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Coelho-Santos V, Cruz AJN, Shih AY. Does Perinatal Intermittent Hypoxia Affect Cerebrovascular Network Development? Dev Neurosci 2023; 46:44-54. [PMID: 37231864 DOI: 10.1159/000530957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia is an inadequate delivery of oxygen to the fetus in the period immediately before, during, or after the birth process. The most frequent form of hypoxia occurring in human development is chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) due to sleep-disordered breathing (apnea) or bradycardia events. CIH incidence is particularly high with premature infants. During CIH, repetitive cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation initiate oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades in the brain. A dense microvascular network of arterioles, capillaries, and venules is required to support the constant metabolic demands of the adult brain. The development and refinement of this microvasculature is orchestrated throughout gestation and in the initial weeks after birth, at a critical juncture when CIH can occur. There is little knowledge on how CIH affects the development of the cerebrovasculature. However, since CIH (and its treatments) can cause profound abnormalities in tissue oxygen content and neural activity, there is reason to believe that it can induce lasting abnormalities in vascular structure and function at the microvascular level contributing to neurodevelopmental disorders. This mini-review discusses the hypothesis that CIH induces a positive feedback loop to perpetuate metabolic insufficiency through derailment of normal cerebrovascular development, leading to long-term deficiencies in cerebrovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Coelho-Santos
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anne-Jolene N Cruz
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Zhang MH, Han XX, Lu Y, Deng JJ, Zhang WH, Mao JQ, Mi J, Ding WH, Wu MJ, Yu LM, Liu YH. Chronic intermittent hypoxia impaired collagen synthesis in mouse genioglossus via ROS accumulation: A transcriptomic analysis. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 308:103980. [PMID: 36273780 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by intermittent and recurrent upper airway collapse during sleep that leads to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). The genioglossus (GG) is the largest dilator muscle, which controls the upper airway and plays an important role in OSA pathology. Elucidating its genetic alterations may help identify potential targets for OSA. However, the genetic aspects of the GG in CIH mice remain unclear. Here, we have conducted an RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis to assess the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the GG between CIH mice and normoxia (NOR) mice. A total of 637 DEGs were identified to be dysregulated in CIH mice compared with control mice. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the DEGs were related to various physiological processes, such as the endogenous stimulus responses, cellular component organization and metabolic processes. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction was the top KEGG pathway in the environmental information processing category with high significance and large fold changes. From the gene weight distributions of collagen (Col)-related biological processes (BPs), we found several significant DEGs, such as Col1a1, Col1a2, Mmp2, Col3a1, Col5a1, Fmod, and Col5a2. A PPI network showed that Col1a1 was linked to ECM-receptor interactions, responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Col-related BPs. It was verified in vivo and in vitro that hypoxia can induce excess ROS and reduce Col expression levels. Moreover, we found NAC can effectively scavenge ROS and restore collagen synthesis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms linking OSA and upper airway muscle injury and may help identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China; Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology affiliated to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Xin-Xin Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jia-Jia Deng
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Wei-Hua Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jia-Qi Mao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jing Mi
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Wang-Hui Ding
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology affiliated to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Meng-Jie Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology affiliated to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Li-Ming Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Yue-Hua Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China.
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3
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Shirokova O, Zaborskaya O, Pchelin P, Kozliaeva E, Pershin V, Mukhina I. Genetic and Epigenetic Sexual Dimorphism of Brain Cells during Aging. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020195. [PMID: 36831738 PMCID: PMC9954625 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much of the attention paid to theoretical and applied biomedicine, as well as neurobiology, has been drawn to various aspects of sexual dimorphism due to the differences that male and female brain cells demonstrate during aging: (a) a dimorphic pattern of response to therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, (b) different age of onset and different degrees of the prevalence of such disorders, and (c) differences in their symptomatic manifestations in men and women. The purpose of this review is to outline the genetic and epigenetic differences in brain cells during aging in males and females. As a result, we hereby show that the presence of brain aging patterns in males and females is due to a complex of factors associated with the effects of sex chromosomes, which subsequently entails a change in signal cascades in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Shirokova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga Zaborskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Pavel Pchelin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603002, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Kozliaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir Pershin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603002, Russia
| | - Irina Mukhina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603002, Russia
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4
