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Liew F, Efstathiou C, Fontanella S, Richardson M, Saunders R, Swieboda D, Sidhu JK, Ascough S, Moore SC, Mohamed N, Nunag J, King C, Leavy OC, Elneima O, McAuley HJC, Shikotra A, Singapuri A, Sereno M, Harris VC, Houchen-Wolloff L, Greening NJ, Lone NI, Thorpe M, Thompson AAR, Rowland-Jones SL, Docherty AB, Chalmers JD, Ho LP, Horsley A, Raman B, Poinasamy K, Marks M, Kon OM, Howard LS, Wootton DG, Quint JK, de Silva TI, Ho A, Chiu C, Harrison EM, Greenhalf W, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Turtle L, Evans RA, Wain LV, Brightling C, Thwaites RS, Openshaw PJM. Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:607-621. [PMID: 38589621 PMCID: PMC11003868 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
One in ten severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections result in prolonged symptoms termed long coronavirus disease (COVID), yet disease phenotypes and mechanisms are poorly understood1. Here we profiled 368 plasma proteins in 657 participants ≥3 months following hospitalization. Of these, 426 had at least one long COVID symptom and 233 had fully recovered. Elevated markers of myeloid inflammation and complement activation were associated with long COVID. IL-1R2, MATN2 and COLEC12 were associated with cardiorespiratory symptoms, fatigue and anxiety/depression; MATN2, CSF3 and C1QA were elevated in gastrointestinal symptoms and C1QA was elevated in cognitive impairment. Additional markers of alterations in nerve tissue repair (SPON-1 and NFASC) were elevated in those with cognitive impairment and SCG3, suggestive of brain-gut axis disturbance, was elevated in gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) was persistently elevated in some individuals with long COVID, but virus was not detected in sputum. Analysis of inflammatory markers in nasal fluids showed no association with symptoms. Our study aimed to understand inflammatory processes that underlie long COVID and was not designed for biomarker discovery. Our findings suggest that specific inflammatory pathways related to tissue damage are implicated in subtypes of long COVID, which might be targeted in future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Liew
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sara Fontanella
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Richardson
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ruth Saunders
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dawid Swieboda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jasmin K Sidhu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Ascough
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Noura Mohamed
- The Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jose Nunag
- Cardiovascular Research Team, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Clara King
- Cardiovascular Research Team, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Olivia C Leavy
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Omer Elneima
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hamish J C McAuley
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Aarti Shikotra
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Amisha Singapuri
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Marco Sereno
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Victoria C Harris
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Linzy Houchen-Wolloff
- Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre-Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Neil J Greening
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nazir I Lone
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew Thorpe
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A A Roger Thompson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sarah L Rowland-Jones
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annemarie B Docherty
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James D Chalmers
- University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Horsley
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Betty Raman
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Michael Marks
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Onn Min Kon
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luke S Howard
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel G Wootton
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jennifer K Quint
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Antonia Ho
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher Chiu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ewen M Harrison
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Greenhalf
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Pandemic Science Hub, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The Pandemic Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The Pandemic Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachael A Evans
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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2
