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Wang Y, Zhao X, Wang R, Yang Y, Su R, Ni J, Sun Y, Sun S, Zhou X, Yang Y, Yu Y, Shen Y, Tang S, Xu G, Hou X, Xu L, Xiao J, Tian T. Genetic evidence supporting causality between atopic dermatitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2025; 155:114602. [PMID: 40220623 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2025] [Revised: 03/29/2025] [Accepted: 03/29/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wang
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhao
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruixiang Wang
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruiyi Su
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwei Ni
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yihan Sun
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suyang Sun
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiyu Zhou
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxi Shen
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiqin Tang
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Department of Breath, Funing People's Hospital, 109 Fucheng Street, Funing County, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province., China
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lina Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated to Nantong University, 60 Qingnian Middle Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jing Xiao
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tian Tian
- Institute for Applied Research in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang P, Su Z, Sun C, Yao WH, Zeng YP. The Role of Basophils in Atopic Dermatitis, from Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Perspectives. J Asthma Allergy 2025; 18:675-682. [PMID: 40330323 PMCID: PMC12054536 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s522343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2025] [Accepted: 04/23/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by intense pruritus. The principal pathological features include abnormalities in the structure and function of the epidermis, as well as skin inflammation marked by the overexpression of T helper 2 cell (Th2) cytokines. Throughout the progression of AD, various immune cells contribute to its pathogenesis. Basophils, the least abundant granulocytes in the human peripheral circulation, have historically been overlooked. However, the advent of novel research tools has facilitated a renewed focus on the role of basophils in diverse physiological and pathological conditions, including AD. Accordingly, this review will primarily summarize the association between AD and basophils, the alterations observed in basophils among AD patients, and the implications of these changes for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Su
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Yao
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue-Ping Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Dezoteux F, Marcant P, Dendooven A, Delaunay É, Esnault S, Trauet J, Lefèvre G, Staumont-Sallé D. Enhanced Siglec-8 and HLA-DR and reduced CRTH2 surface expression highlight a distinct phenotypic signature of circulating eosinophils in atopic dermatitis. J Leukoc Biol 2025; 117:qiaf023. [PMID: 39998842 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiaf023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 12/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis and other type 2 immune response diseases are often linked to elevated eosinophil levels in the blood. Although the role of eosinophils in atopic dermatitis pathophysiology is suspected, it remains unclear. The development of new treatments targeting the type 2 response, particularly cytokines involved in eosinophil activation and chemotaxis, makes it necessary to identify potential eosinophil profiles in atopic dermatitis that may respond to these treatments. A prospective study was conducted comparing blood eosinophil phenotypes in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (n = 19) without recent systemic treatment to healthy individuals (n = 19). The primary outcome was the membranous phenotypic signature of eosinophils, assessed by flow cytometry. Most patients with atopic dermatitis (84%) had early onset in childhood, a severe disease (mean SCORing Atopic Dermatitis of 57.5), and elevated blood eosinophil counts (310 per µL in atopic dermatitis vs 120 in healthy individuals, P < 0.0001). Patients with atopic dermatitis exhibited lower CRTH2 on eosinophils but higher levels of human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype and Siglec-8 compared to healthy individuals. Other surface proteins showed no significant differences. Clustering analysis confirmed increased Siglec-8 in patients with atopic dermatitis. Additionally, patients with atopic dermatitis had higher serum levels of type 2 immune response markers such as eotaxin-2, IL-5, IL-3, and TARC. Circulating eosinophils in patients with atopic dermatitis show a distinct phenotypic profile, suggesting a role in atopic dermatitis pathophysiology and potential involvement in differential treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dezoteux
- CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Service de Dermatologie, Rue Michel Polonowski, F-59000 Lille, France
- U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, 1, Place Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
- Centre de Référence National des Syndromes Hyperéosinophiliques (CEREO), Rue Michel Polonowki, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Marcant
- CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Service de Dermatologie, Rue Michel Polonowski, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Dendooven
