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Sun Y, Gao R, Liao X, Shen M, Chen X, Feng J, Ding T. Stress response of Salmonella Newport with various sequence types toward plasma-activated water: Viable but nonculturable state formation and outer membrane vesicle production. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100764. [PMID: 38779345 PMCID: PMC11109322 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the response of Salmonella Newport to plasma-activated water (PAW), a novel disinfectant that attracts attention due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy and eco-friendliness. In this work, we demonstrated that S. Newport of different sequence types (STs) could be induced into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state by PAW treatment. Notably, a remarkable 99.96% of S. Newport ST45 strain entered the VBNC state after a 12-min PAW treatment, which was the fastest observed among the five S. Newport STs (ST31, ST45, ST46, ST166, ST2364). Secretion of outer membrane vesicles was observed in ST45, suggesting a potential strategy against PAW treatment. Genes related to oxidative stress (sodA, katE, trxA), outer membrane proteins (ompA, ompC, ompD, ompF) and virulence (pagC, sipC, sopE2) were upregulated in the PAW-treated S. Newport, especially in ST45. A reduction of 38-65% in intracellular ATP level after PAW treatment was observed, indicating a contributor to the formation of the VBNC state. In addition, a rapid method for detecting the proportion of VBNC cells in food products based on pagC was established. This study contributes to understanding the formation mechanism of the VBNC state in S. Newport under PAW stress and offers insights for controlling microbial risks in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Sun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
| | - Mofei Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinsong Feng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
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Yu MSC, Chiang DM, Reithmair M, Meidert A, Brandes F, Schelling G, Ludwig C, Meng C, Kirchner B, Zenner C, Muller L, Pfaffl MW. The proteome of bacterial membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli-a time course comparison study in two different media. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1361270. [PMID: 38510998 PMCID: PMC10954253 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1361270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacteria inhabit the in- and outside of the human body, such as skin, gut or the oral cavity where they play an innoxious, beneficial or even pathogenic role. It is well known that bacteria can secrete membrane vesicles (MVs) like eukaryotic cells with extracellular vesicles (EVs). Several studies indicate that bacterial membrane vesicles (bMVs) play a crucial role in microbiome-host interactions. However, the composition of such bMVs and their functionality under different culture conditions are still largely unknown. Methods To gain a better insight into bMVs, we investigated the composition and functionality of E. coli (DSM 105380) bMVs from the culture media Lysogeny broth (LB) and RPMI 1640 throughout the different phases of growth (lag-, log- and stationary-phase). bMVs from three time points (8 h, 54 h, and 168 h) and two media (LB and RPMI 1640) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM), conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and mass spectrometry-based proteomics (LC-MS/MS). Furthermore, we examined pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 in the human monocyte cell line THP-1 upon bMV treatment. Results Particle numbers increased with inoculation periods. The bMV morphologies in Cryo-EM/TEM were similar at each time point and condition. Using proteomics, we identified 140 proteins, such as the common bMV markers OmpA and GroEL, present in bMVs isolated from both media and at all time points. Additionally, we were able to detect growth-condition-specific proteins. Treatment of THP-1 cells with bMVs of all six groups lead to significantly high IL-1β and IL-8 expressions. Conclusion Our study showed that the choice of medium and the duration of culturing significantly influence both E. coli bMV numbers and protein composition. Our TEM/Cryo-EM results demonstrated the presence of intact E. coli bMVs. Common E. coli proteins, including OmpA, GroEL, and ribosome proteins, can consistently be identified across all six tested growth conditions. Furthermore, our functional assays imply that bMVs isolated from the six groups retain their function and result in comparable cytokine induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia S. C. Yu
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Dapi Menglin Chiang
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Reithmair
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes Meidert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Brandes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kirchner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Zenner
- Intestinal Microbiome, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Laurent Muller
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
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3
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Liu L, Law COK, Nie Q, Pham HQ, Ma H, Zhang L, Ho PL, Lau TCK. Comparative analysis of outer membrane vesicles from uropathogenic Escherichia coli reveal the role of aromatic amino acids synthesis proteins in motility. Int J Med Microbiol 2023; 313:151573. [PMID: 36634604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2023.151573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are causative agent that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs) and the recent emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) of UPEC increases the burden on the community. Recent studies of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) identified various factors including proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules which provided inter-cellular communication within the bacterial population. However, the components of UPEC-specific OMVs and their functional role remain unclear. Here, we systematically determined the proteomes of UPEC-OMVs and identified the specific components that provide functions to the recipient bacteria. Based on the functional network of OMVs' proteomes, a group of signaling peptides was found in all OMVs which provide communication among bacteria. Moreover, we demonstrated that treatment with UPEC-OMVs affected the motility and biofilm formation of the recipient bacteria, and further identified aromatic amino acid (AAA) biosynthesis proteins as the key factors to provide their movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiangZhe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China; Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carmen Oi Kwan Law