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Haslund-Gourley BS, Woloszczuk K, Hou J, Connors J, Cusimano G, Bell M, Taramangalam B, Fourati S, Mege N, Bernui M, Altman MC, Krammer F, van Bakel H, Maecker HT, Rouphael N, Diray-Arce J, Wigdahl B, Kutzler MA, Cairns CB, Haddad EK, Comunale MA. IgM N-glycosylation correlates with COVID-19 severity and rate of complement deposition. Nat Commun 2024; 15:404. [PMID: 38195739 PMCID: PMC10776791 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The glycosylation of IgG plays a critical role during human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, activating immune cells and inducing cytokine production. However, the role of IgM N-glycosylation has not been studied during human acute viral infection. The analysis of IgM N-glycosylation from healthy controls and hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients reveals increased high-mannose and sialylation that correlates with COVID-19 severity. These trends are confirmed within SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin N-glycan profiles. Moreover, the degree of total IgM mannosylation and sialylation correlate significantly with markers of disease severity. We link the changes of IgM N-glycosylation with the expression of Golgi glycosyltransferases. Lastly, we observe antigen-specific IgM antibody-dependent complement deposition is elevated in severe COVID-19 patients and modulated by exoglycosidase digestion. Taken together, this work links the IgM N-glycosylation with COVID-19 severity and highlights the need to understand IgM glycosylation and downstream immune function during human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyra Woloszczuk
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jintong Hou
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gina Cusimano
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathew Bell
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan Mege
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mariana Bernui
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Elias K Haddad
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Egido JE, Dekker SO, Toner-Bartelds C, Lood C, Rooijakkers SHM, Bardoel BW, Haas PJ. Human Complement Inhibits Myophages against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Viruses 2023; 15:2211. [PMID: 38005888 PMCID: PMC10674969 DOI: 10.3390/v15112211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic bacteriophages (phages) are primarily chosen based on their in vitro bacteriolytic activity. Although anti-phage antibodies are known to inhibit phage infection, the influence of other immune system components is less well known. An important anti-bacterial and anti-viral innate immune system that may interact with phages is the complement system, a cascade of proteases that recognizes and targets invading microorganisms. In this research, we aimed to study the effects of serum components such as complement on the infectivity of different phages targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We used a fluorescence-based assay to monitor the killing of P. aeruginosa by phages of different morphotypes in the presence of human serum. Our results reveal that several myophages are inhibited by serum in a concentration-dependent way, while the activity of four podophages and one siphophage tested in this study is not affected by serum. By using specific nanobodies blocking different components of the complement cascade, we showed that activation of the classical complement pathway is a driver of phage inhibition. To determine the mechanism of inhibition, we produced bioorthogonally labeled fluorescent phages to study their binding by means of microscopy and flow cytometry. We show that phage adsorption is hampered in the presence of active complement. Our results indicate that interactions with complement may affect the in vivo activity of therapeutically administered phages. A better understanding of this phenomenon is essential to optimize the design and application of therapeutic phage cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Egido
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon O. Dekker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Toner-Bartelds
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cédric Lood
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Centre of Microbial and Plants Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart W. Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Struijf EM, De la O Becerra KI, Ruyken M, de Haas CJC, van Oosterom F, Siere DY, van Keulen JE, Heesterbeek DAC, Dolk E, Heukers R, Bardoel BW, Gros P, Rooijakkers SHM. Inhibition of cleavage of human complement component C5 and the R885H C5 variant by two distinct high affinity anti-C5 nanobodies. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104956. [PMID: 37356719 PMCID: PMC10374974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human complement system plays a crucial role in immune defense. However, its erroneous activation contributes to many serious inflammatory diseases. Since most unwanted complement effector functions result from C5 cleavage into C5a and C5b, development of C5 inhibitors, such as clinically approved monoclonal antibody eculizumab, are of great interest. Here, we developed and characterized two anti-C5 nanobodies, UNbC5-1 and UNbC5-2. Using surface plasmon resonance, we determined a binding affinity of 119.9 pM for UNbC5-1 and 7.7 pM for UNbC5-2. Competition experiments determined that the two nanobodies recognize distinct epitopes on C5. Both nanobodies efficiently interfered with C5 cleavage in a human serum environment, as they prevented red blood cell lysis via membrane attack complexes (C5b-9) and the formation of chemoattractant C5a. The cryo-EM structure of UNbC5-1 and UNbC5-2 in complex with C5 (3.6 Å resolution) revealed that the binding interfaces of UNbC5-1 and UNbC5-2 overlap with known complement inhibitors eculizumab and RaCI3, respectively. UNbC5-1 binds to the MG7 domain of C5, facilitated by a hydrophobic core and polar interactions, and UNbC5-2 interacts with the C5d domain mostly by salt bridges and hydrogen bonds. Interestingly, UNbC5-1 potently binds and inhibits C5 R885H, a genetic variant of C5 that is not recognized by eculizumab. Altogether, we identified and characterized two different, high affinity nanobodies against human C5. Both nanobodies could serve as diagnostic and/or research tools to detect C5 or inhibit C5 cleavage. Furthermore, the residues targeted by UNbC5-1 hold important information for therapeutic inhibition of different polymorphic variants of C5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Struijf
