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Guo D, Zhou S, Liu R, Yao W, Li S, Zhang X, Shen W, Zhu S. NEK2 contributes to radioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by inducing protective autophagy via regulating TRIM21. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:179. [PMID: 38783335 PMCID: PMC11112778 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT) has been identified as a vital treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), while the development of radioresistance remains a major obstacle in ESCC management. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2) on radioresistance in ESCC cells and to reveal potential molecular mechanisms. METHODS Human esophageal epithelial cells (HEEC) and human ESCC cell lines were obtained from the Research Center of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University (Shijiazhuang, China). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry assays were applied to assess the proliferation ability, cell cycle, apoptosis rates, and ROS production of ESCC cells. The colony-forming assay was used to estimate the effect of NEK2 on radiosensitivity. Autophagy was investigated by western blotting analysis, GFP-mRFP-LC3 fluorescence assay, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS In the present study, our results showed that NEK2 was associated with radioresistance, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, ROS production, and survival of ESCC. NEK2 knockdown could significantly inhibit growth while enhancing radiosensitivity and ROS production in ESCC cells. Interestingly, NEK2 knockdown inhibited ESCC cell autophagy and reduced autophagic flux, ultimately reversing NEK2-induced radioresistance. Mechanistically, NEK2 bound to and regulated the stability of tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21). The accumulation of NEK2-induced light chain 3 beta 2 (LC3B II) can be reversed by the knockdown of TRIM21. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that NEK2 activated autophagy through TRIM21, which may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for elucidating NEK2-mediated radioresistance in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Ruixue Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Weinan Yao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xueyuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Wenbin Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Shuchai Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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Bettacchioli E, Saraux A, Tison A, Cornec D, Dueymes M, Foulquier N, Hillion S, Roguedas-Contios AM, Benyoussef AA, Alarcon-Riquelme ME, Pers JO, Devauchelle-Pensec V. Association of Combined Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 and Anti-Ro60/SSA Antibodies With Increased Sjögren Disease Severity Through Interferon Pathway Activation. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:751-762. [PMID: 38130019 DOI: 10.1002/art.42789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The biologic diagnosis of primary Sjögren disease (SjD) mainly relies on anti-Ro60/SSA antibodies, whereas the significance of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies currently remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical, serological, biologic, transcriptomic, and interferon profiles of patients with SjD according to their anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody status. METHODS Patients with SjD from the European PRECISESADS (n = 376) and the Brittany Diagnostic Suspicion of primitive Sjögren's Syndrome (DIApSS); (n = 146) cohorts were divided into four groups: double negative (Ro52-/Ro60-), isolated anti-Ro52/TRIM21 positive (Ro52+), isolated anti-Ro60/SSA positive (Ro60+), and double-positive (Ro52+/Ro60+) patients. Clinical information; EULAR Sjögren Syndrome Disease Activity Index, a score representing systemic activity; and biologic markers associated with disease severity were evaluated. Transcriptome data obtained from whole blood by RNA sequencing and type I and II interferon signatures were analyzed for PRECISESADS patients. RESULTS In the DIApSS cohort, Ro52+/Ro60+ patients showed significantly more parotidomegaly (33.3% vs 0%-11%) along with higher β2-microglobulin (P = 0.0002), total immunoglobulin (P < 0.0001), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels (P = 0.002) as well as rheumatoid factor (RF) positivity (66.2% vs 20.8%-25%) compared to other groups. The PRECISESADS cohort corroborated these observations, with increased arthritis (P = 0.046), inflammation (P = 0.005), hypergammaglobulinemia (P < 0.0001), positive RF (P < 0.0001), leukopenia (P = 0.004), and lymphopenia (P = 0.009) in Ro52+/Ro60+ patients. Cumulative EULAR Sjögren Syndrome Disease Activity Index results further confirmed these disparities (P = 0.002). Transcriptome analysis linked anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody positivity to interferon pathway activation as an underlying cause for these clinical correlations. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the combination of anti-Ro52/TRIM21 and anti-Ro60/SSA antibodies is associated with a clinical, biologic, and transcriptional profile linked to greater disease severity in SjD through the potentiation of the interferon pathway activation by anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Bettacchioli
- LBAI, UMR1227, INSERM, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Alain Saraux
- LBAI, UMR1227, INSERM, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Alice Tison
- LBAI, UMR1227, INSERM, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Divi Cornec
- LBAI, UMR1227, INSERM, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Maryvonne Dueymes
- LBAI, UMR1227, INSERM, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Nathan Foulquier
- LBAI, UMR1227, INSERM, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Sophie Hillion
- LBAI, UMR1227, INSERM, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Valérie Devauchelle-Pensec
- LBAI, UMR1227, INSERM, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
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Huang Y, Gao X, He QY, Liu W. A Interacting Model: How TRIM21 Orchestrates with Proteins in Intracellular Immunity. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301142. [PMID: 37922533 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), identified as both a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase and FcR (Fragment crystallizable receptor), primarily interacts with proteins via its PRY/SPRY domains and promotes their proteasomal degradation to regulate intracellular immunity. But how TRIM21 involves in intracellular immunity still lacks systematical understanding. Herein, it is probed into the TRIM21-related literature and raises an interacting model about how TRIM21 orchestrates proteins in cytosol. In this novel model, TRIM21 generally interacts with miscellaneous protein in intracellular immunity in two ways: For one, TRIM21 solely plays as an E3, ubiquitylating a glut of proteins that contain specific interferon-regulatory factor, nuclear transcription factor kappaB, virus sensors and others, and involving inflammatory responses. For another, TRIM21 serves as both E3 and specific FcR that detects antibody-complexes and facilitates antibody destroying target proteins. Correspondingly delineated as Fc-independent signaling and Fc-dependent signaling in this review, how TRIM21's interactions contribute to intracellular immunity, expecting to provide a systematical understanding of this important protein and invest enlightenment for further research on the pathogenesis of related diseases and its prospective application is elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisha Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xuejuan Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qing-Yu He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wanting Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Hsu CH, Yu YL. The interconnected roles of TRIM21/Ro52 in systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sjögren's syndrome, cancers, and cancer metabolism. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:289. [PMID: 37993883 PMCID: PMC10664372 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21/Ro52), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is an essential regulator of innate immunity, and its dysregulation is closely associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, predominantly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). TRIM21 /Ro52 also features anti-cancer and carcinogenic functions according to different malignancies. The interconnected role of TRIM21/Ro52 in regulating autoimmunity and cell metabolism in autoimmune diseases and malignancies is implicated. In this review, we summarize current findings on how TRIM21/Ro52 affects inflammation and tumorigenesis, and investigate the relationship between TRIM21/Ro52 expression and the formation of lymphoma and breast cancer in SLE and pSS populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chueh-Hsuan Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