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Vanderplow AM, Kermath BA, Bernhardt CR, Gums KT, Seablom EN, Radcliff AB, Ewald AC, Jones MV, Baker TL, Watters JJ, Cahill ME. A feature of maternal sleep apnea during gestation causes autism-relevant neuronal and behavioral phenotypes in offspring. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001502. [PMID: 35113852 PMCID: PMC8812875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting epidemiologic and scientific evidence indicates that many psychiatric disorders originate from a complex interplay between genetics and early life experiences, particularly in the womb. Despite decades of research, our understanding of the precise prenatal and perinatal experiences that increase susceptibility to neurodevelopmental disorders remains incomplete. Sleep apnea (SA) is increasingly common during pregnancy and is characterized by recurrent partial or complete cessations in breathing during sleep. SA causes pathological drops in blood oxygen levels (intermittent hypoxia, IH), often hundreds of times each night. Although SA is known to cause adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, the long-term consequences of maternal SA during pregnancy on brain-based behavioral outcomes and associated neuronal functioning in the offspring remain unknown. We developed a rat model of maternal SA during pregnancy by exposing dams to IH, a hallmark feature of SA, during gestational days 10 to 21 and investigated the consequences on the offspring's forebrain synaptic structure, synaptic function, and behavioral phenotypes across multiples stages of development. Our findings represent a rare example of prenatal factors causing sexually dimorphic behavioral phenotypes associated with excessive (rather than reduced) synapse numbers and implicate hyperactivity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in contributing to the behavioral aberrations. These findings have implications for neuropsychiatric disorders typified by superfluous synapse maintenance that are believed to result, at least in part, from largely unknown insults to the maternal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Vanderplow
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bailey A. Kermath
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cassandra R. Bernhardt
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kimberly T. Gums
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erin N. Seablom
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Abigail B. Radcliff
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrea C. Ewald
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mathew V. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tracy L. Baker
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jyoti J. Watters
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Cahill
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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5
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Ulland TK, Ewald AC, Knutson AO, Marino KM, Smith SMC, Watters JJ. Alzheimer's Disease, Sleep Disordered Breathing, and Microglia: Puzzling out a Common Link. Cells 2021; 10:2907. [PMID: 34831129 PMCID: PMC8616348 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are strongly associated clinically, but it is unknown if they are mechanistically associated. Here, we review data covering both the cellular and molecular responses in SDB and AD with an emphasis on the overlapping neuroimmune responses in both diseases. We extensively discuss the use of animal models of both diseases and their relative utilities in modeling human disease. Data presented here from mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia indicate that microglia become more activated following exposure to hypoxia. This also supports the idea that intermittent hypoxia can activate the neuroimmune system in a manner like that seen in AD. Finally, we highlight similarities in the cellular and neuroimmune responses between SDB and AD and propose that these similarities may lead to a pathological synergy between SDB and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K. Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.K.U.); (K.M.M.)
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Andrea C. Ewald
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
| | - Andrew O. Knutson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
| | - Kaitlyn M. Marino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.K.U.); (K.M.M.)
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Stephanie M. C. Smith
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
| | - Jyoti J. Watters
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
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6
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Abler LL, O’Driscoll CA, Colopy SA, Stietz KPK, Wang P, Wang Z, Hartmann F, Crader-Smith SM, Oellete JN, Mehta V, Oakes SR, Grimes MD, Mitchell GS, Baan M, Gallagher SJ, Davis DB, Kimple ME, Bjorling DE, Watters JJ, Vezina CM. The influence of intermittent hypoxia, obesity, and diabetes on male genitourinary anatomy and voiding physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F82-F92. [PMID: 34121451 PMCID: PMC8807064 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00112.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We used male BTBR mice carrying the Lepob mutation, which are subject to severe and progressive obesity and diabetes beginning at 6 wk of age, to examine the influence of one specific manifestation of sleep apnea, intermittent hypoxia (IH), on male urinary voiding physiology and genitourinary anatomy. A custom device was used to deliver continuous normoxia (control) or IH to wild-type and Lepob/ob (mutant) mice for 2 wk. IH was delivered during the 12-h inactive (light) period in the form of 90 s of 6% O2 followed by 90 s of room air. Continuous room air was delivered during the 12-h active (dark) period. We then evaluated genitourinary anatomy and physiology. As expected for the type 2 diabetes phenotype, mutant mice consumed more food and water, weighed more, and voided more frequently and in larger urine volumes. They also had larger bladder volumes but smaller prostates, seminal vesicles, and urethras than wild-type mice. IH decreased food consumption and increased bladder relative weight independent of genotype and increased urine glucose concentration in mutant mice. When evaluated based on genotype (normoxia + IH), the incidence of pathogenic bacteriuria was greater in mutant mice than in wild-type mice, and among mice exposed to IH, bacteriuria incidence was greater in mutant mice than in wild-type mice. We conclude that IH exposure and type 2 diabetes can act independently and together to modify male mouse urinary function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea are common in aging men, and both have been linked to urinary voiding dysfunction. Here, we show that metabolic syndrome and intermittent hypoxia (a manifestation of sleep apnea) have individual and combined influences on voiding function and urogenital anatomy in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Abler