- Department Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karla I De la O Becerra
- Structural Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Ruyken
- Department Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla J C de Haas
- Department Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur van Oosterom
- Department Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danique Y Siere
- Department Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne E van Keulen
- Department Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dani A C Heesterbeek
- Department Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bart W Bardoel
- Department Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Gros
- Structural Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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5
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Pedersen ML, Pedersen DV, Winkler MBL, Olesen HG, Søgaard OS, Østergaard L, Laursen NS, Rahimic AHF, Tolstrup M. Nanobody-mediated complement activation to kill HIV-infected cells. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16422. [PMID: 36799046 PMCID: PMC10086584 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system which is part of the innate immune response against invading pathogens represents a powerful mechanism for killing of infected cells. Utilizing direct complement recruitment for complement-mediated elimination of HIV-1-infected cells is underexplored. We developed a novel therapeutic modality to direct complement activity to the surface of HIV-1-infected cells. This bispecific complement engager (BiCE) is comprised of a nanobody recruiting the complement-initiating protein C1q, and single-chain variable fragments of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein. Here, we show that two anti-HIV BiCEs targeting the V3 loop and the CD4 binding site, respectively, increase C3 deposition and mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of HIV-1 Env-expressing Raji cells. Furthermore, anti-HIV BiCEs trigger complement activation on primary CD4 T cells infected with laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain and facilitates elimination of HIV-1-infected cells over time. In summary, we present a novel approach to direct complement deposition to the surface of HIV-1-infected cells leading to complement-mediated killing of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heidi Gytz Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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6
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Futoma-Kołoch B, Małaszczuk M, Korzekwa K, Steczkiewicz M, Gamian A, Bugla-Płoskońska G. The Prolonged Treatment of Salmonella enterica Strains with Human Serum Effects in Phenotype Related to Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010883. [PMID: 36614327 PMCID: PMC9821590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica as common pathogens of humans and animals are good model organisms to conduct research on bacterial biology. Because these bacteria can multiply in both the external environments and in the living hosts, they prove their wide adaptability. It has been previously demonstrated that prolonged exposition of Salmonella serotype O48 cells to normal human serum led to an increase in resistance to sera in connection with the synthesis of very long O-antigen. In this work, we have studied the phenotype connected to virulence of Salmonella enterica strains that were subjected to consecutive passages in 50% human serum from platelet-poor plasma (SPPP). We found that eight passages in SPPP may not be enough for the bacteria to become serum-resistant (S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. Senftenberg). Moreover, C1q and C3c complement components bound to Salmonellae (S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. Hammonia) membrane proteins, which composition has been changed after passaging in sera. Interestingly, passages in SPPP generated genetic changes within gene fljB, which translated to cells’ motility (S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. Erlangen). One strain, S. Hammonia exposed to a serum developed a multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype and two S. Isaszeg and S. Erlangen tolerance to disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium salts (QAS). Furthermore, colonial morphotypes of the serum adaptants were similar to those produced by starter cultures. These observations suggest that overcoming stressful conditions is manifested on many levels. Despite great phenotypic diversity occurring after prolonged exposition to SPPP, morphotypes of colonies remained unchanged in basic media. This work is an example in which stable morphotypes distinguished by altered virulence can be confusing during laboratory work with life-threatening strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Futoma-Kołoch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.F.-K.); (G.B.-P.); Tel.: +48-71-375-62-22 (B.F.-K.); +48-71-375-62-28 (G.B.-P.)
| | - Michał Małaszczuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Korzekwa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Steczkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.F.-K.); (G.B.-P.); Tel.: +48-71-375-62-22 (B.F.-K.); +48-71-375-62-28 (G.B.-P.)