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Holwek E, Opinc-Rosiak A, Sarnik J, Makowska J. Ro52/TRIM21 - From host defense to autoimmunity. Cell Immunol 2023; 393-394:104776. [PMID: 37857191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Ro52 (TRIM21) belongs to the ubiquitin ligase family. This protein plays a crucial role in many immunological processes, including antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization, synergy with the complement system, antiviral response, death mediation, oxidative stress response, and protein ubiquitination. Abnormal expression of TRIM21 can break immunological tolerance and lead to the production of autoantibodies against TRIM21. Antibodies against TRIM21 are detected in various autoimmune diseases, including Sjögren's syndrome (SS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or myositis. However, anti-TRIM21 presence is not limited to autoimmune connective tissue disorders. It was observed in patients with malignancies, various cancerous processes, infectious diseases, and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. The occurrence of TRIM21 autoantibodies is also associated with clinical features, such as the prevalence of interstitial lung diseases and cardiac or haematological involvement in connective tissue disorders. The purpose of this review was to summarize current knowledge of the immunological functions of TRIM21 and analyze the clinical implications of anti-TRIM21 antibodies in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Holwek
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Independent Public Healthcare Centre, Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-213, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Sarnik
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-115, Poland
| | - Joanna Makowska
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-115, Poland.
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Huo C, Gu Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Tang F, Zhao B, Liu T, He W, Li Y. STAT1 suppresses the transcriptional activity of TRIM21 in gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:15335-15348. [PMID: 37639009 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and is involved in the regulation of various biological processes in vivo. TRIM21 has been found to have strong associations with various cancers. However, its role in gastric cancer is unclear. METHODS The TCGA database was screened to obtain TRIM21 using WGCNA and PPI analyses. The TCGA database was used to evaluate the correlation of TRIM21 expression with patients' clinical characteristics, prognosis, functional enrichment and immune cell infiltration. The role of TRIM21 in cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion was verified by in vivo and in vitro assays. The UCSC and JASPAR databases were used to evaluate the regulatory role of STAT1 on TRIM21 transcription. Finally, dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the regulation of TRIM21 transcriptional activity by STAT1. RESULTS As a key gene, high expression of TRIM21 inhibited the gastric cancer growth and was significantly enriched in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. TRIM21 expression was positively correlated with a variety of TICs, including T cells, NK cells, and DCs. In vivo assays, TRIM21 inhibited functions in gastric cancer cell lines, including inhibition of proliferation and migration, and promotion of apoptosis. Database analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that STAT1 inhibited the transcriptional activity of TRIM21. In vivo assays confirmed that TRIM21 inhibited tumor growth, and STAT1 expression was negatively correlated with STAT1. CONCLUSION TRIM21 is a tumor-suppressive gene in gastric cancer, and its transcriptional activity is inhibited by STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Huo
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yanmei Gu
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Daijun Wang
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Futian Tang
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Wenting He
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
| | - Yumin Li
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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Liu RX, Gu RH, Li ZP, Hao ZQ, Hu QX, Li ZY, Wang XG, Tang W, Wang XH, Zeng YK, Li ZW, Dong Q, Zhu XF, Chen D, Zhao KW, Zhang RH, Zha ZG, Zhang HT. Trim21 depletion alleviates bone loss in osteoporosis via activation of YAP1/β-catenin signaling. Bone Res 2023; 11:56. [PMID: 37884520 PMCID: PMC10603047 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the diverse roles of tripartite motif (Trim)-containing proteins in the regulation of autophagy, the innate immune response, and cell differentiation, their roles in skeletal diseases are largely unknown. We recently demonstrated that Trim21 plays a crucial role in regulating osteoblast (OB) differentiation in osteosarcoma. However, how Trim21 contributes to skeletal degenerative disorders, including osteoporosis, remains unknown. First, human and mouse bone specimens were evaluated, and the results showed that Trim21 expression was significantly elevated in bone tissues obtained from osteoporosis patients. Next, we found that global knockout of the Trim21 gene (KO, Trim21-/-) resulted in higher bone mass compared to that of the control littermates. We further demonstrated that loss of Trim21 promoted bone formation by enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and elevating the activity of OBs; moreover, Trim21 depletion suppressed osteoclast (OC) formation of RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the differentiation of OCs from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) isolated from Trim21-/- and Ctsk-cre; Trim21f/f mice was largely compromised compared to that of the littermate control mice. Mechanistically, YAP1/β-catenin signaling was identified and demonstrated to be required for the Trim21-mediated osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. More importantly, the loss of Trim21 prevented ovariectomy (OVX)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone loss in vivo by orchestrating the coupling of OBs and OCs through YAP1 signaling. Our current study demonstrated that Trim21 is crucial for regulating OB-mediated bone formation and OC-mediated bone resorption, thereby providing a basis for exploring Trim21 as a novel dual-targeting approach for treating osteoporosis and pathological bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Xu Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
- Department of Orthopedic and Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-He Gu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences of Guangxi Medical University, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530022, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Li
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Quan Hao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin-Xiao Hu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Yan Li
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Tang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-He Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Kai Zeng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Wei Li
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiu Dong
