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Kakizaki T, Abe H, Kotouge Y, Matsubuchi M, Sugou M, Honma C, Tsukuta K, Satoh S, Shioya T, Nakamura H, Cannon KS, Woods BL, Gladfelter A, Takeshita N, Muraguchi H. Live-cell imaging of septins and cell polarity proteins in the growing dikaryotic vegetative hypha of the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10132. [PMID: 37349479 PMCID: PMC10287680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental biology underlying the morphogenesis of mushrooms remains poorly understood despite the essential role of fungi in the terrestrial environment and global carbon cycle. The mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea is a leading model system for the molecular and cellular basis of fungal morphogenesis. The dikaryotic vegetative hyphae of this fungus grow by tip growth with clamp cell formation, conjugate nuclear division, septation, subapical peg formation, and fusion of the clamp cell to the peg. Studying these processes provides many opportunities to gain insights into fungal cell morphogenesis. Here, we report the dynamics of five septins, as well as the regulators CcCla4, CcSpa2, and F-actin, visualized by tagging with fluorescent proteins, EGFP, PA-GFP or mCherry, in the growing dikaryotic vegetative hyphae. We also observed the nuclei using tagged Sumo proteins and histone H1. The five septins colocalized at the hyphal tip in the shape of a dome with a hole (DwH). CcSpa2-EGFP signals were observed in the hole, while CcCla4 signals were observed as the fluctuating dome at the hyphal tip. Before septation, CcCla4-EGFP was also occasionally recruited transiently around the future septum site. Fluorescent protein-tagged septins and F-actin together formed a contractile ring at the septum site. These distinct specialized growth machineries at different sites of dikaryotic vegetative hyphae provide a foundation to explore the differentiation program of various types of cells required for fruiting body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kakizaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Haruki Abe
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuuka Kotouge
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Matsubuchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Mayu Sugou
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Chiharu Honma
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Kouki Tsukuta
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Souichi Satoh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shioya
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hiroe Nakamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Kevin S Cannon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin L Woods
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amy Gladfelter
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Norio Takeshita
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hajime Muraguchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
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2
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Wang Z, Bartholomai BM, Loros JJ, Dunlap JC. Optimized fluorescent proteins for 4-color and photoconvertible live-cell imaging in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 164:103763. [PMID: 36481248 PMCID: PMC10501358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fungal cells are quite unique among life in their organization and structure, and yet implementation of many tools recently developed for fluorescence imaging in animal systems and yeast has been slow in filamentous fungi. Here we present analysis of properties of fluorescent proteins in Neurospora crassa as well as describing genetic tools for the expression of these proteins that may be useful beyond cell biology applications. The brightness and photostability of ten different fluorescent protein tags were compared in a well-controlled system; six different promoters are described for the assessment of the fluorescent proteins and varying levels of expression, as well as a customizable bidirectional promoter system. We present an array of fluorescent proteins suitable for use across the visible light spectrum to allow for 4-color imaging, in addition to a photoconvertible fluorescent protein that enables a change in the color of a small subset of proteins in the cell. These tools build on the rich history of cell biology research in filamentous fungi and provide new tools to help expand research capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wang
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Bradley M Bartholomai
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Hanover, NH, USA.
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3
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Cortesão M, Holland G, Schütze T, Laue M, Moeller R, Meyer V. Colony growth and biofilm formation of Aspergillus niger under simulated microgravity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:975763. [PMID: 36212831 PMCID: PMC9539656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.975763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotechnology- and medicine-relevant fungus Aspergillus niger is a common colonizer of indoor habitats such as the International Space Station (ISS). Being able to colonize and biodegrade a wide range of surfaces, A. niger can ultimately impact human health and habitat safety. Surface contamination relies on two key-features of the fungal colony: the fungal spores, and the vegetative mycelium, also known as biofilm. Aboard the ISS, microorganisms and astronauts are shielded from extreme temperatures and radiation, but are inevitably affected by spaceflight microgravity. Knowing how microgravity affects A. niger colony growth, in particular regarding the vegetative mycelium (biofilm) and spore production, will help prevent and control fungal contaminations in indoor habitats on Earth and in space. Because fungal colonies grown on agar can be considered analogs for surface contamination, we investigated A. niger colony growth on agar in normal gravity (Ground) and simulated microgravity (SMG) conditions by fast-clinorotation. Three strains were included: a wild-type strain, a pigmentation mutant (ΔfwnA), and a hyperbranching mutant (ΔracA). Our study presents never before seen scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of A. niger colonies that reveal a complex ultrastructure and biofilm architecture, and provide insights into fungal colony development, both on ground and in simulated microgravity. Results show that simulated microgravity affects colony growth in a strain-dependent