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Zhu Z, Li X, Bu Q, Yan Q, Wen L, Chen X, Li X, Yan M, Jiang L, Chen G, Li S, Gao X, Zeng G, Liang J. Land-Water Transport and Sources of Nitrogen Pollution Affecting the Structure and Function of Riverine Microbial Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2726-2738. [PMID: 36746765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of variations in riverine microbiota that stem from contaminant sources and transport modes is important for understanding biogeochemical processes. However, the association between complex anthropogenic nitrogen pollution and bacteria has not been extensively investigated owing to the difficulties faced while determining the distribution of nitrogen contaminants in watersheds. Here, we employed the Soil and Water Assessment Tool alongside microbiological analysis to explore microbial characteristics and their responses to complex nitrogen pollution patterns. Significant variations in microbial communities were observed in sub-basins with distinct land-water pollution transport modes. Point source-dominated areas (PSDAs) exhibited reduced microbial diversity, high number of denitrification groups, and increased nitrogen cycling compared with others. The negative relative deviations (-3.38) between the measured and simulated nitrate concentrations in PSDAs indicated that nitrate removal was more effective in PSDAs. Pollution sources were also closely associated with microbiota. Effluents from concentrated animal feeding operations were the primary factors relating to the microbiota compositions in PSDAs and balanced areas. In nonpoint source-dominated areas, contaminants from septic tanks become the most relevant sources to microbial community structures. Overall, this study expands our knowledge regarding microbial biogeochemistry in catchments and beyond by linking specific nitrogen pollution scenarios to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Qiurong Bu
- National Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Technologies and Equipment for Water Environmental Pollution Monitoring, Changsha 410205, P. R. China
| | - Qingcheng Yan
- National Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Technologies and Equipment for Water Environmental Pollution Monitoring, Changsha 410205, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Wen
- National Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Technologies and Equipment for Water Environmental Pollution Monitoring, Changsha 410205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- National Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Technologies and Equipment for Water Environmental Pollution Monitoring, Changsha 410205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ming Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Longbo Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- School of Mathematics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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Wu Y, Jiang B, Zou Y, Dong H, Wang H, Zou H. Influence of bacterial community diversity, functionality, and soil factors on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under various vegetation types in mangrove wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119622. [PMID: 35750309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent organic pollutants in coastal ecosystems, particularly in mangrove wetlands. However, it is still largely unclear how PAHs affect the soil bacterial community under various vegetation types in the Greater Bay Area. Here, we selected soil samples from four sites with different vegetation types (native mangrove forest dominated by Kandelia candel, invasive mangrove forest dominated by Sonneratia apetala, unvegetated mudflat, and riverine runoff outlet) in the Qi'ao and Futian Nature Reserves. We investigated the effects of PAHs on soil bacterial community composition and diversity, function, and co-occurrence via 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. PAHs obviously reduced soil bacterial community diversity and richness. Based on PICRUSt 2, PAHs demonstrated positive influences on PAHs degradation metabolism related bacterial genes. Meanwhile, we predicted that riverine runoff outlets can potentially degrade PAHs, may donate to sustain healthy mangrove ecosystem. Also, PAHs and total nitrogen (TN) were crucial factors driving the soil bacterial community in Qi'ao sites, whereas in the Futian sites, PAHs and SOC were more important. PAHs, SOC and TN showed negative effects on specific bacteria abundance. Subsequently, environmental factors and PAHs levels influenced the soil bacterial ecological functions community. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed non-random assembly patterns of the bacterial communities. SBR1031 and A4b were the keystone genera and played a crucial role whgich played an irreplaceable role in PAHs degradation in Qi'ao and Futian sites. PAHs inhibited specific microbial activity and metabolism in native mangrove forest, while affects positively to bacterial community in riverine runoff outlet which might profoundly affect the whole soil quality under various vegetation types. Overall, this study might identify existing health problems and provide insights for enhancing protection and utilization management for mangrove ecosystem in the Greater Bay Area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Wu
- Northeast Forestry University, China; Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, China
| | | | - Yu Zou
- Qiqihar Medical University, China
| | | | - He Wang
- Northeast Forestry University, China
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Wang R, Zhao Y, Xie X, Mohamed TA, Zhu L, Tang Y, Chen Y, Wei Z. Role of NH 3 recycling on nitrogen fractions during sludge composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 295:122175. [PMID: 31570260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to reduce nitrogen (N) loss and investigate the role of ammonia (NH3) recycling on N fractions, environmental factors and bacterial communities. In this study, collected NH3 from composting and recycled in it. The results showed that NH3 recycling affected N-cycling processes such as nitrification. Redundancy Analyses (RDA) showed that NH4+-N had significantly negative correlation with denitrifying bacteria in treatment group (p < 0.05), demonstrating that NH3 recycling have influenced on the bacterial community structure. Furthermore, Structural Equation Model (SEM) revealed causal relationships between visual variables. Based on these results, we concluded that NH3 recycling is a novel method to reduce N loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyu Xie