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Informatization, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Computer-aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518005, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke-Wei Zhao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510375, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Hua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Informatization, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhen-Gang Zha
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huan-Tian Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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Hu F, Liu Y, Wang F, Fu X, Liu X, Zou Z, Zhou B. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of TRIM21 in various cancers: A meta and bioinformatic analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34012. [PMID: 37335642 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), a member of the ubiquitin ligase family, makes a significant contribution to the ubiquitination of multiple tumor marker proteins associated with tumor cell proliferation, metastasis and selective apoptosis. As the research further develops, an increasing number of studies have manifested that the TRIM21 expression level can be considered an indicator of cancer prognosis. However, the interrelationship between TRIM21 and multiple forms of carcinogens has not been demonstrated in a meta-analysis. METHODS We performed a systematic literature retrieval in various electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Besides, the hazard ratio (HR) and the pooled relative risk (RR) were integrated in the assessment of cancer incidence and cancer mortality by Stata SE15.1. Additionally, we used an online database based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to further validate our results. RESULTS A total of 17 studies were included, totaling 7239 participants. High expression of TRIM21 was significantly correlated with better OS (HR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57-0.91; P < .001) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.42-0.91; P < .001). We found that high TRIM21 expression predicted significant impact on clinical characteristics like decreased lymph node metastasis (RR = 1.12; 95% CI: 0.97-1.30; P < .001), tumor stage (RR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.82-1.37; P < .001) and tumor grade (RR = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.56-2.05; P < .001). However, TRIM21 expression had no significant impact on other clinical characteristics such as age (RR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.91-1.25; P = .068), sex (RR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.95-1.12; P = .953), or tumor size (RR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.97-1.33; P = .05). Based on the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) online analysis tool, TRIM21 was significantly downregulated in 5 cancers while significantly upregulated in 2 cancers, and the descending expression of TRIM21 predicted shorter OS in 5 cancers, worse PFS in 2 malignancies, while the elevated expression of TRIM21 predicted shorter OS and worse PFS in 2 carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS TRIM21 could serve as a new biomarker for patients with solid malignancies and could be a potential therapeutic target for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Fu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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Zhang K, Yang C, Zhou X, Liang J, Guo J, Li M, Zhang Y, Shao S, Sun P, Li K, Huang J, Chen F, Liang X, Su D. TRIM21 ameliorates hepatic glucose and lipid metabolic disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus by ubiquitination of PEPCK1 and FASN. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:168. [PMID: 37249651 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04820-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism disorders promote the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we identify tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), a class IV TRIM family member, as a pivotal regulator of hepatic metabolism in T2DM for the first time. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that TRIM21 expression is significantly reduced in T2DM patients. Intriguingly, in a mouse model of obese diabetes, TRIM21 expression is predominantly reduced in the liver rather than in other metabolic organs. It is further demonstrated that hepatic overexpression of TRIM21 significantly ameliorates glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and dyslipidemia in obese diabetic mice. In contrast, the knockdown of TRIM21 promotes glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and triglyceride accumulation. Mechanistically, both phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) are the hepatic targets of TRIM21. We revealed that TRIM21 promotes the degradation of PEPCK1 and FASN through a direct protein-protein interaction mediated K48-linked ubiquitination. Notably, overexpression of PEPCK1 and FASN essentially abolished the beneficial effects achieved by TRIM21 overexpression in obese diabetic mice. Overall, our data demonstrate that TRIM21 is a novel regulator of hepatic metabolic disorder, and suggest TRIM21 as a promising therapeutic target for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaini Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jianjin Guo
- Department of General Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
- Department of General Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Shulin Shao
- Department of Laboratory, Nanjing Pukou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Xiubin Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Dongming Su
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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10
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Zhang P, Li M, Zhang Y, Lian C, Sun J, He Y, Hu W, Wang L, Li T, Liu S, Zhang Y. Plasma proteomic profiling reveals KRT19 could be a potential biomarker in patients with anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol 2023:10.1007/s10067-023-06624-6. [PMID: 37160775 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the immune response-related protein profiling in plasma of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), especially in anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis (DM). METHODS A total of 166 IIM patients and 107 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in our study. Ninety-two plasma immune response-related proteins were detected by Olink proteomics in 36 IIM patients and 25 HCs. The expression of plasma KRT19 was validated in another 130 IIM patients, 82 HCs, and 55 other rheumatic diseases. RESULTS A total of 46 differentially expressed proteins were detected, including 12 upregulated proteins and 34 downregulated proteins in IIM patients compared with HCs. Pathway analysis revealed lactoferrin danger signal response pathway, TLR4 signaling and tolerance, infection, and IL-10 signaling pathway were activated. The immune response-related protein profiling significantly altered in anti-MDA5+ DM patients, with LAMP3, HSD11B1, and KRT19 significantly increased, while SH2D1A, ITGA11, TRIM21, CD28, ITGB6, and HEXIM1 tremendously decreased. In addition, KRT19 was significantly increased in IIM patients, especially in anti-MDA5+ DM patients with the diagnostic value of a significant area under the ROC curve of 0.881. CONCLUSION Immune response-related proteins are significantly altered in patients with anti-MDA5+ DM patients. KRT19 could be a potential biomarker for anti-MDA5+ DM patients. Key Points • What is already known on this topic? Anti-MDA5+ DM is a distinctive subtype of IIM. Plasma immune response-related proteins panel needs to be investigated. • What this study adds? Plasma protein profiling of immune response-related proteins significantly altered in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), especially in anti-MDA5+ DM patients. • How this study might affect research, practice, or policy? KRT19 could be a potential biomarker in patients with anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Chaofeng Lian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Jinlei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Yujie He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Wenlu Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Tianfang Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Shengyun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China.