manner, leading to thicker biofilms (vegetative mycelium) and increased spore production. We suggest that the Rho GTPase RacA might play a role in A. niger’s adaptation to simulated microgravity, as deletion of ΔracA leads to changes in biofilm thickness, spore production and total biomass. We also propose that FwnA-mediated melanin production plays a role in A. niger’s microgravity response, as ΔfwnA mutant colonies grown under SMG conditions showed increased colony area and spore production. Taken together, our study shows that simulated microgravity does not inhibit A. niger growth, but rather indicates a potential increase in surface-colonization. Further studies addressing fungal growth and surface contaminations in spaceflight should be conducted, not only to reduce the risk of negatively impacting human health and spacecraft material safety, but also to positively utilize fungal-based biotechnology to acquire needed resources in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cortesão
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Cologne, Germany
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marta Cortesão,
| | - Gudrun Holland
- Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tabea Schütze
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Moeller
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vera Meyer
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Pinar M, Alonso A, de los Ríos V, Bravo-Plaza I, de la Gandara Á, Galindo A, Arias-Palomo E, Peñalva MÁ. The type V myosin-containing complex HUM is a RAB11 effector powering movement of secretory vesicles. iScience 2022; 25:104514. [PMID: 35754728 PMCID: PMC9213775 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the apex-directed RAB11 exocytic pathway of Aspergillus nidulans, kinesin-1/KinA conveys secretory vesicles (SVs) to the hyphal tip, where they are transferred to the type V myosin MyoE. MyoE concentrates SVs at an apical store located underneath the PM resembling the presynaptic active zone. A rod-shaped RAB11 effector, UDS1, and the intrinsically disordered and coiled-coil HMSV associate with MyoE in a stable HUM (HMSV-UDS1-MyoE) complex recruited by RAB11 to SVs through an interaction network involving RAB11 and HUM components, with the MyoE globular tail domain (GTD) binding both HMSV and RAB11-GTP and RAB11-GTP binding both the MyoE-GTD and UDS1. UDS1 bridges RAB11-GTP to HMSV, an avid interactor of the MyoE-GTD. The interaction between the UDS1-HMSV sub-complex and RAB11-GTP can be reconstituted in vitro. Ablating UDS1 or HMSV impairs actomyosin-mediated transport of SVs to the apex, resulting in spreading of RAB11 SVs across the apical dome as KinA/microtubule-dependent transport gains prominence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vivian de los Ríos
- Proteomics Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bravo-Plaza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro de la Gandara
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Galindo
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK
| | - Ernesto Arias-Palomo
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Á. Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author
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5
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Wernet V, Wäckerle J, Fischer R. The STRIPAK component SipC is involved in morphology and cell-fate determination in the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab153. [PMID: 34849851 PMCID: PMC8733638 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex is a highly conserved eukaryotic signaling hub involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. In filamentous fungi, STRIPAK controls multicellular development, hyphal fusion, septation, and pathogenicity. In this study, we analyzed the role of the STRIPAK complex in the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans which forms three-dimensional, adhesive trapping networks to capture Caenorhabditis elegans. Trap networks consist of several hyphal loops which are morphologically and functionally different from vegetative hyphae. We show that lack of the STRIPAK component SipC (STRIP1/2/HAM-2/PRO22) results in incomplete loop formation and column-like trap structures with elongated compartments. The misshapen or incomplete traps lost their trap identity and continued growth as vegetative hyphae. The same effect was observed in the presence of the actin cytoskeleton drug cytochalasin A. These results could suggest a link between actin and STRIPAK complex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wernet
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan Wäckerle
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Morelli KA, Kerkaert JD, Cramer RA. Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms: Toward understanding how growth as a multicellular network increases antifungal resistance and disease progression. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009794. [PMID: 34437655 PMCID: PMC8389518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic, filamentous fungus found in soils and compost and the causative agent of several pulmonary diseases in humans, birds, and other mammals. A. fumigatus and other filamentous fungi grow as networks of filamentous hyphae that have characteristics of a classic microbial biofilm. These characteristics include production of an extracellular matrix (ECM), surface adhesion, multicellularity, and increased antimicrobial drug resistance. A. fumigatus biofilm growth occurs in vivo at sites of infection, highlighting the importance of defining mechanisms underlying biofilm development and associated emergent properties. We propose that there are 3 distinct phases in the development of A. fumigatus biofilms: biofilm initiation, immature biofilm, and mature biofilm. These stages are defined both temporally and by unique genetic and structural changes over the course of development. Here, we review known mechanisms within each of these stages that contribute to biofilm structure, ECM production, and increased resistance to contemporary antifungal drugs. We highlight gaps in our understanding of biofilm development and function that when addressed are expected to aid in the development of novel antifungal therapies capable of killing filamentous fungal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaesi A. Morelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Kerkaert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Gao X, Fischer R, Takeshita N. Application of PALM Superresolution Microscopy to the Analysis of Microtubule-Organizing Centers (MTOCs) in Aspergillus nidulans. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2329:277-289. [PMID: 34085230 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1538-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), one of the super resolution microscopy methods improving the resolution limit to 20 nm, allows the detection of single molecules in complex protein structures in living cells. Microtubule-organizing centres (MTOCs) are large, multisubunit protein complexes, required for microtubule polymerization. The prominent MTOC in higher eukaryotes is the centrosome, and its functional ortholog in fungi is the spindle-pole body (SPB). There is ample evidence that besides centrosomes other MTOCs are important in eukaryotic cells. The filamentous ascomycetous fungus Aspergillus nidulans is a model organism, with hyphae consisting of multinucleate compartments separated by septa. In A. nidulans, besides the SPBs, a second type of MTOCs was discovered at septa (called septal MTOCs, sMTOC). All the MTOC components appear as big dots at SPBs and sMTOCs when tagged with a fluorescent protein and observed with conventional fluorescence microscopy due to the diffraction barrier. In this chapter, we describe the application of PALM in quantifying the numbers of individual proteins at both MTOC sites in A. nidulans and provide evidence that the composition of MTOCs is highly dynamic and dramatically changes during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norio Takeshita
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Takagi S, Kojima K, Ohashi S. Proteomic analysis on Aspergillus strains that are useful for industrial enzyme production. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2241-2252. [PMID: 32693695 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1794784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple intracellular proteomic study was conducted to investigate the biological activities of Aspergillus niger during industrial enzyme production. A strain actively secreting a heterologous enzyme was compared to a reference strain. In total, 1824 spots on 2-D gels were analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS, yielding 343 proteins. The elevated levels of UPR components, BipA, PDI, and calnexin, and proteins related to ERAD and ROS reduction, were observed in the enzyme-producer. The results suggest the occurrence of these responses in the enzyme-producers. Major glycolytic enzymes, Fba1, EnoA, and GpdA, were abundant but at a reduced level relative to the reference, indicating a potential repression of the glycolytic pathway. Interestingly, it was observed that a portion of over-expressed heterologous enzyme accumulated inside the cells and digested during fermentation, suggesting the secretion capacity of the strain was not enough for completing secretion. Newly identified conserved-proteins, likely in signal transduction, and other proteins were also investigated. Abbreviations: 2-D: two-dimensional; UPR: unfolded protein response; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated protein degradation; PDI: protein disulfide-isomerase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RESS: Repression under Secretion Stress; CSAP: Conserved Small Abundant Protein; TCTP: translationally controlled tumor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shinichi Ohashi
- Genome Biotechnology Laboratory, Kanazawa-Institute of Technology , Ishikawa, Japan
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10
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Zhou X, Zheng L, Guan L, Ye J, Virag A, Harris SD, Lu L. The Scaffold Proteins Paxillin B and α-Actinin Regulate Septation in Aspergillus nidulans via Control of Actin Ring Contraction. Genetics 2020; 215:449-461. [PMID: 32317285 PMCID: PMC7268981 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, as the final step of cell division, plays an important role in fungal growth and proliferation. In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, defective cytokinesis is able to induce abnormal multinuclear or nonnucleated cells and then result in reduced hyphal growth and abolished sporulation. Previous studies have reported that a conserved contractile actin ring (CAR) protein complex and the septation initiation network (SIN) signaling kinase cascade are required for cytokinesis and septation; however, little is known about the role(s) of scaffold proteins involved in these two important cellular processes. In this study, we show that a septum-localized scaffold protein paxillin B (PaxB) is essential for cytokinesis/septation in A. nidulans The septation defects observed in a paxB deletion strain resemble those caused by the absence of another identified scaffold protein, α-actinin (AcnA). Deletion of α-actinin (AcnA) leads to undetectable PaxB at the septation site, whereas deletion of paxB does not affect the localization of α-actinin at septa. However, deletion of either α-actinin (acnA) or paxB causes the actin ring to disappear at septation sites during cytokinesis. Notably, overexpression of α-actinin acnA partially rescues the septum defects of the paxB mutant but not vice versa, suggesting AcnA may play a dominant role over that of PaxB for cytokinesis and septation. In addition, PaxB and α-actinin affect the septal dynamic localization of MobA, a conserved component of the SIN pathway, suggesting they may affect the SIN protein complex function at septa. Protein pull-down assays combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identification indicate that α-actinin AcnA and PaxB likely do not directly interact, but presumably belong to an actin cytoskeleton protein network that is required for the assembly and contraction of the CAR. Taken together, findings in this study provide novel insights into the roles of conserved scaffold proteins during fungal septation in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China
| | - Likun Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China
| | - Luyu Guan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China
| | | | - Steven D Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China
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11
