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Wang X, Fu M, Wang W, Shu S, Zhang N, Zhao R, Chen X, Hua X, Wang X, Feng W, Wang X, Song J. Single-cell analysis reveals the loss of FABP4-positive proliferating valvular endothelial cells relates to functional mitral regurgitation. BMC Med 2024; 22:595. [PMID: 39707349 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common form of mitral valve dysfunction that often persists even after surgical intervention, requiring reoperation in some cases. To advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of functional MR, it is crucial to characterize the cellular composition of the mitral valve leaflet and identify molecular changes in each cell subtype within the mitral valves of MR patients. Therefore, we aimed to comprehensively examine the cellular and molecular components of mitral valves in patients with MR. METHODS We conducted a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of mitral valve leaflets extracted from six patients who underwent heart transplantation. The cohort comprised three individuals with moderate-to-severe functional MR (MR group) and three non-diseased controls (NC group). Bioinformatics was applied to identify cell types, delineate cell functions, and explore cellular developmental trajectories and interactions. Key findings from the scRNA-seq analysis were validated using pathological staining to visualize key markers in the mitral valve leaflets. Additionally, in vitro experiments with human primary valvular endothelial cells were conducted to further support our results. RESULTS Our study revealed that valve interstitial cells are critical for adaptive valve remodelling, as they secrete extracellular matrix proteins and promote fibrosis. We discovered an abnormal decrease in a subpopulation of FABP4 (fatty acid binding protein 4)-positive proliferating valvular endothelial cells. The trajectory analysis identifies this subcluster as the origin of VECs. Immunohistochemistry on the expanded cohort showed a reduction of FABP4-positive VECs in patients with functional MR. Intervention experiments with primary cells indicated that FABP4 promotes proliferation and migration in mitral valve VECs and enhances TGFβ-induced differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our study presented a comprehensive assessment of the mitral valve cellular landscape of patients with MR and sheds light on the molecular changes occurring in human mitral valves during functional MR. We found a notable reduction in the proliferating endothelial cell subpopulation of valve leaflets, and FABP4 was identified as one of their markers. Therefore, FABP4 positive VECs served as proliferating endothelial cells relates to functional mitral regurgitation. These VECs exhibited high proliferative and differentiative properties. Their reduction was associated with the occurrence of functional MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Wang
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China
| | - Mengxia Fu
- Galactophore Department, Galactophore Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiteng Wang
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China
| | - Songren Shu
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojin Zhao
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumeng Hua
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianqiang Wang
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China.
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiangping Song
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Beijing, Xi Cheng District, 100037, China.
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Yunnan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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Klauzen P, Basovich L, Shishkova D, Markova V, Malashicheva A. Macrophages in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Paracrine and Juxtacrine Disease Drivers. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1547. [PMID: 39766254 PMCID: PMC11673549 DOI: 10.3390/biom14121547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
A significant role in the pathogenesis of CAVD is played by innate immunity cells, such as macrophages. In stenotic valves, macrophages have enhanced inflammatory activity, and the population's balance is shifted toward pro-inflammatory ones. Pro-inflammatory macrophages release cytokines, chemokines, and microRNA, which can directly affect the resident valvular cells and cause valve calcification. In CAVD patients, macrophages may have more pronounced pro-inflammatory properties, enhanced not only by paracrine signals but also by juxtacrine Notch signaling and epigenetic factors, which influence the maturation of macrophages' progenitors. In this review, we observe the accumulated data on the involvement of macrophages in CAVD development via paracrine and juxtacrine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Klauzen
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia.; (L.B.)
| | - Liubov Basovich
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia.; (L.B.)
| | - Daria Shishkova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo 650002, Russia; (D.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Victoria Markova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo 650002, Russia; (D.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia.; (L.B.)
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Wang L, Qin Y, Song J, Xu J, Quan W, Su H, Zeng H, Zhang J, Li J, Chen J. Integrated analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk transcriptome data identifies a pyroptosis-associated diagnostic model for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:28548. [PMID: 39558055 PMCID: PMC11574289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-80185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an insidious onset. Despite the emphasis on motor symptom-based diagnosis, there remains an unmet clinical need for effective diagnostic approaches during the prodromal phase of PD. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk transcriptomic analyses of PD patients open avenues for identifying potential diagnostic biomarkers. A comprehensive cell trajectory analysis was conducted using scRNA-seq datasets to identify gene expressions associated with the cellular transition from healthy to PD-associated states. Integration of scRNA-seq datasets with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) allowed extraction of pyroptosis-associated differentially expressed genes (PDEGs). Using LASSO logistic regression, support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) and random forest methods, we developed a diagnostic model centred on PDEGs. In addition, immunoinfiltration, inflammatory signalling pathways and intercellular communication were detected by scRNA-seq analyses. In PD patients, the number of cells including metencephalic-like cells, excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons and MHB-like cells was significantly reduced, whereas the proportion of astrocytes and microglia, immunoinfiltration and inflammatory signalling pathways were upregulated compared to healthy individuals. Using scRNA-seq and WGCNA analyses, two pyroptosis-related diagnostic genes, POLR2K and TIMM8B, were identified and a diagnostic model based on them was constructed, which showed promising performance upon validation. This study established a pyroptosis-related diagnostic model for PD through the analyses of scRNA-seq combined with bulk transcriptome data, which improved the understanding of the role of PDEGs in PD and provided new insights into the diagnostic strategies for this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Yidan Qin
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Huibin Zeng
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.