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China.
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11
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Yang Y, Li M, Zhu Y, Liu K, Liu M, Liu Y, Zhu G, Luo H, Zuo X, Zhang H, Guo M. EZH2 inhibition dampens autoantibody production in lupus by restoring B cell immune tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110155. [PMID: 37044035 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in the breakdown of B cell immune tolerance and production of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to explore the therapeutic effects of EZH2 inhibition on lupus. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from new-onset SLE patients for flow cytometric analysis. Pristane-induced lupus mice were constructed, and the EZH2 inhibitor was administrated by intraperitoneal injection to treat lupus mice. Blood and urine were collected from lupus mice to detect autoantibodies and proteinuria, and renal pathology scores were assessed. Mouse spleen B cells were sorted with magnetic beads and subjected to flow cytometric apoptosis detection, real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and western blotting (WB). RESULTS EZH2 expression was elevated in diverse B-cell subsets in both SLE patients and pristane-induced lupus mice. The EZH2 inhibitor attenuated lupus-like symptoms and dampened autoantibody production in pristane-induced lupus mice. Inhibition of EZH2 also reduced autoantibody secretion by plasma cells from lupus patients. Mechanistically, EZH2 mediated the impaired apoptosis of autoreactive B cells and the differentiation of autoantibody producing plasma cells by inhibiting multiple cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) genes. CONCLUSION EZH2 mediated the breakdown of B-cell peripheral immune tolerance by inhibiting CKI genes and participated in the generation of autoantibodies in SLE. EZH2 inhibition could serve as a promising drug intervention for the treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Muyuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaxi Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meidong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanjuan Liu
- Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ganqian Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Muyao Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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12
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Tsuboi H, Toko H, Honda F, Abe S, Takahashi H, Yagishita M, Hagiwara S, Ohyama A, Kondo Y, Nakano K, Tanaka Y, Shimizu T, Nakamura H, Kawakami A, Fujieda Y, Atsumi T, Suzuki Y, Kawano M, Nishina N, Kaneko Y, Takeuchi T, Kobayashi H, Takei M, Ogasawara M, Tamura N, Takasaki Y, Yokota K, Akiyama Y, Mimura T, Murakami K, Mimori T, Ohshima S, Azuma N, Sano H, Nishiyama S, Matsumoto I, Sumida T. Abatacept ameliorates both glandular and extraglandular involvements in patients with Sjögren's syndrome associated with rheumatoid arthritis: Findings from an open-label, multicentre, 1-year, prospective study: The ROSE (Rheumatoid Arthritis with Orencia Trial Toward Sjögren's Syndrome Endocrinopathy) and ROSE II trials. Mod Rheumatol 2023; 33:160-168. [PMID: 35134994 DOI: 10.1093/mr/roac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the efficacy and safety of intravenous abatacept for glandular and extraglandular involvements in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed an open-label, prospective, 1-year, observational multicenter study (ROSE and ROSE II trials). The primary endpoint was the remission rate as measured by SDAI at 52 weeks. The secondary endpoints included the changes in the Saxon's test, Schirmer's test, ESSDAI and ESSPRI. Adverse events and adherence rates were also analyzed. RESULTS 68 patients (36 in ROSE and 32 in ROSE II, all women) were enrolled. SDAI decreased significantly from 23.6 ± 13.2 at baseline to 9.9 ± 9.5 at 52 weeks. Patients with SDAI remission increased from 0 (0 weeks) to 19 patients (27.9%) at 52 weeks. Saliva volume increased significantly at 24 weeks. Tear volume increased significantly at 52 weeks. Both ESSDAI and ESSPRI were significantly decreased at 12 weeks, and these responses were maintained up to 52 weeks. The rate of adherence to abatacept over the 52-week period was 83.8%. Twenty-two adverse events occurred in 15 patients. CONCLUSION Abatacept ameliorated both glandular and extraglandular involvements, as well as the systemic disease activities and patient-reported outcomes based on composite measures, in SS associated with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tsuboi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Toko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumika Honda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Saori Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yagishita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinya Hagiwara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ayako Ohyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakano
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fujieda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasunori Suzuki
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kawano
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naoshi Nishina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kaneko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Takei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Ogasawara
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Tamura
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Takasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yokota
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Akiyama
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihide Mimura
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kosaku Murakami
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuneyo Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shiro Ohshima
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Minami Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoto Azuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hajime Sano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Susumu Nishiyama