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Dimou S, Martzoukou O, Dionysopoulou M, Bouris V, Amillis S, Diallinas G. Translocation of nutrient transporters to cell membrane via Golgi bypass in Aspergillus nidulans. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49929. [PMID: 32452614 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient transporters, being polytopic membrane proteins, are believed, but not formally shown, to traffic from their site of synthesis, the ER, to the plasma membrane through Golgi-dependent vesicular trafficking. Here, we develop a novel genetic system to investigate the trafficking of a neosynthesized model transporter, the well-studied UapA purine transporter of Aspergillus nidulans. We show that sorting of neosynthesized UapA to the plasma membrane (PM) bypasses the Golgi and does not necessitate key Rab GTPases, AP adaptors, microtubules or endosomes. UapA PM localization is found to be dependent on functional COPII vesicles, actin polymerization, clathrin heavy chain and the PM t-SNARE SsoA. Actin polymerization proved to primarily affect COPII vesicle formation, whereas the essential role of ClaH seems indirect and less clear. We provide evidence that other evolutionary and functionally distinct transporters of A. nidulans also follow the herein identified Golgi-independent trafficking route of UapA. Importantly, our findings suggest that specific membrane cargoes drive the formation of distinct COPII subpopulations that bypass the Golgi to be sorted non-polarly to the PM, and thus serving house-keeping cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dimou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Martzoukou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vangelis Bouris
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotiris Amillis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Diallinas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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12
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Götz R, Panzer S, Trinks N, Eilts J, Wagener J, Turrà D, Di Pietro A, Sauer M, Terpitz U. Expansion Microscopy for Cell Biology Analysis in Fungi. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574. [PMID: 32318047 PMCID: PMC7147297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy has evolved as a powerful method for subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence imaging of cells and cellular organelles, but requires sophisticated and expensive installations. Expansion microscopy (ExM), which is based on the physical expansion of the cellular structure of interest, provides a cheap alternative to bypass the diffraction limit and enable super-resolution imaging on a conventional fluorescence microscope. While ExM has shown impressive results for the magnified visualization of proteins and RNAs in cells and tissues, it has not yet been applied in fungi, mainly due to their complex cell wall. Here we developed a method that enables reliable isotropic expansion of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes upon treatment with cell wall degrading enzymes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) images of 4.5-fold expanded sporidia of Ustilago maydis expressing fluorescent fungal rhodopsins and hyphae of Fusarium oxysporum or Aspergillus fumigatus expressing either histone H1-mCherry together with Lifeact-sGFP or mRFP targeted to mitochondria, revealed details of subcellular structures with an estimated spatial resolution of around 30 nm. ExM is thus well suited for cell biology studies in fungi on conventional fluorescence microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Götz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Panzer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Trinks
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janna Eilts
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Mamun MAA, Katayama T, Cao W, Nakamura S, Maruyama JI. A novel Pezizomycotina-specific protein with gelsolin domains regulates contractile actin ring assembly and constriction in perforated septum formation. Mol Microbiol 2020; 113:964-982. [PMID: 31965663 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Septum formation in fungi is equivalent to cytokinesis. It differs mechanistically in filamentous ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina) from that of ascomycete yeasts by the retention of a central septal pore in the former group. However, septum formation in both groups is accomplished by contractile actin ring (CAR) assembly and constriction. The specific components regulating septal pore organization during septum formation are poorly understood. In this study, a novel Pezizomycotina-specific actin regulatory protein GlpA containing gelsolin domains was identified using bioinformatics. A glpA deletion mutant exhibited increased distances between septa, abnormal septum morphology and defective regulation of septal pore closure. In glpA deletion mutant hyphae, overaccumulation of actin filament (F-actin) was observed, and the CAR was abnormal with improper assembly and failure in constriction. In wild-type cells, GlpA was found at the septum formation site similarly to the CAR. The N-terminal 329 residues of GlpA are required for its localization to the septum formation site and essential for proper septum formation, while its C-terminal gelsolin domains are required for the regular CAR dynamics during septum formation. Finally, in this study we elucidated a novel Pezizomycotina-specific actin modulating component, which participates in septum formation by regulating the CAR dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya Katayama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wei Cao
- Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Department of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shugo Nakamura
- Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Department of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Maruyama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Gao X, Schmid M, Zhang Y, Fukuda S, Takeshita N, Fischer R. The spindle pole body of Aspergillus nidulans is asymmetrical and contains changing numbers of γ-tubulin complexes. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.234799. [PMID: 31740532 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are important microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) in animal cells. In addition, non-centrosomal MTOCs (ncMTOCs) are found in many cell types. Their composition and structure are only poorly understood. Here, we analyzed nuclear MTOCs (spindle-pole bodies, SPBs) and septal MTOCs in Aspergillus nidulans They both contain γ-tubulin along with members of the family of γ-tubulin complex proteins (GCPs). Our data suggest that SPBs consist of γ-tubulin small complexes (γ-TuSCs) at the outer plaque, and larger γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) at the inner plaque. We show that the MztA protein, an ortholog of the human MOZART protein (also known as MZT1), interacted with the inner plaque receptor PcpA (the homolog of fission yeast Pcp1) at SPBs, while no interaction nor colocalization was detected between MztA and the outer plaque receptor ApsB (fission yeast Mto1). Septal MTOCs consist of γ-TuRCs including MztA but are anchored through AspB and Spa18 (fission yeast Mto2). MztA is not essential for viability, although abnormal spindles were observed frequently in cells lacking MztA. Quantitative PALM imaging revealed unexpected dynamics of the protein composition of SPBs, with changing numbers of γ-tubulin complexes over time during interphase and constant numbers during mitosis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Gao