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Xu Y, Wang X, Yuan W, Zhang L, Chen W, Hu K. Identification of BANF1 as a novel prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer and validation via in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1808-1828. [PMID: 38261746 PMCID: PMC10866416 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a widespread malignancy characterized by a notably high incidence rate and an unfavorable prognosis. We conducted a meticulous analysis of GC high-throughput sequencing data downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository to pinpoint distinctive genes associated with GC. Our investigation successfully identified three signature genes implicated in GC, with a specific focus on the barrier to autointegration factor 1 (BANF1), which exhibits elevated expression across various cancer types, including GC. Bioinformatic analysis has highlighted BANF1 as a prognostic indicator for patients with GC, with direct implications for immune cell infiltration. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the significance of BANF1 in GC, we performed a series of in vitro experiments to confirm its high expression in GC tissues and cellular components. Intriguingly, the induction of BANF1 knockdown resulted in a marked attenuation of proliferation, migratory capacity, and invasive potential in GC cells. Moreover, our in vivo experiments using nude mouse models revealed a notable impediment in tumor growth following BANF1 knockdown. These insights underscore the feasibility of BANF1 as a novel therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Weiwei Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Kongwang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Department of General Surgery, Fuyang Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang 236000, China
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Chen C, Ren H, Li H, Deng Y, Cui Q, Zhu J, Zhang S, Yu J, Wang H, Yu X, Yang S, Hu X, Peng Y. Identification of crucial modules and genes associated with backfat tissue development by WGCNA in Ningxiang pigs. Front Genet 2023; 14:1234757. [PMID: 37662841 PMCID: PMC10469685 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1234757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat deposition is an economically important trait in pigs. Ningxiang pig, one of the four famous indigenous breeds in China, is characterized by high fat content. The underlying gene expression pattern in different developmental periods of backfat tissue remains unclear, and the purpose of this investigation is to explore the potential molecular regulators of backfat tissue development in Ningxiang pigs. Backfat tissue (three samples for each stage) was initially collected from different developmental stages (60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days after birth), and histological analysis and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were then conducted. Fragments per kilobase of transcript per million (FPKM) method was used to qualify gene expressions, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Furthermore, strongly co-expressed genes in modules, which were named by color, were clustered by Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) based on dynamic tree cutting algorithm. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment were subsequently implemented, and hub genes were described in each module. Finally, QPCR analysis was employed to validate RNA-seq data. The results showed that adipocyte area increased and adipocyte number decreased with development of backfat tissue. A total of 1,024 DEGs were identified in five comparison groups (120 days vs. 60 days, 180 days vs. 120 days, 240 days vs. 180 days, 300 days vs. 240 days, and 360 days vs. 300 days). The turquoise, red, pink, paleturquoise, darkorange, and darkgreen module had the highest correlation coefficient with 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days developmental stage, while the tan, black and turquoise module had strong relationship with backfat thickness, adipocyte area, and adipocyte number, respectively. Thirteen hub genes (ACSL1, ACOX1, FN1, DCN, CHST13, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL6A3, COL5A1, COL14A1, OAZ3, DNM1, and SELP) were recognized. ACSL1 and ACOX1 might perform function in the early developmental stage of backfat tissue (60 days), and FN1, DCN, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL5A1, COL6A3, and COL14A1 have unignorable position in backfat tissue around 120 days developmental stage. Besides, hub genes SELP and DNM1 in modules significantly associated with backfat thickness and adipocyte area might be involved in the process of backfat tissue development. These findings contribute to understand the integrated mechanism underlying backfat tissue development and promote the progress of genetic improvement in Ningxiang pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Pig Breeding, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Indigenous Pigs, Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Huibo Ren
- Department of Pig Breeding, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Indigenous Pigs, Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Huali Li
- Department of Pig Breeding, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Indigenous Pigs, Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Department of Pig Breeding, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Indigenous Pigs, Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Qingming Cui
- Department of Pig Breeding, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Indigenous Pigs, Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- Department of Pig Breeding, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Indigenous Pigs, Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Siyang Zhang
- Hunan Liushahe Ecological Animal Husbandry Co, Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Jine Yu
- Hunan Liushahe Ecological Animal Husbandry Co, Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- Hunan Liushahe Ecological Animal Husbandry Co, Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Hunan Liushahe Ecological Animal Husbandry Co, Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Shiliu Yang
- Hunan Liushahe Ecological Animal Husbandry Co, Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Xionggui Hu
- Department of Pig Breeding, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Indigenous Pigs, Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Yinglin Peng
- Department of Pig Breeding, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Indigenous Pigs, Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Blaser MC, Kraler S, Lüscher TF, Aikawa E. Network-Guided Multiomic Mapping of Aortic Valve Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:417-426. [PMID: 36727519 PMCID: PMC9975082 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite devastating clinical sequelae of calcific aortic valve disease that range from left ventricular remodeling to arrhythmias, heart failure, and early death, the molecular insights into disease initiation and progression are limited and pharmacotherapies remain unavailable. The pathobiology of calcific aortic valve disease is complex and comprehensive studies are challenging valvular calcification is heterogeneous and occurs preferentially on the aortic surface, along a fibrocalcific spectrum. Here, we review efforts to study (epi-)genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic aspects of aortic valve calcification in combination with network medicine-/systems biology-based strategies to integrate multilayered omics datasets and prioritize druggable targets for experimental validation studies. Ultimately, such holistic approach efforts may open therapeutic avenues that go beyond invasive and costly valve replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Blaser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, CH
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, CH
- Heart Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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