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7
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Song C, Cai W, Liu F, Cheng K, Guo D, Liu Z. An in-depth analysis of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1233. [PMID: 36601372 PMCID: PMC9799087 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the pathological basis of disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and other related diseases, and the lower back pain it produces lays a heavy financial burden on individuals and society. Thus, it is essential to comprehend IVDD's pathophysiology. Numerous factors, such as inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinases, are linked to IVDD pathogenesis. Despite the fact that many researches has provided explanations for the pathophysiology of IVDD, these studies are typically singular, restricted, and isolated, expound only on one or two components, and do not systematically analyze and summarize the numerous influencing elements. In addition, we discovered that the incidence of many chronic diseases in the field of orthopedics may be thoroughly and systematically defined in terms of immunological systems. In order to provide a theoretical foundation for an in-depth understanding of the pathological process of IVDD and the formulation of more effective prevention and treatment measures, this review provides a comprehensive and systematic account of the pathogenesis of IVDD from the physical to the molecular barriers of the intervertebral disc, from the nucleus pulposus tissue to the cellular to the immune-molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Weiye Cai
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Kang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Daru Guo
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Zongchao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bonesetting)The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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8
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The differences in serum C1q levels between first-episode patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. J Psychosom Res 2022; 162:111042. [PMID: 36156342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at exploring the changes of serum complement C1q levels in patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) using a cross-sectional design, and the differences between Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and BD. Moreover, the correlation between complement C1q and bech-rafaelsdn mania rating scales (BRMS) in patients with MDD and BD was assessed. METHODS Serum complement C1q levels were measured by ADVIA 2400 biochemical analyser in 104 patients with MDD, 71 patients with BD type I and 42 patients with BD type II diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental Disorder 5 (DSM-5). Then simple and multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted between the level of serum C1q and BRMS among patients with BD. RESULTS The serum complement C1q levels were higher in BD type I than BD type II (P < 0.001); Serum complement C1q levels were higher in MDD than BD type II (P < 0.001). We discovered that there was a positive correlation relationship between serum complement C1q levels and BRMS in BD type I (r = 0.756, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION We confirmed that serum complement C1q levels were higher in patients with BD type II than in MDD patients. These current results support the view that the complement C1q may play an important role in the pathophysiology of BD. Serum complement C1q was strongly associated with BD and is worth investigating in future studies.
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9
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Jensen RK, Pedersen H, Lorentzen J, Laursen NS, Vorup-Jensen T, Andersen GR. Structural insights into the function-modulating effects of nanobody binding to the integrin receptor α Mβ 2. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102168. [PMID: 35738398 PMCID: PMC9287160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrin receptor αMβ2 mediates phagocytosis of complement-opsonized objects, adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and transendothelial migration of leukocytes. However, the mechanistic aspects of αMβ2 signaling upon ligand binding are unclear. Here, we present the first atomic structure of the human αMβ2 headpiece fragment in complex with the nanobody (Nb) hCD11bNb1 at a resolution of 3.2 Å. We show that the receptor headpiece adopts the closed conformation expected to exhibit low ligand affinity. The crystal structure indicates that in the R77H αM variant, associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, the modified allosteric relationship between ligand binding and integrin outside–inside signaling is due to subtle conformational effects transmitted over a distance of 40 Å. Furthermore, we found the Nb binds to the αI domain of the αM subunit in an Mg2+-independent manner with low nanomolar affinity. Biochemical and biophysical experiments with purified proteins demonstrated that the Nb acts as a competitive inhibitor through steric hindrance exerted on the thioester domain of complement component iC3b attempting to bind the αM subunit. Surprisingly, we show that the Nb stimulates the interaction of cell-bound αMβ2 with iC3b, suggesting that it may represent a novel high-affinity proteinaceous αMβ2-specific agonist. Taken together, our data suggest that the iC3b–αMβ2 complex may be more dynamic than predicted from the crystal structure of the core complex. We propose a model based on the conformational spectrum of the receptor to reconcile these observations regarding the functional consequences of hCD11bNb1 binding to αMβ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus K Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Henrik Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Josefine Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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10