- U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, 1, Place Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Émeline Delaunay
- U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, 1, Place Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Esnault
- U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, 1, Place Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Jacques Trauet
- Institut d'Immunologie, CHU Lille, Boulevard du Pr Jules Leclercq, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, 1, Place Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
- Centre de Référence National des Syndromes Hyperéosinophiliques (CEREO), Rue Michel Polonowki, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institut d'Immunologie, CHU Lille, Boulevard du Pr Jules Leclercq, F-59000 Lille, France
- Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), CHU Lille, Rue Michel Polonowski, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Staumont-Sallé
- CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Service de Dermatologie, Rue Michel Polonowski, F-59000 Lille, France
- U1286-Infinite-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, 1, Place Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
- Centre de Référence National des Syndromes Hyperéosinophiliques (CEREO), Rue Michel Polonowki, F-59000 Lille, France
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Yue X, Liu H, Yang S, Fang T, Shi S. Causal association of allergic diseases, eosinophils, and osteoporosis: A Mendelian randomization study. World Allergy Organ J 2025; 18:101039. [PMID: 40151544 PMCID: PMC11946878 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2025.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2025] [Accepted: 02/13/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Background The association between allergic diseases and osteoporosis remains controversial. We hypothesize that this discrepancy may be due to a mediator that plays a role in the pathogenesis of both allergic diseases and osteoporosis. To test this hypothesis, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the relationships among allergic diseases, eosinophils, and osteoporosis. Method This study utilized data from publicly available GWAS databases, including 3 allergic diseases: asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema. We conducted bidirectional MR analyses on the relationships between allergic diseases and eosinophils (including eosinophil counts and percentage), allergic diseases and osteoporosis, and eosinophils and osteoporosis, respectively. We conducted sensitivity analyses for results with significance, validated the findings using multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis to ensure the reliability of the significant results. Results Two-sample MR analysis revealed significant bidirectional causal relationships between the 3 allergic diseases and eosinophils. A unidirectional causal relationship was found between eosinophils and osteoporosis, with eosinophil counts associated with osteoporosis (OR: 1.194; 95% CI 1.064 to 1.339; Pivw <0.001) and eosinophil percentage associated with osteoporosis (OR: 1.187; 95% CI 1.057 to 1.332; Pivw <0.001). Sensitivity analyses indicated no pleiotropy, However, the association between eosinophil percentage and osteoporosis was no longer significant after multivariable (MVMR) analysis. Additionally, no causal effects were observed from allergic diseases to osteoporosis, from osteoporosis to allergic diseases, or from osteoporosis to eosinophils. Conclusions 1.) There is a significant bidirectional potential causal relationship between the 3 allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema) and eosinophils. 2.) There is no evidence to support a causal relationship between the 3 allergic diseases and osteoporosis, and vice versa. 3.) There is a unidirectional causal relationship may exist from eosinophil counts to osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Yue
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongfei Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shangmei Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Fang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shaoshun Shi
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Urbańska W, Szymański Ł, Lewicka A, Ciepielak M, Kostrzeńska-Sęk K, Chciałowski A, Lewicki S. Eosinophil-Basophil/Lymphocyte (EB/LR) and Eosinophil-Basophil-Platelet/Lymphocyte (EBP/LR) Ratios Could Serve as Useful Additional Markers for Assessing the Severity of Wasp Allergic Reactions. Cells 2024; 13:1786. [PMID: 39513893 PMCID: PMC11545049 DOI: 10.3390/cells13211786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Wasp venom allergy can trigger severe allergic reactions, and predicting these acute responses remains challenging. This study evaluates the utility of immune system indexes, particularly the eosinophil-basophil/lymphocyte (EB/LR) and eosinophil-basophil-platelet/lymphocyte (EBP/LR) ratios, in assessing the severity of allergic reactions in patients with wasp venom allergy. A total of 61 patients with confirmed wasp venom allergy were categorized according to the Mueller scale, which classifies the severity of allergic reactions. Blood samples were analyzed for total and specific IgE levels alongside a range of hematological and biochemical parameters. This study found significant differences in the EB/LR and EBP/LR indexes between patients with mild (Mueller I-II) and severe (Mueller III-IV) allergic reactions, with higher values indicating more severe responses. However, no significant differences were observed in other immune indexes, such as the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, and systemic inflammatory response index, as well as in additional blood parameters. These findings suggest that the EB/LR and EBP/LR ratios may serve as useful markers for predicting the severity of allergic reactions in patients with wasp venom allergy. This is the first study to establish such a link, although further research with larger cohorts is necessary to confirm these results and their potential application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Urbańska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szymański