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qichang Nie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hoa Quynh Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Haiying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Pak Leung Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Terrence Chi-Kong Lau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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Haiyan C, Mengyuan Z, Yuteng Z, Ziyan L, Pan W, Han L. Recent advances on biomedical applications of bacterial outer membrane vesicles. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7384-7396. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale and non-self-replicating outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally secreted by some bacteria with their structures and compositions similar to that of the outer membrane of parental bacteria. With some...
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5
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Jang H, Chase HR, Gangiredla J, Grim CJ, Patel IR, Kothary MH, Jackson SA, Mammel MK, Carter L, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Weinstein L, Yan Q, Iversen C, Pagotto F, Stephan R, Lehner A, Eshwar AK, Fanning S, Farber J, Gopinath GR, Tall BD, Pava-Ripoll M. Analysis of the Molecular Diversity Among Cronobacter Species Isolated From Filth Flies Using Targeted PCR, Pan Genomic DNA Microarray, and Whole Genome Sequencing Analyses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561204. [PMID: 33101235 PMCID: PMC7545074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are opportunistic pathogens capable of causing life-threatening infections in humans, with serious complications arising in neonates, infants, immuno-compromised individuals, and elderly adults. The genus is comprised of seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis, and Cronobacter condimenti. Despite a multiplicity of genomic data for the genus, little is known about likely transmission vectors. Using DNA microarray analysis, in parallel with whole genome sequencing, and targeted PCR analyses, the total gene content of two C. malonaticus, three C. turicensis, and 14 C. sakazaki isolated from various filth flies was assessed. Phylogenetic relatedness among these and other strains obtained during surveillance and outbreak investigations were comparatively assessed. Specifically, microarray analysis (MA) demonstrated its utility to cluster strains according to species-specific and sequence type (ST) phylogenetic relatedness, and that the fly strains clustered among strains obtained from clinical, food and environmental sources from United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia. This combinatorial approach was useful in data mining for virulence factor genes, and phage genes and gene clusters. In addition, results of plasmidotyping were in agreement with the species identity for each strain as determined by species-specific PCR assays, MA, and whole genome sequencing. Microarray and BLAST analyses of Cronobacter fly sequence datasets were corroborative and showed that the presence and absence of virulence factors followed species and ST evolutionary lines even though such genes were orthologous. Additionally, zebrafish infectivity studies showed that these pathotypes were as virulent to zebrafish embryos as other clinical strains. In summary, these findings support a striking phylogeny amongst fly, clinical, and surveillance strains isolated during 2010–2015, suggesting that flies are capable vectors for transmission of virulent Cronobacter spp.; they continue to circulate among United States and European populations, environments, and that this “pattern of circulation” has continued over decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Hannah R Chase
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Isha R Patel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mahendra H Kothary
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Scott A Jackson
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mark K Mammel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Laurenda Carter
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Leah Weinstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - QiongQiong Yan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carol Iversen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athmanya K Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seamus Fanning
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeffery Farber
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Ben D Tall
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Monica Pava-Ripoll
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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The Role of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles in the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance and as Promising Carriers for Therapeutic Agent Delivery. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050670. [PMID: 32380740 PMCID: PMC7284617 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria continues to be an issue difficult to deal with, especially in the clinical, animal husbandry, and food fields. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacteria renders treatment with antibiotics ineffective. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic methods is a worthwhile research endeavor in treating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Recently, bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have been investigated as a possible approach to drug delivery and vaccine development. The BMVs are released by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, containing various components originating from the cytoplasm and the cell envelope. The BMVs are able to transform bacteria with genes that encode enzymes such as proteases, glycosidases, and peptidases, resulting in the enhanced antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The BMVs can increase the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. However, the biogenesis and functions of BMVs are not fully understood in association with the bacterial pathogenesis. Therefore, this review aims to discuss BMV-associated antibiotic resistance and BMV-based therapeutic interventions.
