials have been conducted of γδ T cell-based immunotherapy in different types of cancer after the application of PAgs or n-BPs plus interleukin-2 in vivo or after adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded γδ T cells, particularly the Vγ9Vδ2 subset. Results from clinical trials testing the efficacy of any of these two strategies have shown that γδ T cell-based therapy is safe, but long-term clinical results to date are inconsistent. In this review, we will discuss the major achievements and pitfalls of the γδ T cell-based immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pizzolato
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Humanitas University, Rozzano-Milano, Italy
| | - Eliana Gulotta
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Cocorullo
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Gulotta
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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17
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Wang J, Lin C, Li H, Li R, Wu Y, Liu H, Zhang H, He H, Zhang W, Xu J. Tumor-infiltrating γδT cells predict prognosis and adjuvant chemotherapeutic benefit in patients with gastric cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1353858. [PMID: 29147601 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1353858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose : Tumor-infiltrating γδT cells (γδTILs) have different prognostic value and functions among various cancers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of γδTILs in gastric cancer. Patients and methods : A discovery set (n = 190) and a validation set (n = 273) were involved in this study. Patients with TNM II and III disease were used to predict response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in both sets. γδTILs were defined as intense (γδT cells≥ 5/HPF) versus nonintense (γδT cells<5/HPF). Kaplan-Meier curve was plotted to analysis survival. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95%CI associated with γδTILs were evaluated by multivariable Cox models. Findings : The prognostic value of γδTILs in the discovery set (HR, 0.193; 95%CI, 0.097-0.383; P<0.001) was confirmed in the validation set (HR, 0.442; 95%CI, 0.251-0.779; P = 0.005) for overall survival (OS). Patients whose tumors with γδT cells≥ 5/HPF could benefit from ACT, with a reduced risk of compromised survival compared with those with γδT cells<5/HPF (HR, 0.086; 95%CI, 0.023-0.327; P<0.001 in discovery set; and HR, 0.077; 95%CI, 0.023-0.256; P<0.001 in validation set). Conclusion : The present study shows that intense γδT cells infiltration is an independent prognostic factor in patients with gastric cancer and is predictive of a survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with TNM II and III disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieti Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruochen Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyong He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Chitadze G, Oberg HH, Wesch D, Kabelitz D. The Ambiguous Role of γδ T Lymphocytes in Antitumor Immunity. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:668-678. [PMID: 28709825 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells play a role in immune surveillance because they recognize stress-induced surface molecules and metabolic intermediates that are frequently dysregulated in transformed cells. Hence, γδ T cells have attracted much interest as effector cells in cell-based immunotherapy. Recently, however, it has been realized that γδ T cells can also promote tumorigenesis through various mechanisms including regulatory activity and IL-17 production. In this review we outline both the pathways involved in cancer cell recognition and killing by γδ T cells as well as current evidence for their protumorigenic activity in various models. Finally, we discuss strategies to improve the tumor reactivity of γδ T cells and to counteract their protumorigenic activities, which should open improved perspectives for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guranda Chitadze
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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19
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Human γδ T cells: From a neglected lymphocyte population to cellular immunotherapy: A personal reflection of 30years of γδ T cell research. Clin Immunol 2016; 172:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Toia F, Buccheri S, Anfosso A, Moschella F, Dieli F, Meraviglia S, Cordova A. Skewed Differentiation of Circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T Lymphocytes in Melanoma and Impact on Clinical Outcome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149570. [PMID: 26915072 PMCID: PMC4767817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate over time circulating γδ T lymphocytes in melanoma patients in terms of frequency, effector functions, and relationship with clinical stage and evolution, by comparing preoperative values to those obtained at a mean follow-up of 36 months or in the event of recurrence or disease progression, and to those of healthy controls. Also, we correlated the presence of tumor-infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes with clinical evolution of melanoma. Results Mean frequencies of circulating γδ T cells before and after melanoma removal were very similar and comparable to healthy subjects, but patients who progressed to stage III or IV showed a significantly decreased frequency of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. The distribution of Vγ9Vδ2 memory and effector subsets was similar in healthy subjects and melanoma patients at diagnosis, but circulating γδ T cells of patients after melanoma removal had a skewed terminally-differentiated effector memory phenotype. Highly suggestive of progressive differentiation toward a cytotoxic phenotype, Vγ9Vδ2T cells from patients at follow up had increased cytotoxic potential and limited cytokine production capability, while the opposite pattern was detected in Vγ9Vδ2T cells from patients before melanoma removal. Conclusions Follow-up data also showed that tumor infiltrating γδ T cells were significantly associated with lower mortality and relapse rates, suggesting that they may serve as a prognostic biomarker, for human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Toia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Buccheri
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Abdominal Diseases and Transplantation, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ampelio Anfosso
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Moschella
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriana Cordova
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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21
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Kabelitz D, Déchanet-Merville J. Editorial: "Recent Advances in Gamma/Delta T Cell Biology: New Ligands, New Functions, and New Translational Perspectives". Front Immunol 2015; 6:371. [PMID: 26257738 PMCID: PMC4508528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel , Kiel , Germany
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22
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Oberg HH, Kellner C, Gonnermann D, Peipp M, Peters C, Sebens S, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. γδ T cell activation by bispecific antibodies. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:41-9. [PMID: 25979810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have been successfully introduced into clinical application. γδ T cells are of special interest for tumor immunotherapy, due to their recognition of pyrophosphates that are overproduced by many tumor cells resulting in HLA-nonrestricted tumor cell killing. Here we describe in detail a [(Her2)2 × Vγ9] tribody construct that targets human Vγ9 T cells to HER2-expressing tumor cells. The direct comparison with other selective Vγ9 T cell agonists including phosphoantigens and nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates revealed the superiority of the [(Her2)2 × Vγ9] tribody in triggering γδ T cell-mediated tumor cell killing with negligible induction of γδ T cell death. In contrast, phosphoantigens and bisphosphonates are potent inducers of γδ T cell proliferation but less efficient enhancers of γδ T cell-mediated tumor cell killing. Collectively, our data identify unique properties of a γδ T cell-targeting [(Her2)2 × Vγ9] tribody which make it an attractive candidate for clinical application in γδ T cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Daniel Gonnermann
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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