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Aneta Lewicka
- Military Centre of Preventive Medicine, Lesna 4D, Modlin, 05-100 Nowy Dwor Mazowiecki, Poland
| | - Martyna Ciepielak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, WK Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Kostrzeńska-Sęk
- Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Pl. Żelaznej Bramy 10, 00-136 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Chciałowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Lewicki
- Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, Pl. Żelaznej Bramy 10, 00-136 Warsaw, Poland
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Pan Y, Wang Y, Xu M, Zhong M, Peng X, Zeng K, Huang X. The Roles of Innate Immune Cells in Atopic Dermatitis. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:385-396. [PMID: 39025048 PMCID: PMC11324229 DOI: 10.1159/000539534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions and severe pruritus. The economic burden and time penalty caused by the relapse of AD reduce patients' life quality. SUMMARY AD has complex pathogenesis, including genetic disorders, epidermal barrier dysfunction, abnormal immune responses, microbial dysbiosis of the skin, and environmental factors. Recently, the role of innate immune cells in AD has attracted considerable attention. This review highlighted recent findings on innate immune cells in the onset and progression of AD. KEY MESSAGES Innate immune cells play essential roles in the pathogenesis of AD and enough attention should be given for treating AD from the perspective of innate immunity in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Pan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youyi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meinian Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meizhen Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Mesjasz A, Trzeciak M, Gleń J, Jaskulak M. Potential Role of IL-37 in Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2023; 12:2766. [PMID: 38067193 PMCID: PMC10706414 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 37 (IL-37) is a recently discovered member of the IL-1 cytokine family that appears to have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects in various diseases. IL-37 acts as a dual-function cytokine, exerting its effect extracellularly by forming a complex with the receptors IL-18 α (IL-18Rα) and IL-1R8 and transmitting anti-inflammatory signals, as well as intracellularly by interacting with Smad3, entering the nucleus, and inhibiting the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Consequently, IL-37 is linked to IL-18, which plays a role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), consistent with our studies. Some isoforms of IL-37 are expressed by keratinocytes, monocytes, and other skin immune cells. IL-37 has been found to modulate the skewed T helper 2 (Th2) inflammation that is fundamental to the pathogenesis of AD. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the function of IL-37 in modulating the immune system and analyses its potential role in the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, it speculates on IL-37's hypothetical value as a therapeutic target in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Mesjasz
- Dermatological Students Scientific Association, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Trzeciak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Gleń
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Marta Jaskulak
- Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland;
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Wiebe D, Limberg MM, Gray N, Raap U. Basophils in pruritic skin diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213138. [PMID: 37465674 PMCID: PMC10350488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils are rare cells in the peripheral blood which have the capability to infiltrate into the skin. Invasion of basophils has been detected in pruritic skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, bullous pemphigoid, chronic spontaneous urticaria and contact dermatitis. In the skin, basophils are important players of the inflammatory immune response, as they release Th2 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, subsequently inducing the early activation of T-cells. Further, basophils release a multitude of mediators, such as histamine and IL-31, which both play an important role in the initiation of the pruritic response via activation of sensory nerves. Chronic pruritus significantly affects the quality of life and the working capability of patients, though its mechanisms are not fully elucidated yet. Since basophils and neurons share many receptors and channels, bidirectional interaction mechanisms, which drive the sensation of itch, are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Wiebe
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Maren M. Limberg
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Gray
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Division of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- University Clinic of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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