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Dept. of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marjorie Schmid
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Dept. of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Dept. of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sayumi Fukuda
- Tsukuba University, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Norio Takeshita
- Tsukuba University, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Dept. of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Dee JM, Landry BR, Berbee ML. Actin guides filamentous rhizoid growth and morphogenesis in the zoosporic fungus Chytriomyces hyalinus. Mycologia 2019; 111:904-918. [PMID: 31663825 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1669999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The advantage of filamentous growth to the fungal lifestyle is so great that it arose multiple times. Most zoosporic fungi from phylum Chytridiomycota exhibit a monocentric thallus form consisting of anucleate filamentous rhizoids that anchor reproductive sporangia to substrata and absorb nutrients. Actin function during polarized growth and cytokinesis is well documented across eukaryotes, but its role in sculpting nonhyphal, nonyeast fungal cells is unknown. We sought to provide a basis for comparing actin organization among major fungal lineages and to investigate the effects of actin disruption on morphogenesis in a monocentric thallus. Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed fixed, rhodamine phalloidin-stained actin in chemically fixed Chytriomyces hyalinus, exemplifying monocentric thallus development within the diverse, zoosporic phylum Chytridiomycota. We also compared rhizoid lengths and rhizoid branching of thalli incubated with the actin inhibitor latrunculin B to determine the effects of actin disruption on morphology. Actin was concentrated at the tips of growing rhizoids. Actin cables typically formed cortical, parallel arrays in hyphae, but in mature sporangia they were concentrated in a funnel-shaped array in the central region. Thalli treated with latrunculin B had shorter rhizoids with fewer branches than controls. In both hyphae and monocentric thalli, actin localization coincides with active, polarized growth and cytokinesis. Specific actin localization patterns are largely shared between monocentric species but differ significantly from patterns observed in hyphae. Actin integrity is critical for sustaining filamentous growth in all fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Dee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z4, Canada
| | - Brandon R Landry
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z4, Canada
| | - Mary L Berbee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z4, Canada
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16
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Yasuda M, Takeshita N, Shigeto S. Inhomogeneous Molecular Distributions and Cytochrome Types and Redox States in Fungal Cells Revealed by Raman Hyperspectral Imaging Using Multivariate Curve Resolution–Alternating Least Squares. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12501-12508. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Yasuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Norio Takeshita
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shigeto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Many filamentous fungi colonizing animal or plant tissue, waste matter, or soil must find optimal paths through the constraining geometries of their microenvironment. Imaging of live fungal growth in custom-built microfluidics structures revealed the intracellular mechanisms responsible for this remarkable efficiency. In meandering channels, the Spitzenkörper (an assembly of vesicles at the filament tip) acted like a natural gyroscope, conserving the directional memory of growth, while the fungal cytoskeleton organized along the shortest growth path. However, if an obstacle could not be negotiated, the directional memory was lost due to the disappearance of the Spitzenkörper gyroscope. This study can impact diverse environmental, industrial, and medical applications, from fungal pathogenicity in plants and animals to biology-inspired computation. Filamentous fungi that colonize microenvironments, such as animal or plant tissue or soil, must find optimal paths through their habitat, but the biological basis for negotiating growth in constrained environments is unknown. We used time-lapse live-cell imaging of Neurospora crassa in microfluidic environments to show how constraining geometries determine the intracellular processes responsible for fungal growth. We found that, if a hypha made contact with obstacles at acute angles, the Spitzenkörper (an assembly of vesicles) moved from the center of the apical dome closer to the obstacle, thus functioning as an internal gyroscope, which preserved the information regarding the initial growth direction. Additionally, the off-axis trajectory of the Spitzenkörper was tracked by microtubules exhibiting “cutting corner” patterns. By contrast, if a hypha made contact with an obstacle at near-orthogonal incidence, the directional memory was lost, due to the temporary collapse of the Spitzenkörper–microtubule system, followed by the formation of two “daughter” hyphae growing in opposite directions along the contour of the obstacle. Finally, a hypha passing a lateral opening in constraining channels continued to grow unperturbed, but a daughter hypha gradually branched into the opening and formed its own Spitzenkörper–microtubule system. These observations suggest that the Spitzenkörper–microtubule system is responsible for efficient space partitioning in microenvironments, but, in its absence during constraint-induced apical splitting and lateral branching, the directional memory is lost, and growth is driven solely by the isotropic turgor pressure. These results further our understanding of fungal growth in microenvironments relevant to environmental, industrial, and medical applications.