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Taha Ahmed Mohamed
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Longji Zhu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zimin Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Aalto SL, Saarenheimo J, Mikkonen A, Rissanen AJ, Tiirola M. Resistant ammonia-oxidizing archaea endure, but adapting ammonia-oxidizing bacteria thrive in boreal lake sediments receiving nutrient-rich effluents. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3616-3628. [PMID: 30003649 PMCID: PMC6221106 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Climate change along with anthropogenic activities changes biogeochemical conditions in lake ecosystems, modifying the sediment microbial communities. Wastewater effluents introduce nutrients and organic material but also novel microbes to lake ecosystems, simulating forthcoming increases in catchment loadings. In this work, we first used 16s rRNA gene sequencing to study how the overall sediment microbial community responds to wastewater in six boreal lakes. To examine forthcoming changes in the lake biogeochemistry, we focused on the ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), and examined their functional and compositional community response to wastewater. Although we found the least diverse and least resistant prokaryotic communities from the most wastewater‐influenced sediments, the community changed fast toward the natural composition with the diminishing influence of wastewater. Each lake hosted a unique resistant AOA community, while AOB communities were adapting, responding to environmental conditions as well as receiving new members from WWTPs. In general, AOB dominated in numbers in wastewater‐influenced sediments, while the ratio between AOA and AOB increased when moving toward pristine conditions. Our results suggest that although future climate‐change‐driven increases in nutrient loading and microbial migration might significantly disrupt lake sediment microbiomes, they can promote nitrification through adapting and abundant AOB communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni L Aalto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jatta Saarenheimo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anu Mikkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Antti J Rissanen
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Marcos MS, Barboza AD, Keijzer RM, Laanbroek HJ. Tide as Steering Factor in Structuring Archaeal and Bacterial Ammonia-Oxidizing Communities in Mangrove Forest Soils Dominated by Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 75:997-1008. [PMID: 29063148 PMCID: PMC5906487 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove species are adapted to grow at specific zones in a tidal gradient. Here we tested the hypothesis that the archaeal and bacterial ammonia-oxidizing microbial communities differ in soils dominated by the mangrove species Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle. Two of the sampling locations were tidal locations, while the other location was impounded. Differences in the community compositions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of amoA genes and by MiSeq 16S rRNA gene-sequencing. The abundances of AOA and AOB were established by quantitative PCR of amoA genes. In addition, we analyzed the total microbial community composition based on 16S rRNA genes and explored the influence of soil physicochemical properties underneath Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle on microbial communities. AOA were always more abundant than AOB, but the effect of mangrove species on total numbers of ammonia oxidizers was location-specific. The microbial communities including the ammonia oxidizers in soils associated with A. germinans and R. mangle differed only at the tidal locations. In conclusion, potential site-specific effects of mangrove species on soil microbial communities including those of the AOA and AOB are apparently overruled by the absence or presence of tide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalí S Marcos
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biotecnología, Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC, CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Anthony D Barboza
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia - CIP-Biotec, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Rosalinde M Keijzer
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus J Laanbroek
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Tian XY, Zhang CS. Illumina-Based Analysis of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Bacterial Diversity of the Coastal Halophyte Messerschmidia sibirica. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2288. [PMID: 29209296 PMCID: PMC5701997 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytes play important roles in coastal ecosystems. However, few reports have described bacterial communities related to halophytes, and the distribution patterns of these bacteria in different plant tissues have been rarely compared. This paper mainly studied the diversity and community structure of endophytic and rhizosphere (Rh) bacteria related to the halophyte Messerschmidia sibirica, a dominant species in the coastal zone of Shandong Peninsula, China. We collected leaf (Lf), stem (Sm), root (Rt), Rh, and bulk (Bl) control soil samples, and sequenced the V5–V7 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina HiSeq platform to identify bacterial communities originating from different plant habitats. We found that the bacterial richness and diversity in Rh were significantly higher than those in the leaves, Sm, and Rt, but lower than those of the Bl control soil. In total, 37 phyla and 438 genera were identified. Microbial-diversity analysis showed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla and that Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Sphingomonas, Streptomyces, Microbacterium, Rhizobium, and Nocardioides were the dominant genera. However, there were clear differences in community diversity and structure among the samples. Endophytic bacteria community in Lf, Sm, and Rt shared more similarity than those in Rh and Bl control soil. The numbers of operational taxonomic units exclusive to the Lf, stem, Rt, Rh, and Bl control soil samples were 51, 43, 122, 139, and 922, respectively, implying habitat-specific patterns. Principal coordinate analysis demonstrated differences were apparent in the bacterial communities associated with habitats. On the whole, M. sibirica affected bacterial diversity and structured the bacterial community. This study provides insight into the complex microbial compositions of coastal halophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Tian