- Rheumatic Disease Center, Kurashiki Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Matsumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Wang L, Li D, Su X, Zhao Y, Huang A, Li H, Li J, Xia W, Jia T, Zhang H, Dong J, Liu X, Shao N. AGO4 suppresses tumor growth by modulating autophagy and apoptosis via enhancing TRIM21-mediated ubiquitination of GRP78 in a p53-independent manner. Oncogene 2023; 42:62-77. [PMID: 36371565 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Argonaute proteins, which consist of AGO1, AGO2, AGO3 and AGO4, are key players in microRNA-mediated gene silencing. So far, few non-microRNA related biological roles of AGO4 have been reported. Here, we first found that AGO4 had low expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient tumor tissues and could suppress NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis. Subsequent studies on the mechanism showed that AGO4 could interact with the tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) and the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). AGO4 promoted ubiquitination of GRP78 by stabilizing TRIM21, a new specific ubiquitin E3 ligase for promoting K48-linked polyubiquitination of GRP78 confirmed in this paper, which resulted in induced cell apoptosis and inhibited autophagy by activating mTOR signal pathway. Further studies showed that p53 had dominant effects on TRIM21-GRP78 axis by directly increasing the expression of TRIM21 in p53 wild-type cells and AGO4 may alternatively regulate TRIM21-GRP78 axis in p53-deficient cells. We also found that overexpression of AGO4 results in suppression of multiple p53-deficient cell growth both in vivo and vitro. Together, we showed for the first time that the AGO4-TRIM21-GRP78 axis, as a new regulatory pathway, may be a novel potential therapeutic target for p53-deficient tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Da Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.,Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xueting Su
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.,Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuechao Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Aixue Huang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hongwen Zhang
- Interventional Ward, Dongfang Hospital, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Ningsheng Shao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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14
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Chen X, Cao M, Wang P, Chu S, Li M, Hou P, Zheng J, Li Z, Bai J. The emerging roles of TRIM21 in coordinating cancer metabolism, immunity and cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968755. [PMID: 36159815 PMCID: PMC9506679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif containing-21 (TRIM21), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, was initially found to be involved in antiviral responses and autoimmune diseases. Recently studies have reported that TRIM21 plays a dual role in cancer promoting and suppressing in the occurrence and development of various cancers. Despite the fact that TRIM21 has effects on multiple metabolic processes, inflammatory responses and the efficacy of tumor therapy, there has been no systematic review of these topics. Herein, we discuss the emerging role and function of TRIM21 in cancer metabolism, immunity, especially the immune response to inflammation associated with tumorigenesis, and also the cancer treatment, hoping to shine a light on the great potential of targeting TRIM21 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintian Chen
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Menghan Cao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Sufang Chu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Minle Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Pingfu Hou
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Bai, ; Zhongwei Li, ; Junnian Zheng,
| | - Zhongwei Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Bai, ; Zhongwei Li, ; Junnian Zheng,
| | - Jin Bai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Bai, ; Zhongwei Li, ; Junnian Zheng,
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15
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E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF6 promotes antiviral immune responses through enhancing the expression of interferon stimulated genes in myeloid cells. Clin Immunol 2022; 242:109099. [PMID: 35973638 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon signaling is closely associated with clearance of viral infections as well as the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Therefore, from a clinical perspective, it is important to identify the key regulators involved in interferon signaling pathways. In this study, we identified that RNF6, as an interferon inducible E3 ubiquitin ligase, promoted the interferon-dependent antiviral response. Knock-down of RNF6 greatly attenuated expression of ISGs and the transcriptional activity of ISRE. Specifically, increased RNF6 expression in myeloid cells of patients with SLE correlated with high expression of ISGs. Our results uncover RNF6 as a positive mediator in the antiviral immune responses and suggest that RNF6 may contribute to predict interferon signaling in SLE.
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16
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Xian J, Liang D, Zhao C, Chen Y, Zhu Q. TRIM21 inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by facilitating K48 ubiquitination-mediated degradation of Akt. Exp Cell Res 2022; 412:113034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Chalayer E, Gramont B, Zekre F, Goguyer-Deschaumes R, Waeckel L, Grange L, Paul S, Chung AW, Killian M. Fc receptors gone wrong: A comprehensive review of their roles in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:103016. [PMID: 34915182 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.103016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have a complex and only partially known pathophysiology with various abnormalities involving all the components of the immune system. Among these components, antibodies, and especially autoantibodies are key elements contributing to autoimmunity. The interaction of antibody fragment crystallisable (Fc) and several distinct receptors, namely Fc receptors (FcRs), have gained much attention during the recent years, with possible major therapeutic perspectives for the future. The aim of this review is to comprehensively describe the known roles for FcRs (activating and inhibitory FcγRs, neonatal FcR [FcRn], FcαRI, FcεRs, Ro52/tripartite motif containing 21 [Ro52/TRIM21], FcδR, and the novel Fc receptor-like [FcRL] family) in systemic autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, namely rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, mixed connective tissue disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, immunoglobulin (Ig) A vasculitis, Behçet's disease, Kawasaki disease, IgG4-related disease, immune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, antiphospholipid syndrome and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Chalayer
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Cancérologie Lucien Neuwirth, Saint-Etienne, France; INSERM U1059-Sainbiose, dysfonction vasculaire et hémostase, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Baptiste Gramont
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Franck Zekre
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Pediatrics, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Roman Goguyer-Deschaumes
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Louis Waeckel
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Immunology, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Lucile Grange
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Immunology, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Amy W Chung
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Killian
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France.