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18
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Zhang J, Yun Y, Lou Y, Abubakar YS, Guo P, Wang S, Li C, Feng Y, Adnan M, Zhou J, Lu G, Zheng W. FgAP‐2 complex is essential for pathogenicity and polarised growth and regulates the apical localisation of membrane lipid flippases in
Fusarium graminearum. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13041. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Yi Lou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | | | - Pusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Shumin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Chunling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Yuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Guo‐dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
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19
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Takeshita N. Control of Actin and Calcium for Chitin Synthase Delivery to the Hyphal Tip of Aspergillus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:113-129. [PMID: 31974757 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are covered by a cell wall consisting mainly of chitin and glucan. The synthesis of chitin, a β-1,4-linked homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is essential for hyphal morphogenesis. Fungal chitin synthases are integral membrane proteins that have been classified into seven classes. ChsB, a class III chitin synthase, is known to play a key role in hyphal tip growth and has been used here as a model to understand the cell biology of cell wall biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. Chitin synthases are transported on secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane for new cell wall synthesis. Super-resolution localization imaging as a powerful biophysical approach indicated dynamics of the Spitzenkörper where spatiotemporally regulated exocytosis and cell extension, whereas high-speed pulse-chase imaging has revealed ChsB transport mechanism mediated by kinesin-1 and myosin-5. In addition, live imaging analysis showed correlations among intracellular Ca2+ levels, actin assembly, and exocytosis in growing hyphal tips. This suggests that pulsed Ca2+ influxes coordinate the temporal control of actin assembly and exocytosis, which results in stepwise cell extension. It is getting clear that turgor pressure and cell wall pressure are involved in the activation of Ca2+ channels for Ca2+ oscillation and cell extension. Here the cell wall synthesis and tip growth meet again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takeshita
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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20
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A Novel Actin Binding Drug with In Vivo Efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 63:AAC.01585-18. [PMID: 30323040 PMCID: PMC6325233 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01585-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Occidiofungin is produced by the soil bacterium Burkolderia contaminans MS14 and is structurally similar or identical to the burkholdines, xylocandins, and cepacidines. This study identified the primary cellular target of occidiofungin, which was determined to be actin. Occidiofungin is produced by the soil bacterium Burkolderia contaminans MS14 and is structurally similar or identical to the burkholdines, xylocandins, and cepacidines. This study identified the primary cellular target of occidiofungin, which was determined to be actin. The modification of occidiofungin with a functional alkyne group enabled affinity purification assays and localization studies in yeast. Occidiofungin has a subtle effect on actin dynamics that triggers apoptotic cell death. We demonstrate the highly specific localization of occidiofungin to cellular regions rich in actin in yeast and the binding of occidiofungin to purified actin in vitro. Furthermore, a disruption of actin-mediated cellular processes, such as endocytosis, nuclear segregation, and hyphal formation, was observed. All of these processes require the formation of stable actin cables, which are disrupted following the addition of a subinhibitory concentration of occidiofungin. We were also able to demonstrate the effectiveness of occidiofungin in treating a vulvovaginal yeast infection in a murine model. The results of this study are important for the development of an efficacious novel class of actin binding drugs that may fill the existing gap in treatment options for fungal infections or different types of cancer.