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,2University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chelsea A. O’Driscoll
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,2University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sara A. Colopy
- 3Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kimberly P. Keil Stietz
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Peiqing Wang
- 3Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Zunyi Wang
- 3Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Faye Hartmann
- 4Microbiology Laboratory, UW Veterinary Care, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephanie M. Crader-Smith
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jonathan N. Oellete
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vatsal Mehta
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Steven R. Oakes
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew D. Grimes
- 5Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gordon S. Mitchell
- 6Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, grid.15276.37University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mieke Baan
- 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,8William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Shannon J. Gallagher
- 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,8William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dawn B. Davis
- 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,8William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michelle E. Kimple
- 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,8William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dale E. Bjorling
- 2University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, Madison, Wisconsin,3Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jyoti J. Watters
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,2University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, Madison, Wisconsin
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7
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Weinhouse C. The roles of inducible chromatin and transcriptional memory in cellular defense system responses to redox-active pollutants. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:85-108. [PMID: 33789123 PMCID: PMC8382302 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to wide range of redox-active environmental pollutants. Air pollution, heavy metals, pesticides, and endocrine disrupting chemicals can disrupt cellular redox status. Redox-active pollutants in our environment all trigger their own sets of specific cellular responses, but they also activate a common set of general stress responses that buffer the cell against homeostatic insults. These cellular defense system (CDS) pathways include the heat shock response, the oxidative stress response, the hypoxia response, the unfolded protein response, the DNA damage response, and the general stress response mediated by the stress-activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Over the past two decades, the field of environmental epigenetics has investigated epigenetic responses to environmental pollutants, including redox-active pollutants. Studies of these responses highlight the role of chromatin modifications in controlling the transcriptional response to pollutants and the role of transcriptional memory, often referred to as "epigenetic reprogramming", in predisposing previously exposed individuals to more potent transcriptional responses on secondary challenge. My central thesis in this review is that high dose or chronic exposure to redox-active pollutants leads to transcriptional memories at CDS target genes that influence the cell's ability to mount protective responses. To support this thesis, I will: (1) summarize the known chromatin features required for inducible gene activation; (2) review the known forms of transcriptional memory; (3) discuss the roles of inducible chromatin and transcriptional memory in CDS responses that are activated by redox-active environmental pollutants; and (4) propose a conceptual framework for CDS pathway responsiveness as a readout of total cellular exposure to redox-active pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Weinhouse
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97214, USA.
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8
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Mouradian GC, Lakshminrusimha S, Konduri GG. Perinatal Hypoxemia and Oxygen Sensing. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1653-1677. [PMID: 33792908 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of the control of breathing begins in utero and continues postnatally. Fetal breathing movements are needed for establishing connectivity between the lungs and central mechanisms controlling breathing. Maturation of the control of breathing, including the increase of hypoxia chemosensitivity, continues postnatally. Insufficient oxygenation, or hypoxia, is a major stressor that can manifest for different reasons in the fetus and neonate. Though the fetus and neonate have different hypoxia sensing mechanisms and respond differently to acute hypoxia, both responses prevent deviations to respiratory and other developmental processes. Intermittent and chronic hypoxia pose much greater threats to the normal developmental respiratory processes. Gestational intermittent hypoxia, due to maternal sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnea, increases eupneic breathing and decreases the hypoxic ventilatory response associated with impaired gasping and autoresuscitation postnatally. Chronic fetal hypoxia, due to biologic or environmental (i.e. high-altitude) factors, is implicated in fetal growth restriction and preterm birth causing a decrease in the postnatal hypoxic ventilatory responses with increases in irregular eupneic breathing. Mechanisms driving these changes include delayed chemoreceptor development, catecholaminergic activity, abnormal myelination, increased astrocyte proliferation in the dorsal respiratory group, among others. Long-term high-altitude residents demonstrate favorable adaptations to chronic hypoxia as do their offspring. Neonatal intermittent hypoxia is common among preterm infants due to immature respiratory systems and thus, display a reduced drive to breathe and apneas due to insufficient hypoxic sensitivity. However, ongoing intermittent hypoxia can enhance hypoxic sensitivity causing ventilatory overshoots followed by apnea; the number of apneas is positively correlated with degree of hypoxic sensitivity in preterm infants. Chronic neonatal hypoxia may arise from fetal complications like maternal smoking or from postnatal cardiovascular problems, causing blunting of the hypoxic ventilatory responses throughout at least adolescence due to attenuation of carotid body fibers responses to hypoxia with potential roles of brainstem serotonin, microglia, and inflammation, though these effects depend on the age in which chronic hypoxia initiates. Fetal and neonatal intermittent and chronic hypoxia are implicated in preterm birth and complicate the respiratory system through their direct effects on hypoxia sensing mechanisms and interruptions to the normal developmental processes. Thus, precise regulation of oxygen homeostasis is crucial for normal development of the respiratory control network. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1653-1677, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C Mouradian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Satyan Lakshminrusimha