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng-Sheng Zhang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Saarenheimo J, Aalto SL, Rissanen AJ, Tiirola M. Microbial Community Response on Wastewater Discharge in Boreal Lake Sediments. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:750. [PMID: 28487691 PMCID: PMC5403825 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high performance, municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) still discharge significant amounts of organic material and nitrogen and even microbes into the receiving water bodies, altering physico-chemical conditions and microbial functions. In this study, we examined how nitrified wastewater affects the microbiology of boreal lake sediments. Microbial community compositions were assessed with next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, and a more detailed view on nitrogen transformation processes was gained with qPCR targeting on functional genes (nirS, nirK, nosZI, nosZII, amoAarchaea, and amoAbacteria). In both of the two studied lake sites, the microbial community composition differed significantly between control point and wastewater discharge point, and a gradual shift toward natural community composition was seen downstream following the wastewater gradient. SourceTracker analysis predicted that ∼2% of sediment microbes were of WWTP-origin on the study site where wastewater was freely mixed with the lake water, while when wastewater was specially discharged to the sediment surface, ∼6% of microbes originated from WWTP, but the wastewater-influenced area was more limited. In nitrogen transformation processes, the ratio between nitrifying archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) was affected by wastewater effluent, as the AOA abundance decreased from the control point (AOA:AOB 28:1 in Keuruu, 11:1 in Petäjävesi) to the wastewater-influenced sampling points, where AOB dominated (AOA:AOB 1:2–1:15 in Keuruu, 1:3–1:19 in Petäjävesi). The study showed that wastewater can affect sediment microbial community through importing nutrients and organic material and altering habitat characteristics, but also through bringing wastewater-originated microbes to the sediment, and may thus have significant impact on the freshwater biogeochemistry, especially in the nutrient-poor boreal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatta Saarenheimo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of JyväskyläJyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sanni L Aalto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of JyväskyläJyväskylä, Finland
| | - Antti J Rissanen
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of TechnologyTampere, Finland
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of JyväskyläJyväskylä, Finland
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Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Lu Q, Li M, Wang X, Wei Y, Xie X, Wei Z. A regulating method for reducing nitrogen loss based on enriched ammonia-oxidizing bacteria during composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 221:276-283. [PMID: 27643736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, enriched ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were acquired by domesticated cultivation, followed by inoculation into the co-composting of rice straw and chicken manure. The effect of inoculation on nitrogen loss, the succession of bacterial community and the correlation between the key bacteria and environmental factors were investigated. The results showed that inoculation could reduce ammonia emission and nitrogen loss by transforming ammonium into nitrite. Inoculation also increased the amount and abundance of bacterial community. Redundancy analysis showed that indigenous and exogenous bacteria in inoculation group, compared with those in control group, were positively correlated with nitrite but negatively correlated with ammonium, demonstrating that the former contributed to the lower ammonia emission and nitrogen loss. Based on these results, the application of enriched AOB was proposed as a new method of resource recycle and improvement of composting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanni Chen
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qian Lu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyu Xie
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zimin Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Vetterli A, Hietanen S, Leskinen E. Spatial and temporal dynamics of ammonia oxidizers in the sediments of the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 113:153-63. [PMID: 26722795 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and dynamics of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) nitrifying communities in the sediments of the eutrophic Gulf of Finland (GoF) were investigated. Using clone libraries of ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene fragments and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP), we found a low richness of both AOB and AOA. The AOB amoA phylogeny matched that of AOB 16S ribosomal genes from the same samples. AOA communities were characterized by strong spatial variation while AOB communities showed notable temporal patterns. At open sea sites, where transient anoxic conditions prevail, richness of both AOA and AOB was lowest and communities were dominated by organisms with gene signatures unique to the GoF. Given the importance of nitrification as a link between the fixation of nitrogen and its removal from aquatic environments, the low diversity of ammonia-oxidizing microbes across the GoF could be of relevance for ecosystem resilience in the face of rapid global environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Vetterli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Finland; Tvärminne Zoological Station, J.A. Palménin Tie 260, 10900, Hanko, Finland.
| | - Susanna Hietanen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Finland; Tvärminne Zoological Station, J.A. Palménin Tie 260, 10900, Hanko, Finland
| | - Elina Leskinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Finland; Tvärminne Zoological Station, J.A. Palménin Tie 260, 10900, Hanko, Finland
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