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21
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Secretory Vesicle Polar Sorting, Endosome Recycling and Cytoskeleton Organization Require the AP-1 Complex in Aspergillus nidulans. Genetics 2018; 209:1121-1138. [PMID: 29925567 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The AP-1 complex is essential for membrane protein traffic via its role in the pinching-off and sorting of secretory vesicles (SVs) from the trans-Golgi and/or endosomes. While its essentiality is undisputed in metazoa, its role in simpler eukaryotes seems less clear. Here, we dissect the role of AP-1 in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans and show that it is absolutely essential for growth due to its role in clathrin-dependent maintenance of polar traffic of specific membrane cargoes toward the apex of growing hyphae. We provide evidence that AP-1 is involved in both anterograde sorting of RabERab11-labeled SVs and RabA/BRab5-dependent endosome recycling. Additionally, AP-1 is shown to be critical for microtubule and septin organization, further rationalizing its essentiality in cells that face the challenge of cytoskeleton-dependent polarized cargo traffic. This work also opens a novel issue on how nonpolar cargoes, such as transporters, are sorted to the eukaryotic plasma membrane.
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22
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Riquelme M, Aguirre J, Bartnicki-García S, Braus GH, Feldbrügge M, Fleig U, Hansberg W, Herrera-Estrella A, Kämper J, Kück U, Mouriño-Pérez RR, Takeshita N, Fischer R. Fungal Morphogenesis, from the Polarized Growth of Hyphae to Complex Reproduction and Infection Structures. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00068-17. [PMID: 29643171 PMCID: PMC5968459 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00068-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi constitute a large group of eukaryotic microorganisms that grow by forming simple tube-like hyphae that are capable of differentiating into more-complex morphological structures and distinct cell types. Hyphae form filamentous networks by extending at their tips while branching in subapical regions. Rapid tip elongation requires massive membrane insertion and extension of the rigid chitin-containing cell wall. This process is sustained by a continuous flow of secretory vesicles that depends on the coordinated action of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons and the corresponding motors and associated proteins. Vesicles transport cell wall-synthesizing enzymes and accumulate in a special structure, the Spitzenkörper, before traveling further and fusing with the tip membrane. The place of vesicle fusion and growth direction are enabled and defined by the position of the Spitzenkörper, the so-called cell end markers, and other proteins involved in the exocytic process. Also important for tip extension is membrane recycling by endocytosis via early endosomes, which function as multipurpose transport vehicles for mRNA, septins, ribosomes, and peroxisomes. Cell integrity, hyphal branching, and morphogenesis are all processes that are largely dependent on vesicle and cytoskeleton dynamics. When hyphae differentiate structures for asexual or sexual reproduction or to mediate interspecies interactions, the hyphal basic cellular machinery may be reprogrammed through the synthesis of new proteins and/or the modification of protein activity. Although some transcriptional networks involved in such reprogramming of hyphae are well studied in several model filamentous fungi, clear connections between these networks and known determinants of hyphal morphogenesis are yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salomon Bartnicki-García
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ursula Fleig
- Institute for Functional Genomics of Microorganisms, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Hansberg
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Ruhr University Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rosa R Mouriño-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Norio Takeshita
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
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23
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Tang W, Gao C, Wang J, Yin Z, Zhang J, Ji J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z, Wang P. Disruption of actin motor function due to MoMyo5 mutation impairs host penetration and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:689-699. [PMID: 28378891 PMCID: PMC5628116 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Actin motor myosin proteins are the driving forces behind the active transport of vesicles, and more than 20 classes of myosin have been found to contribute to a wide range of cellular processes, including endocytosis and exocytosis, autophagy, cytokinesis and the actin cytoskeleton. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, class V myosin Myo2 (ScMyo2p) is important for the transport of distinct sets of cargo to regions of the cell along the cytoskeleton for polarized growth. To study whether myosins play a role in the formation or function of the appressorium (infectious structure) of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, we identified MoMyo5 as an orthologue of ScMyo2p and characterized its function. Targeted gene disruption revealed that MoMyo5 is required for intracellular transport and is essential for hyphal growth and asexual reproduction. Although the ΔMomyo5 mutant could form appressorium-like structures, the structures were unable to penetrate host cells and were therefore non-pathogenic. We further found that MoMyo5 moves dynamically from the cytoplasm to the hyphal tip, where it interacts with MoSec4, a Rab GTPase involved in secretory transport, hyphal growth and fungal pathogenicity. Our studies indicate that class V myosin and its translocation are tightly coupled with hyphal growth, asexual reproduction, appressorium function and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Chuyun Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Jingzhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Ping Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology, and ParasitologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew Orleans, LA 70112USA
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24