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Children's Hospital, UC Davis Health, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Girija G Konduri
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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9
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Carrier M, Guilbert J, Lévesque JP, Tremblay MÈ, Desjardins M. Structural and Functional Features of Developing Brain Capillaries, and Their Alteration in Schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:595002. [PMID: 33519380 PMCID: PMC7843388 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.595002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia affects more than 1% of the world's population and shows very high heterogeneity in the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms experienced by patients. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying this neurodevelopmental disorder are largely unknown, although it is proposed to emerge from multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. In this work, we explore the potential alterations in the developing blood vessel network which could contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Specifically, we discuss how the vascular network evolves during early postnatal life and how genetic and environmental risk factors can lead to detrimental changes. Blood vessels, capillaries in particular, constitute a dynamic and complex infrastructure distributing oxygen and nutrients to the brain. During postnatal development, capillaries undergo many structural and anatomical changes in order to form a fully functional, mature vascular network. Advanced technologies like magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy are now enabling to study how the brain vasculature and its supporting features are established in humans from birth until adulthood. Furthermore, the contribution of the different neurovascular unit elements, including pericytes, endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia, to proper brain function and behavior, can be dissected. This investigation conducted among different brain regions altered in schizophrenia, such as the prefrontal cortex, may provide further evidence that schizophrenia can be considered a neurovascular disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Guilbert
- Axe Oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Physics, Physical Engineering and Optics, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Lévesque
- Axe Oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Physics, Physical Engineering and Optics, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Desjardins
- Axe Oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Physics, Physical Engineering and Optics, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Kiernan EA, Ewald AC, Ouellette JN, Wang T, Agbeh A, Knutson AO, Roopra AS, Watters JJ. Prior Hypoxia Exposure Enhances Murine Microglial Inflammatory Gene Expression in vitro Without Concomitant H3K4me3 Enrichment. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:535549. [PMID: 33132843 PMCID: PMC7575929 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.535549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia (Hx) is a component of multiple disorders, including stroke and sleep-disordered breathing, which often precede or are comorbid with neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about how hypoxia affects the ability of microglia, resident CNS macrophages, to respond to subsequent inflammatory challenges that are often present during neurodegenerative processes. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that hypoxia would enhance or "prime" microglial pro-inflammatory gene expression in response to a later inflammatory challenge without programmatically increasing basal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. To test this, we pre-exposed immortalized N9 and primary microglia to hypoxia (1% O2) for 16 h and then challenged them with pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) either immediately or 3-6 days following hypoxic exposure. We used RNA sequencing coupled with chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to analyze primed microglial inflammatory gene expression and modifications to histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) at the promoters of primed genes. We found that microglia exhibited enhanced responses to LPS 3 days and 6 days post-hypoxia. Surprisingly, however, the majority of primed genes were not enriched for H3K4me3 acutely following hypoxia exposure. Using the bioinformatics tool MAGICTRICKS and reversible pharmacological inhibition, we found that primed genes required the transcriptional activities of NF-κB. These findings provide evidence that hypoxia pre-exposure could lead to persistent and aberrant inflammatory responses in the context of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Kiernan
- Department of Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Andrea C. Ewald
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jonathan N. Ouellette
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Abiye Agbeh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Andrew O. Knutson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Avtar S. Roopra
- Department of Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jyoti J. Watters