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18
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Decker P, Moulinet T, Pontille F, Cravat M, De Carvalho Bittencourt M, Jaussaud R. An updated review of anti-Ro52 (TRIM21) antibodies impact in connective tissue diseases clinical management. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:103013. [PMID: 34896652 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.103013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Ro52 (or anti-TRIM21) antibodies are part of the family of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, historically markers of Sjögren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-Ro52 antibodies represent one the most frequently encountered autoantibodies in patients with connective tissue disease (primary Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies). Because of their lack of specificity and detection in patients with non-autoimmune disorders, the usefulness of anti-Ro52 testing in connective tissue diseases is still matter of debate among clinicians and immunologists. Autoantibodies are mainly diagnostic markers for autoimmune diseases but some of them can also be directly involved in the generation of tissue damage. Over the past decade several authors reported associations of anti-Ro52 antibodies with some clinical features - especially interstitial lung disease - and survival in patients with connective tissue diseases. There is also a growing evidence of the role of anti-Ro52 antibodies in the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the clinical associations of anti-Ro52 antibodies in the different connective tissue diseases and the recent advances on their potential role in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Decker
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - T Moulinet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR7365, IMoPA, Lorraine University, CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - F Pontille
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Cravat
- Laboratory of Immunology, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR7365, IMoPA, Lorraine University, CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - M De Carvalho Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR7365, IMoPA, Lorraine University, CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - R Jaussaud
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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19
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Kunishita Y, Yoshimi R, Kamiyama R, Kishimoto D, Komiya T, Sakurai N, Sugiyama Y, Takase-Minegishi K, Kirino Y, Nagaoka S, Nakajima H. Anti-TRIM21 antibody is associated with aberrant B-cell function and type I interferon production in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2021; 30:2054-2065. [PMID: 34565210 DOI: 10.1177/09612033211042293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRIM21 is a member of the tripartite motif family proteins and is one of the autoantigens which react with anti-SS-A antibody (Ab) present in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome. Previous studies have shown that TRIM21 dysfunction promotes aberrant B-cell differentiation and Ab production in SLE, and anti-TRIM21 Ab may be related to the TRIM21 dysfunction in human SLE pathogenesis. Here, we examined the relationship between anti-TRIM21 Ab and clinical and immunological characteristics in SLE patients. METHODS Twenty-seven patients with SLE (23 women and four men) before immunosuppressive therapies, who fulfilled the revised 1997 American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE, and four healthy controls (3 women and one man) were enrolled in the study. SLE patients were divided into two groups according to the seropositivity for anti-TRIM21 Ab. Serum anti-TRIM21 Ab levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The serum levels of cytokines and immunoglobulins were measured by cytometer beads arrays. The expression levels of TRIM21 protein in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE patients were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS Sixteen and 9 patients showed seronegativity and seropositivity for anti-TRIM21 Ab, respectively. There were no significant differences in the background parameters, including female ratio, age, disease duration, SLE activity, and laboratory data between the two groups. The serum levels of interferon (IFN)-β were significantly higher in patients with anti-TRIM21 Ab as compared with those without anti-TRIM21 Ab (P = .043). The levels of IgG1 and IgA were significantly higher in SLE patients with anti-TRIM21 Ab as compared with those without anti-TRIM21 Ab (P = .0022 and .032, respectively). The PBMCs of patients with anti-TRIM21 Ab showed a significantly lower expression of TRIM21 protein as compared with those of patients without anti-TRIM21 Ab (P = .014). CONCLUSIONS Anti-TRIM21 Ab seropositivity was related to B-cell abnormalities and type I IFN overproduction in SLE patients. These findings suggest that anti-TRIM21 Ab may have an inhibitory effect on TRIM21 functions and be a novel biomarker for the level of dependence on type I IFN overproduction and B-cell abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kunishita
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, 26438Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, 73663Yokohama Minami Kyosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yoshimi
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, 26438Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Reikou Kamiyama
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, 26438Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daiga Kishimoto
- Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takaaki Komiya
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, 26438Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Natsuki Sakurai
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, 26438Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Sugiyama
- Department of Rheumatology, 73663Yokohama Minami Kyosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takase-Minegishi
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, 26438Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yohei Kirino
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, 26438Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shouhei Nagaoka
- Department of Rheumatology, 73663Yokohama Minami Kyosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, 26438Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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20
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Offermann A, Kang D, Watermann C, Weingart A, Hupe MC, Saraji A, Stegmann-Frehse J, Kruper R, Schüle R, Pantel K, Taubert H, Duensing S, Culig Z, Aigner A, Klapper W, Jonigk D, Philipp Kühnel M, Merseburger AS, Kirfel J, Sailer V, Perner S. Manuscript Title: Analysis of tripartite motif (TRIM) family gene expression in prostate cancer bone metastases. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1475-1484. [PMID: 34487169 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are post-translational protein modifiers with E3-ubiquitin ligase activity, thereby involved in various biological processes. The molecular mechanisms driving prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastasis (BM) are incompletely understood, and targetable genetic alterations are lacking in the majority of cases. Therefore, we aimed to explore the expression and potential functional relevance of 71 TRIM members in bone metastatic PCa. We performed transcriptome analysis of all human TRIM family members and 770 cancer-related genes in 29 localized PCa and 30 PCa BM using Nanostring. KEGG, STRING and Ubibrowser were used for further bioinformatic gene correlation and pathway enrichment analyses. Compared to localized tumors, six TRIMs are under-expressed while nine TRIMs are over-expressed in BM. The differentially expressed TRIM proteins are linked to TNF-, TGFβ-, PI3K/AKT- and HIF-1-signaling, and to features such as proteoglycans, platelet activation, adhesion and ECM-interaction based on correlation to cancer-related genes. The identification of TRIM-specific E3-ligase-substrates revealed insight into functional connections to oncogenes, tumor suppressors and cancer-related pathways including androgen receptor- and TGFβ signaling, cell cycle regulation and splicing. In summary, this is the first study that comprehensively and systematically characterizes the expression of all TRIM members in PCa BM. Our results describe post-translational protein modification as an important regulatory mechanism of oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and pathway molecules in PCa progression. Therefore, this study may provide evidence for novel therapeutic targets, in particular for the treatment or prevention of BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Offermann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Duan Kang