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7
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Cronobacter sakazakii CICC 21544 responds to the combination of carvacrol and citral by regulating proton motive force. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Jang H, Gopinath GR, Eshwar A, Srikumar S, Nguyen S, Gangiredla J, Patel IR, Finkelstein SB, Negrete F, Woo J, Lee Y, Fanning S, Stephan R, Tall BD, Lehner A. The Secretion of Toxins and Other Exoproteins of Cronobacter: Role in Virulence, Adaption, and Persistence. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E229. [PMID: 32046365 PMCID: PMC7074816 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
: Cronobacter species are considered an opportunistic group of foodborne pathogenic bacteria capable of causing both intestinal and systemic human disease. This review describes common virulence themes shared among the seven Cronobacter species and describes multiple exoproteins secreted by Cronobacter, many of which are bacterial toxins that may play a role in human disease. The review will particularly concentrate on the virulence factors secreted by C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. turicensis, which are the primary human pathogens of interest. It has been discovered that various species-specific virulence factors adversely affect a wide range of eukaryotic cell processes including protein synthesis, cell division, and ion secretion. Many of these factors are toxins which have been shown to also modulate the host immune response. These factors are encoded on a variety of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons; this genomic plasticity implies ongoing re-assortment of virulence factor genes which has complicated our efforts to categorize Cronobacter into sharply defined genomic pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Shabarinath Srikumar
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Scott Nguyen
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Isha R. Patel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha B. Finkelstein
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - JungHa Woo
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - YouYoung Lee
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
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Zhou A, Cao Y, Zhou D, Hu S, Tan W, Xiao X, Yu Y, Li X. Global transcriptomic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii CICC 21544 by RNA-seq under inorganic acid and organic acid stresses. Food Res Int 2019; 130:108963. [PMID: 32156398 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a common foodborne pathogen that can tolerate various stress conditions. Acidic environment is a common stress condition encountered by bacteria in food processing and gastrointestinal digestion, including both inorganic and organic acids. In order to elucidate the Acid Tolerance Response (ATR) of C. sakazakii, we performed high-throughput RNA-seq to compare gene expression under hydrochloric acid and citric acid stresses. In this study, 107 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in both acids, of which 85 DEGs were functionally related to the regulation of acid tolerance. Multiple layers of mechanisms may be applied by C. sakazakii in response to acid stress: Firstly, in order to reduce excessive intracellular protons, C. sakazakii pumps them out through trans-membrane proteins or consumes them through metabolic reactions. Secondly, under acidic conditions, a large amount of reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radicals accumulate in the cells, resulting in oxidative damage. C. sakazakii protects cells by up-regulating the antioxidant stress genes such as soxS and madB. Thirdly, C. sakazakii chooses energy efficient metabolic pathways to reduce energy consumption and maintain necessary processes. Finally, genes involved in chemotaxis and motility were differentially expressed to respond to different acidic conditions. This study systematically analyzed the acid-resistant mechanism of C. sakazakii under the stress of organic and inorganic acids, and provided a theoretical basis for better control of its contamination in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Zhou
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Yifang Cao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Donggen Zhou
- Ningbo International Travel Healthcare Center. No. 336 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province 315012, China
| | - Shuangfang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Wanjing Tan
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Xinglong Xiao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China.
| | - Yigang Yu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, 381 Wusan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City 510640, Guangdong Province, China.