- Department of Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Janowska J, Gargas J, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Zalewska T, Sypecka J. Oligodendrocyte Response to Pathophysiological Conditions Triggered by Episode of Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia: Role of IGF-1 Secretion by Glial Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4250-4268. [PMID: 32691304 PMCID: PMC7467917 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors towards myelinating cells is influenced by a plethora of exogenous instructive signals. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is one of the major factors regulating cell survival, proliferation, and maturation. Recently, there is an ever growing recognition concerning the role of autocrine/paracrine IGF-1 signaling in brain development and metabolism. Since oligodendrocyte functioning is altered after the neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult, a question arises if the injury exerts any influence on the IGF-1 secreted by neural cells and how possibly the change in IGF-1 concentration affects oligodendrocyte growth. To quantify the secretory activity of neonatal glial cells, the step-wise approach by sequentially using the in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models of perinatal asphyxia was applied. A comparison of the results of in vivo and ex vivo studies allowed evaluating the role of autocrine/paracrine IGF-1 signaling. Accordingly, astroglia were indicated to be the main local source of IGF-1 in the developing brain, and the factor secretion was shown to be significantly upregulated during the first 24 h after the hypoxic-ischemic insult. And conversely, the IGF-1 amounts released by oligodendrocytes and microglia significantly decreased. A morphometric examination of oligodendrocyte differentiation by means of the Sholl analysis showed that the treatment with low IGF-1 doses markedly improved the branching of oligodendroglial cell processes and, in this way, promoted their differentiation. The changes in the IGF-1 amounts in the nervous tissue after HI might contribute to the resulting white matter disorders, observed in newborn children who experienced perinatal asphyxia. Pharmacological modulation of IGF-1 secretion by neural cells could be reasonable solution in studies aimed at searching for therapies alleviating the consequences of perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Janowska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, A. Pawinskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Gargas
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, A. Pawinskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Ziemka-Nalecz
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, A. Pawinskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Zalewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, A. Pawinskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, A. Pawinskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Ewald AC, Kiernan EA, Roopra AS, Radcliff AB, Timko RR, Baker TL, Watters JJ. Sex- and Region-Specific Differences in the Transcriptomes of Rat Microglia from the Brainstem and Cervical Spinal Cord. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:210-222. [PMID: 32661056 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.266171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural control system underlying breathing is sexually dimorphic with males being more vulnerable to dysfunction. Microglia also display sex differences, and their role in the architecture of brainstem respiratory rhythm circuitry and modulation of cervical spinal cord respiratory plasticity is becoming better appreciated. To further understand the molecular underpinnings of these sex differences, we performed RNA sequencing of immunomagnetically isolated microglia from brainstem and cervical spinal cord of adult male and female rats. We used various bioinformatics tools (Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Reactome, STRING, MAGICTRICKS) to functionally categorize identified gene sets, as well as to pinpoint common transcriptional gene drivers that may be responsible for the observed transcriptomic differences. We found few sex differences in the microglial transcriptomes derived from the brainstem, but several hundred genes were differentially expressed by sex in cervical spinal microglia. Comparing brainstem and spinal microglia within and between sexes, we found that the major factor guiding transcriptomic differences was central nervous system (CNS) location rather than sex. We further identified key transcriptional drivers that may be responsible for the transcriptomic differences observed between sexes and CNS regions; enhancer of zeste homolog 2 emerged as the predominant driver of the differentially downregulated genes. We suggest that functional gene alterations identified in metabolism, transcription, and intercellular communication underlie critical microglial heterogeneity and sex differences in CNS regions that contribute to respiratory disorders categorized by dysfunction in neural control. These data will also serve as an important resource data base to advance our understanding of innate immune cell contributions to sex differences and the field of respiratory neural control. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The contributions of central nervous system (CNS) innate immune cells to sexually dimorphic differences in the neural circuitry controlling breathing are poorly understood. We identify key transcriptomic differences, and their transcriptional drivers, in microglia derived from the brainstem and the C3-C6 cervical spinal cord of healthy adult male and female rats. Gene alterations identified in metabolism, gene transcription, and intercellular communication likely underlie critical microglial heterogeneity and sex differences in these key CNS regions that contribute to the neural control of breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Ewald
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences (A.C.E., E.A.K., A.B.R., R.R.T., T.L.B., J.J.W.) and Neuroscience (A.S.R.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Elizabeth A Kiernan
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences (A.C.E., E.A.K., A.B.R., R.R.T., T.L.B., J.J.W.) and Neuroscience (A.S.R.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Avtar S Roopra
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences (A.C.E., E.A.K., A.B.R., R.R.T., T.L.B., J.J.W.) and Neuroscience (A.S.R.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Abigail B Radcliff
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences (A.C.E., E.A.K., A.B.R., R.R.T., T.L.B., J.J.W.) and Neuroscience (A.S.R.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rebecca R Timko
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences (A.C.E., E.A.K., A.B.R., R.R.T., T.L.B., J.J.W.) and Neuroscience (A.S.R.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Tracy L Baker
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences (A.C.E., E.A.K., A.B.R., R.R.T., T.L.B., J.J.W.) and Neuroscience (A.S.R.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jyoti J Watters
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences (A.C.E., E.A.K., A.B.R., R.R.T., T.L.B., J.J.W.) and Neuroscience (A.S.R.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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