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christian Watermann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Anika Weingart
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Marie C Hupe
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Alireza Saraji
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Janine Stegmann-Frehse
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Roland Schüle
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Philipp Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Verena Sailer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
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21
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Jones EL, Laidlaw SM, Dustin LB. TRIM21/Ro52 - Roles in Innate Immunity and Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738473. [PMID: 34552597 PMCID: PMC8450407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM21 (Ro52/SSA1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with key roles in immune host defence, signal transduction, and possibly cell cycle regulation. It is also an autoantibody target in Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarise the structure and function of this enzyme, its roles in innate immunity, adaptive immunity and cellular homeostasis, the pathogenesis of autoimmunity against TRIM21, and the potential impacts of autoantibodies to this intracellular protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther L Jones
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Laidlaw
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn B Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Verstappen GM, Pringle S, Bootsma H, Kroese FGM. Epithelial-immune cell interplay in primary Sjögren syndrome salivary gland pathogenesis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:333-348. [PMID: 33911236 PMCID: PMC8081003 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS), the function of the salivary glands is often considerably reduced. Multiple innate immune pathways are likely dysregulated in the salivary gland epithelium in pSS, including the nuclear factor-κB pathway, the inflammasome and interferon signalling. The ductal cells of the salivary gland in pSS are characteristically surrounded by a CD4+ T cell-rich and B cell-rich infiltrate, implying a degree of communication between epithelial cells and immune cells. B cell infiltrates within the ducts can initiate the development of lymphoepithelial lesions, including basal ductal cell hyperplasia. Vice versa, the epithelium provides chronic activation signals to the glandular B cell fraction. This continuous stimulation might ultimately drive the development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. This Review discusses changes in the cells of the salivary gland epithelium in pSS (including acinar, ductal and progenitor cells), and the proposed interplay of these cells with environmental stimuli and the immune system. Current therapeutic options are insufficient to address both lymphocytic infiltration and salivary gland dysfunction. Successful rescue of salivary gland function in pSS will probably demand a multimodal therapeutic approach and an appreciation of the complicity of the salivary gland epithelium in the development of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenny M Verstappen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Pringle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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23
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Guo M, Cao W, Chen S, Tian R, Wang L, Liu Q, Zhang L, Wang Z, Zhao M, Lu Q, Zhu H. TRIM10 binds to IFN-α/β receptor 1 to negatively regulate type I IFN signal transduction. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1762-1773. [PMID: 33811647 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN-I) system is important for antiviral and anticancer immunity. Prolonged activation of IFN/JAK/STAT signaling is closely associated with autoimmune diseases. TRIM10 dysfunction may be associated closely with certain autoimmune disorders. Here, we observed that the serum TRIM10 protein level is lower in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus than in healthy control subjects. We speculated the possible involvement of TRIM10-induced modulation of the IFN/JAK/STAT signaling pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus. In line with our hypothesis, TRIM10 inhibited the activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway triggered by various stimuli. TRIM10 restricted the IFN-I/JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which was independent of its E3 ligase activity. Mechanistically, TRIM10 interacted with the intracellular domain of IFNAR1 and blocked the association of IFNAR1 with TYK2. These data suggest the possible TRIM10 suppresses IFN/JAK/STAT signaling pathway through blocking the interaction between IFNAR1 and TYK2. Targeting TRIM10 is a potential strategy for treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenyan Cao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengwen Chen
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Renyun Tian
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Luoling Wang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Lini Zhang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghao Wang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Changsha, China
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24
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TRIM Proteins in Inflammation: from Expression to Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms. Inflammation 2021; 44:811-820. [PMID: 33415537 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an immune response to exogenous or endogenous insults that helps to maintain the tissue homeostasis under stressful conditions. Depending on the differential types of insults, inflammation is classified into microbial, autoimmune, metabolic, allergic, and physical inflammation. With regard to its involvement in the pathogenesis of most of human diseases, dissecting the key molecules in the regulation of inflammatory process is vital for the prevention and therapeutics of human diseases. Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a versatile family of E3 ligases, which are composed of > 80 distinct members in humans recognized for their roles in antiviral responses. Recently, a large number of studies have shown the regulatory roles of TRIM proteins in mediating the inflammation. Herein in this review, we discuss the aberrations of TRIM proteins in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, with a focus on the regulation of different components of inflammatory process, including inflammasome, NF-κB signaling, type I IFN (interferon) production, and Th1/Th17 cell differentiation. Importantly, elucidation of the mechanism underlying the regulation of inflammation by TRIMs provides insights into the use of TRIMs as therapeutic targets for disease treatment.