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Zhou L, Evangelinos M, Wernet V, Eckert AF, Ishitsuka Y, Fischer R, Nienhaus GU, Takeshita N. Superresolution and pulse-chase imaging reveal the role of vesicle transport in polar growth of fungal cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:e1701798. [PMID: 29387789 PMCID: PMC5787382 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarized growth of filamentous fungi requires continuous transport of biomolecules to the hyphal tip. To this end, construction materials are packaged in vesicles and transported by motor proteins along microtubules and actin filaments. We have studied these processes with quantitative superresolution localization microscopy of live Aspergillus nidulans cells expressing the photoconvertible protein mEosFPthermo fused to the chitin synthase ChsB. ChsB is mainly located at the Spitzenkörper near the hyphal tip and produces chitin, a key component of the cell wall. We have visualized the pulsatory dynamics of the Spitzenkörper, reflecting vesicle accumulation before exocytosis and their subsequent fusion with the apical plasma membrane. Furthermore, high-speed pulse-chase imaging after photoconversion of mEosFPthermo in a tightly focused spot revealed that ChsB is transported with two different speeds from the cell body to the hyphal tip and vice versa. Comparative analysis using motor protein deletion mutants allowed us to assign the fast movements (7 to 10 μm s-1) to transport of secretory vesicles by kinesin-1, and the slower ones (2 to 7 μm s-1) to transport by kinesin-3 on early endosomes. Our results show how motor proteins ensure the supply of vesicles to the hyphal tip, where temporally regulated exocytosis results in stepwise tip extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Minoas Evangelinos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valentin Wernet
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Antonia F. Eckert
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yuji Ishitsuka
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Norio Takeshita
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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25
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Oscillatory fungal cell growth. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 110:10-14. [PMID: 29229585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cells are dynamic systems, the state of which undergoes constant alteration that results in morphological changes and movement. Many dynamic cellular processes that appear continuous are driven by underlying mechanisms that oscillate with distinct periods. For example eukaryotic cells do not grow continuously, but rather by pulsed extension of the periphery. Stepwise cell extension at the hyphal tips of several filamentous fungi was discovered 20 years ago, but only a few molecular details of the mechanism have been clarified since then. A recent study has provided evidence for correlations among intracellular Ca2+ levels, actin assembly, exocytosis and cell extension in growing hyphal tips. This suggests that pulsed Ca2+ influxes coordinate the temporal control of actin assembly and exocytosis, which results in stepwise cell extension. The coordinated oscillation of these machineries are likely to be ubiquitous among all eukaryotes. Indeed, intracellular Ca2+ levels and/or actin polymerization oscillate in mammalian and plant cells. This review summarizes the mechanisms of oscillation in several systems.
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26
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Zhang Y, Gao X, Manck R, Schmid M, Osmani AH, Osmani SA, Takeshita N, Fischer R. Microtubule-organizing centers of Aspergillus nidulans
are anchored at septa by a disordered protein. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:285-303. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4; Karlsruhe D-76131 Germany
| | - Xiaolei Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4; Karlsruhe D-76131 Germany
| | - Raphael Manck
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4; Karlsruhe D-76131 Germany
| | - Marjorie Schmid
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4; Karlsruhe D-76131 Germany
| | - Aysha H. Osmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics; Ohio State University, 105 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W 12th Ave; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Stephen A. Osmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics; Ohio State University, 105 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W 12th Ave; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Norio Takeshita
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4; Karlsruhe D-76131 Germany
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Ten-Nou-Dai Tsukuba 305-8572 Japan
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4; Karlsruhe D-76131 Germany
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27
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Pulses of Ca 2+ coordinate actin assembly and exocytosis for stepwise cell extension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5701-5706. [PMID: 28507141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700204114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotic cells grow by extending their cell periphery in pulses. The molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not yet fully understood. Here we present a comprehensive model of stepwise cell extension by using the unique tip growth system of filamentous fungi. Live-cell imaging analysis, including superresolution microscopy, revealed that the fungus Aspergillus nidulans extends the hyphal tip in an oscillatory manner. The amount of F-actin and secretory vesicles (SV) accumulating at the hyphal tip oscillated with a positive temporal correlation, whereas vesicle amounts were negatively correlated to the growth rate. The intracellular Ca2+ level also pulsed with a positive temporal correlation to the amount of F-actin and SV at the hyphal tip. Two Ca2+ channels, MidA and CchA, were needed for proper tip growth and the oscillations of actin polymerization, exocytosis, and the growth rate. The data indicate a model in which transient Ca2+ pluses cause depolymerization of F-actin at the cortex and promote SV fusion with the plasma membrane, thereby extending the cell tip. Over time, Ca2+ diffuses away and F-actin and SV accumulate again at the hyphal tip. Our data provide evidence that temporally controlled actin polymerization and exocytosis are coordinated by pulsed Ca2+ influx, resulting in stepwise cell extension.
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