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Lopez-Barbosa N, Suárez-Arnedo A, Cifuentes J, Gonzalez Barrios AF, Silvera Batista CA, Osma JF, Muñoz-Camargo C, Cruz JC. Magnetite-OmpA Nanobioconjugates as Cell-Penetrating Vehicles with Endosomal Escape Abilities. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:415-424. [PMID: 33463215 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) has been extensively studied in Gram-negative bacteria due to its relevance in the adhesion of pathogens to host cells and its surfactant capabilities. It consists of a hydrophobic β-barrel domain and a hydrophilic periplasmic domain, that confers OmpA an amphiphilic structure. This study aims to elucidate the capacity of Escherichia coli OmpA to translocate liposomal membranes and serve as a potential cell-penetrating vehicle. We immobilized OmpA on magnetite nanoparticles and investigated the possible functional changes exhibited by OmpA after immobilization. Liposomal intake was addressed using egg lecithin liposomes as a model, where magnetite-OmpA nanobioconjugates were able to translocate the liposomal membrane and caused a disruptive effect when subjected to a magnetic field. Nanobioconjugates showed both low cytotoxicity and hemolytic tendency. Additional interactions within the intracellular space led to altered viability results via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Confocal microscopy images revealed that immobilized nanoparticles effectively enter the cytoplasm of THP-1 and Vero cells by different routes, and, subsequently, some escape endosomes, lysosomes, and other intracellular compartments with relatively high efficiencies. This was demonstrated by co-localization analyses with LysoTracker green that showed Pearson correlations of about 80 and 28%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos A Silvera Batista
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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11
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McLean GR. Vaccine strategies to induce broadly protective immunity to rhinoviruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:684-686. [PMID: 31464554 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1661207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses are ubiquitous human pathogens of the upper respiratory tract and are the major cause of acute exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. At least 160 antigenically distinct serotypes or strains have been identified and protective immunity is largely serotype specific. Attempts to produce vaccines that induce broad immunity have met with limited success which is due in part to this antigenic diversity and a lack of information regarding the ideal protective immune responses. Recent approaches identifying conserved rhinovirus epitopes and better definitions of the immune correlates of protection have raised hope. Here, these newer findings are outlined and the prospects for such a universal rhinovirus vaccine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R McLean
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, London Metropolitan University, London, UK.,Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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12
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13
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Ebner P, Götz F. Bacterial Excretion of Cytoplasmic Proteins (ECP): Occurrence, Mechanism, and Function. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:176-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Cai W, Kesavan DK, Wan J, Abdelaziz MH, Su Z, Xu H. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles, a potential vaccine candidate in interactions with host cells based. Diagn Pathol 2018; 13:95. [PMID: 30537996 PMCID: PMC6290530 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-018-0768-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative bacteria can secrete outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in their growth and metabolism process. Originally, OMVs were considered as a by-product of bacterial merisis. However, many scientists have reported the important role of OMVs in many fields recently. In this review, we briefly introduce OMVs biological functions and then summarize the findings about the OMVs interactions with host cells. At last, we will make an expectation about the prospects of the application of OMVs as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Jie Wan
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,The Central Laboratory, the Fourth Affiliated of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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15
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Gopinath GR, Chase HR, Gangiredla J, Eshwar A, Jang H, Patel I, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Park E, Chung T, Yoo Y, Woo J, Lee Y, Park J, Choi H, Jeong S, Jun S, Kim M, Lee C, Jeong H, Fanning S, Stephan R, Iversen C, Reich F, Klein G, Lehner A, Tall BD. Genomic characterization of malonate positive Cronobacter sakazakii serotype O:2, sequence type 64 strains, isolated from clinical, food, and environment samples. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:11. [PMID: 29556252 PMCID: PMC5845375 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malonate utilization, an important differential trait, well recognized as being possessed by six of the seven Cronobacter species is thought to be largely absent in Cronobacter sakazakii (Csak). The current study provides experimental evidence that confirms the presence of a malonate utilization operon in 24 strains of sequence type (ST) 64, obtained from Europe, Middle East, China, and USA; it offers explanations regarding the genomic diversity and phylogenetic relatedness among these strains, and that of other C. sakazakii strains. Results In this study, the presence of a malonate utilization operon in these strains was initially identified by DNA microarray analysis (MA) out of a pool of 347 strains obtained from various surveillance studies involving clinical, spices, milk powder sources and powdered infant formula production facilities in Ireland and Germany, and dried dairy powder manufacturing facilities in the USA. All ST64 C. sakazakii strains tested could utilize malonate. Zebrafish embryo infection studies showed that C. sakazakii ST64 strains are as virulent as other Cronobacter species. Parallel whole genome sequencing (WGS) and MA showed that the strains phylogenetically grouped as a separate clade among the Csak species cluster. Additionally, these strains possessed the Csak O:2 serotype. The nine-gene, ~ 7.7 kbp malonate utilization operon was located in these strains between two conserved flanking genes, gyrB and katG. Plasmidotyping results showed that these strains possessed the virulence plasmid pESA3, but in contrast to the USA ST64 Csak strains, ST64 Csak strains isolated from sources in Europe and the Middle East, did not possess the type six secretion system effector vgrG gene. Conclusions Until this investigation, the presence of malonate-positive Csak strains, which are associated with foods and clinical cases, was under appreciated. If this trait was used solely to identify Cronobacter strains, many strains would likely be misidentified. Parallel WGS and MA were useful in characterizing the total genome content of these Csak O:2, ST64, malonate-positive strains and further provides an understanding of their phylogenetic relatedness among other virulent C. sakazakii strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-018-0238-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal R Gopinath
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Hannah R Chase
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hyein Jang
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Isha Patel
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Flavia Negrete
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Eunbi Park
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - TaeJung Chung
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - YeonJoo Yoo
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - JungHa Woo
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - YouYoung Lee
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Jihyeon Park
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Hyerim Choi
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Seungeun Jeong
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Soyoung Jun
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Mijeong Kim
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Chaeyoon Lee
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - HyeJin Jeong
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Séamus Fanning
- 3UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Roger Stephan
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carol Iversen
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,3UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Felix Reich
- 4Institute for Food Quality and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- 4Institute for Food Quality and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Lehner
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben D Tall
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
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16
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17
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Ogrodzki P, Forsythe SJ. DNA-Sequence Based Typing of the Cronobacter Genus Using MLST, CRISPR- cas Array and Capsular Profiling. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1875. [PMID: 29033918 PMCID: PMC5626840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cronobacter genus is composed of seven species, within which a number of pathovars have been described. The most notable infections by Cronobacter spp. are of infants through the consumption of contaminated infant formula. The description of the genus has greatly improved in recent years through DNA sequencing techniques, and this has led to a robust means of identification. However some species are highly clonal and this limits the ability to discriminate between unrelated strains by some methods of genotyping. This article updates the application of three genotyping methods across the Cronobacter genus. The three genotyping methods were multilocus sequence typing (MLST), capsular profiling of the K-antigen and colanic acid (CA) biosynthesis regions, and CRISPR-cas array profiling. A total of 1654 MLST profiled and 286 whole genome sequenced strains, available by open access at the PubMLST Cronobacter database, were used this analysis. The predominance of C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus in clinical infections was confirmed. The majority of clinical strains being in the C. sakazakii clonal complexes (CC) 1 and 4, sequence types (ST) 8 and 12 and C. malonaticus ST7. The capsular profile K2:CA2, previously proposed as being strongly associated with C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus isolates from severe neonatal infections, was also found in C. turicensis, C. dublinensis and C. universalis. The majority of CRISPR-cas types across the genus was the I-E (Ecoli) type. Some strains of C. dublinensis and C. muytjensii encoded the I-F (Ypseudo) type, and others lacked the cas gene loci. The significance of the expanding profiling will be of benefit to researchers as well as governmental and industrial risk assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Ogrodzki