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25
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TRIM21-regulated Annexin A2 plasma membrane trafficking facilitates osteosarcoma cell differentiation through the TFEB-mediated autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:21. [PMID: 33414451 PMCID: PMC7790825 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, which is characterized by dysfunctional autophagy and poor differentiation. Our recent studies have suggested that the tripartite motif containing-21 (TRIM21) plays a crucial role in regulating OS cell senescence and proliferation via interactions with several proteins. Yet, its implication in autophagy and differentiation in OS is largely unknown. In the present study, we first showed that TRIM21 could promote OS cell autophagy, as determined by the accumulation of LC3-II, and the degradation of cargo receptor p62. Further, we were able to identify that Annexin A2 (ANXA2), as a novel interacting partner of TRIM21, was critical for TIRM21-induced OS cell autophagy. Although TRIM21 had a negligible effect on the mRNA and protein expressions of ANXA2, we did find that TRIM21 facilitated the translocation of ANXA2 toward plasma membrane (PM) in OS cells through a manner relying on TRIM21-mediated cell autophagy. This functional link has been confirmed by observing a nice co-expression of TRIM21 and ANXA2 (at the PM) in the OS tissues. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that TRIM21, via facilitating the ANXA2 trafficking at the PM, enabled to release the transcription factor EB (TFEB, a master regulator of autophagy) from the ANXA2-TFEB complex, which in turn entered into the nucleus for the regulation of OS cell autophagy. In accord with previous findings that autophagy plays a critical role in the control of differentiation, we also demonstrated that autophagy inhibited OS cell differentiation, and that the TRIM21/ANXA2/TFEB axis is implicated in OS cell differentiation through the coordination with autophagy. Taken together, our results suggest that the TRIM21/ANXA2/TFEB axis is involved in OS cell autophagy and subsequent differentiation, indicating that targeting this signaling axis might lead to a new clue for OS treatment.
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26
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Zhang H, Zhou F, Wang Y, Xie H, Luo S, Meng L, Su B, Ye Y, Wu K, Xu Y, Gong X. Eliminating Radiation Resistance of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Dihydroartemisinin Through Abrogating Immunity Escaping and Promoting Radiation Sensitivity by Inhibiting PD-L1 Expression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:595466. [PMID: 33194761 PMCID: PMC7656009 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.595466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation resistance is linked to immune escaping and radiation sensitivity. In this study, we found that the PD-L1 expressions of non-killed tumor cells in NSCLC were enhanced after radiotherapy, and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) could synergistically enhance the antitumor effect of radiotherapy in NSCLC. A total of 48 NSCLC patients with sufficient tumor tissues for further analyses were enrolled. The PD-L1 expressions of NSCLC were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry, and the relationship between the PD-L1 expression and radiation resistance was investigated in patient specimens, xenograft model, and cell lines. First, the results indicate that the PD-L1 expression of NSCLC was positively related with the radiation resistance. Second, we found that DHA could eliminate the radiation resistance and synergistically enhance the antitumor effect of radiotherapy in the NSCLC cells lines and xenograft model. Finally, mechanistically, DHA could inhibit the PD-L1 expression to avoid immune escaping by inhibiting TGF-β, PI3K/Akt, and STAT3 signaling pathways. In addition, DHA could activate TRIM21 and regulate the EMT-related proteins by inhibiting the PD-L1 so as to enhance the radiation sensitivity and eliminate radiation resistance to NSCLC. Collectively, this study established a basis for the rational design of integrated radiotherapy and DHA for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huikang Xie
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shilan Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kailiang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Gong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Maleknia S, Salehi Z, Rezaei Tabar V, Sharifi-Zarchi A, Kavousi K. An integrative Bayesian network approach to highlight key drivers in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:156. [PMID: 32576231 PMCID: PMC7310461 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comprehensive intuition of the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as a complex and multifactorial disease, is a biological challenge. Dealing with this challenge needs employing sophisticated bioinformatics algorithms to discover the unknown aspects. This study aimed to underscore key molecular characteristics of SLE pathogenesis, which may serve as effective targets for therapeutic intervention. METHODS In the present study, the human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) microarray datasets (n = 6), generated by three platforms, which included SLE patients (n = 220) and healthy control samples (n = 135) were collected. Across each platform, we integrated the datasets by cross-platform normalization (CPN). Subsequently, through BNrich method, the structures of Bayesian networks (BNs) were extracted from KEGG-indexed SLE, TCR, and BCR signaling pathways; the values of the node (gene) and edge (intergenic relationships) parameters were estimated within each integrated datasets. Parameters with the FDR < 0.05 were considered significant. Finally, a mixture model was performed to decipher the signaling pathway alterations in the SLE patients compared to healthy controls. RESULTS In the SLE signaling pathway, we identified the dysregulation of several nodes involved in the (1) clearance mechanism (SSB, MACROH2A2, TRIM21, H2AX, and C1Q gene family), (2) autoantigen presentation by MHCII (HLA gene family, CD80, IL10, TNF, and CD86), and (3) end-organ damage (FCGR1A, ELANE, and FCGR2A). As a remarkable finding, we demonstrated significant perturbation in CD80 and CD86 to CD28, CD40LG to CD40, C1QA and C1R to C2, and C1S to C4A edges. Moreover, we not only replicated previous studies regarding alterations of subnetworks involved in TCR and BCR signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT, MAPK, VAV gene family, AP-1 transcription factor) but also distinguished several significant edges between genes (PPP3 to NFATC gene families). Our findings unprecedentedly showed that different parameter values assign to the same node based on the pathway topology (the PIK3CB parameter values were 1.7 in TCR vs - 0.5 in BCR signaling pathway). CONCLUSIONS Applying the BNrich as a hybridized network construction method, we highlight under-appreciated systemic alterations of SLE, TCR, and BCR signaling pathways in SLE. Consequently, having such a systems biology approach opens new insights into the context of multifactorial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Maleknia
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salehi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Rezaei Tabar
- Department of Statistics, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sharifi-Zarchi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Kavousi
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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