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De la O Becerra KI, Oosterheert W, van den Bos RM, Xenaki KT, Lorent JH, Ruyken M, Schouten A, Rooijakkers SHM, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Gros P. Multifaceted Activities of Seven Nanobodies against Complement C4b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:2207-2219. [PMID: 35428691 PMCID: PMC9047069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of the mammalian plasma protein C4 into C4b initiates opsonization, lysis, and clearance of microbes and damaged host cells by the classical and lectin pathways of the complement system. Dysregulated activation of C4 and other initial components of the classical pathway may cause or aggravate pathologies, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Alzheimer disease, and schizophrenia. Modulating the activity of C4b by small-molecule or protein-based inhibitors may represent a promising therapeutic approach for preventing excessive inflammation and damage to host cells and tissue. Here, we present seven nanobodies, derived from llama (Lama glama) immunization, that bind to human C4b (Homo sapiens) with high affinities ranging from 3.2 nM to 14 pM. The activity of the nanobodies varies from no to complete inhibition of the classical pathway. The inhibiting nanobodies affect different steps in complement activation, in line with blocking sites for proconvertase formation, C3 substrate binding to the convertase, and regulator-mediated inactivation of C4b. For four nanobodies, we determined single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures in complex with C4b at 3.4–4 Å resolution. The structures rationalize the observed functional effects of the nanobodies and define their mode of action during complement activation. Thus, we characterized seven anti-C4b nanobodies with diverse effects on the classical pathway of complement activation that may be explored for imaging, diagnostic, or therapeutic applications. Diverse binding properties are revealed for seven nanobodies against C4b. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of C4b–nanobody complexes indicate nanobodies’ modes of action. Nanobodies have therapeutic potential and are useful for labeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla I De la O Becerra
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wout Oosterheert
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon M van den Bos
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Katerina T Xenaki
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph H Lorent
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Maartje Ruyken
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arie Schouten
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Piet Gros
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands;
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11
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Son M. Understanding the contextual functions of C1q and LAIR-1 and their applications. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:567-572. [PMID: 35562585 PMCID: PMC9098383 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the complement component C1q has been highlighted by its involvement in autoimmunity, infection, inflammatory diseases, and tumors. The unique tulip-like structure of C1q has both a collagen-like stalk (C1q tail) and heterotrimeric globular head (gC1q), each with different binding specificities, and the binding of these components to their respective receptors leads to functional complexities in the body and bridges innate and adaptive immunity. This review describes the fundamental roles of C1q in various microenvironments and focuses on the importance of the interactions of C1q and its receptors with the inhibitory receptor LAIR-1 in maintaining homeostasis. Current therapeutic opportunities modulating LAIR-1 are also discussed. Research into the activities of the protein C1q, involved in a cascade of molecular interactions of the immune response called complement activation, is revealing new details of the protein’s role and opening up possible new therapeutic opportunities. Myoungsun Son at Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research in Manhasset, USA, reviews the involvement of C1q in infection, autoimmunity, inflammatory diseases and tumors. The interaction of C1q with a receptor protein called LAIR-1 seems to be particularly significant. LAIR-1 is present in the membrane of most blood-forming cells and is involved in maintaining the healthy balance of cellular activities referred to as homeostasis. Emerging research suggests that targeting the interactions between C1q and LAIR-1 could enable the development of new treatments for many diseases, including inflammatory diseases, the autoimmune condition lupus, a variety of cancers, and possibly Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungsun Son
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA.