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) of Gram-negative bacteria are spherical membrane-enclosed entities of endocytic origin. Reported in the consortia of different bacterial species, production of OMVs into extracellular milieu seems essential for their survival. Enriched with bioactive proteins, toxins, and virulence factors, OMVs play a critical role in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions. Emergence of OMVs as distinct cellular entities helps bacteria in adaptating to diverse niches, in competing with other bacteria to protect members of producer species and more importantly play a crucial role in host-pathogen interaction. Composition of OMV, their ability to modulate host immune response, along with coordinated secretion of bacterial effector proteins, endows them with the armory, which can withstand hostile environments. Study of the OMV production under natural and diverse stress conditions has broadened the horizons, and also opened new frontiers in delineating the molecular machinery involved in disease pathogenesis. Playing diverse biological and pathophysiological functions, OMVs hold a great promise in enabling resurgence of bacterial diseases, in concomitance with the steep decline in the efficiency of antibiotics. Having multifaceted role, their emergence as a causative agent for a series of infectious diseases increases the probability for their exploitation in the development of effective diagnostic tools and as vaccines against diverse pathogenic species of Gram-negative origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Tasleem Jan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
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19
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Tall BD, Gangiredla J, Grim CJ, Patel IR, Jackson SA, Mammel MK, Kothary MH, Sathyamoorthy V, Carter L, Fanning S, Iversen C, Pagotto F, Stephan R, Lehner A, Farber J, Yan QQ, Gopinath GR. Use of a Pan-Genomic DNA Microarray in Determination of the Phylogenetic Relatedness among Cronobacter spp. and Its Use as a Data Mining Tool to Understand Cronobacter Biology. MICROARRAYS 2017; 6:microarrays6010006. [PMID: 28273858 PMCID: PMC5374366 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter (previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii) is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These organisms cause a variety of illnesses such as meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in neonates and infants, and urinary tract, wound, abscesses or surgical site infections, septicemia, and pneumonia in adults. The total gene content of 379 strains of Cronobacter spp. and taxonomically-related isolates was determined using a recently reported DNA microarray. The Cronobacter microarray as a genotyping tool gives the global food safety community a rapid method to identify and capture the total genomic content of outbreak isolates for food safety, environmental, and clinical surveillance purposes. It was able to differentiate the seven Cronobacter species from one another and from non-Cronobacter species. The microarray was also able to cluster strains within each species into well-defined subgroups. These results also support previous studies on the phylogenic separation of species members of the genus and clearly highlight the evolutionary sequence divergence among each species of the genus compared to phylogenetically-related species. This review extends these studies and illustrates how the microarray can also be used as an investigational tool to mine genomic data sets from strains. Three case studies describing the use of the microarray are shown and include: (1) the determination of allelic differences among Cronobacter sakazakii strains possessing the virulence plasmid pESA3; (2) mining of malonate and myo-inositol alleles among subspecies of Cronobacter dublinensis strains to determine subspecies identity; and (3) lastly using the microarray to demonstrate sequence divergence and phylogenetic relatedness trends for 13 outer-membrane protein alleles among 240 Cronobacter and phylogenetically-related strains. The goal of this review is to describe microarrays as a robust tool for genomics research of this assorted and important genus, a criterion toward the development of future preventative measures to eliminate this foodborne pathogen from the global food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Tall
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Isha R Patel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Scott A Jackson
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
- Complex Microbial Systems Group Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Mark K Mammel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Mahendra H Kothary
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Venugopal Sathyamoorthy
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Laurenda Carter
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland.
| | - Carol Iversen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH Scotland, UK.
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jeffery Farber
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Qiong Q Yan
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland.
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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