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12
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Zarantonello A, Pedersen H, Laursen NS, Andersen GR. Nanobodies Provide Insight into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Complement Cascade and Offer New Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020298. [PMID: 33671302 PMCID: PMC7922070 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is part of the innate immune response, where it provides immediate protection from infectious agents and plays a fundamental role in homeostasis. Complement dysregulation occurs in several diseases, where the tightly regulated proteolytic cascade turns offensive. Prominent examples are atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutic intervention targeting complement activation may allow treatment of such debilitating diseases. In this review, we describe a panel of complement targeting nanobodies that allow modulation at different steps of the proteolytic cascade, from the activation of the C1 complex in the classical pathway to formation of the C5 convertase in the terminal pathway. Thorough structural and functional characterization has provided a deep mechanistic understanding of the mode of inhibition for each of the nanobodies. These complement specific nanobodies are novel powerful probes for basic research and offer new opportunities for in vivo complement modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zarantonello
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Henrik Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Nick S. Laursen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Gregers R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-30256646
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13
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Bernth Jensen JM, Skeldal S, Petersen MS, Møller BK, Hoffmann S, Jensenius JC, Skov Sørensen UB, Thiel S. The human natural anti-αGal antibody targets common pathogens by broad-spectrum polyreactivity. Immunology 2021; 162:434-451. [PMID: 33340093 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring antibodies are abundant in human plasma, but their importance in the defence against bacterial pathogens is unclear. We studied the role of the most abundant of such antibodies, the antibody against terminal galactose-α-1,3-galactose (anti-αGal), in the protection against pneumococcal infections (Streptococcus pneumonia). All known pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides lack terminal galactose-α-1,3-galactose, yet highly purified human anti-αGal antibody of the IgG class reacted with 48 of 91 pneumococcal serotypes. Anti-αGal was found to contain multiple antibody subsets that possess distinct specificities beyond their general reactivity with terminal galactose-α-1,3-galactose. These subsets in concert targeted a wide range of microbial polysaccharides. We found that anti-αGal constituted up to 40% of the total antibody reactivity to pneumococci in normal human plasma, that anti-αGal drives phagocytosis of pneumococci by human neutrophils and that the anti-αGal level was twofold lower in patients prone to pneumococcal infections compared with controls. Moreover, during a 48-year period in Denmark, the 48 anti-αGal-reactive serotypes caused fewer invasive pneumococcal infections (n = 10 927) than the 43 non-reactive serotypes (n = 18 107), supporting protection on the population level. Our findings explain the broad-spectrum pathogen reactivity of anti-αGal and support that these naturally occurring polyreactive antibodies contribute significantly to human protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sune Skeldal
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Bjarne Kuno Møller
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen Hoffmann
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | | | | | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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Bernth Jensen JM, Laursen NS, Jensen RK, Andersen GR, Jensenius JC, Sørensen UBS, Thiel S. Complement activation by human IgG antibodies to galactose-α-1,3-galactose. Immunology 2020; 161:66-79. [PMID: 32583419 PMCID: PMC7450175 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some human antibodies may paradoxically inhibit complement activation on bacteria and enhance pathogen survival in humans. This property was also claimed for IgG antibodies reacting with terminal galactose-α-1,3-galactose (Galα3Gal; IgG anti-αGal), a naturally occurring and abundant antibody in human plasma that targets numerous different pathogens. To reinvestigate these effects, we used IgG anti-αGal affinity isolated from a pool of normal human IgG and human hypogammaglobulinaemia serum as a complement source. Flow cytometry was performed to examine antibody binding and complement deposition on pig erythrocytes, Escherichia coli O86 and Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 9V. Specific nanobodies were used to block the effect of single complement factors and to delineate the complement pathways involved. IgG anti-αGal was capable of activating the classical complement pathway on all the tested target cells. The degree of activation was exponentially related to the density of bound antibody on E. coli O86 and pig erythrocytes, but more linearly on S. pneumoniae 9V. The alternative pathway of complement amplified complement deposition. Deposited C3 fragments covered the activating IgG anti-αGal, obstructing its detection and highlighting this as a likely general caveat in studies of antibody density and complement deposition. The inherent capacity for complement activation by the purified carbohydrate reactive IgG anti-αGal was similar to that of normal human IgG. We propose that the previously reported complement inhibition by IgG anti-αGal relates to suboptimal assay configurations, in contrast to the complement activating property of the antibodies demonstrated in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Stub Laursen
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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