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Hou Z, Liu L, Wei J, Xu B. Progress in the Prevalence, Classification and Drug Resistance Mechanisms of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3271-3292. [PMID: 37255882 PMCID: PMC10226514 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s412308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen with a variety of virulence factors, which can cause multiple infectious diseases. In recent decades, due to the constant evolution and the abuse of antibiotics, Staphylococcus aureus was becoming more resistant, the infection rate of MRSA remained high, and clinical treatment of MRSA became more difficult. The genetic diversity of MRSA was mainly represented by the continuous emergence of epidemic strains, resulting in the constant changes of epidemic clones. Different classes of MRSA resulted in different epidemics and resistance characteristics, which could affect the clinical symptoms and treatments. MRSA had also spread from traditional hospitals to community and livestock environments, and the new clones established a relationship between animals and humans, promoting further evolution of MRSA. Since the resistance mechanism of MRSA is very complex, it is important to clarify these resistance mechanisms at the molecular level for the treatment of infectious diseases. We firstly described the diversity of SCCmec elements, and discussed the types of SCCmec, its drug resistance mechanisms and expression regulations. Then, we described how the vanA operon makes Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin and its expression regulation. Finally, a brief introduction was given to the drug resistance mechanisms of biofilms and efflux pump systems. Analyzing the resistance mechanism of MRSA can help study new anti-infective drugs and alleviate the evolution of MRSA. At the end of the review, we summarized the treatment strategies for MRSA infection, including antibiotics, anti-biofilm agents and efflux pump inhibitors. To sum up, here we reviewed the epidemic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, summarized its classifications, drug resistance mechanisms of MRSA (SCCmec element, vanA operon, biofilm and active efflux pump system) and novel therapy strategies, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuru Hou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Wei
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benjin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Genomic Evidence for Direct Transmission of mecC-MRSA between a Horse and Its Veterinarian. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020408. [PMID: 36830318 PMCID: PMC9952710 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bearing the mecC gene (mecC-MRSA) has been reported from animals and humans in recent years. This study describes the first mecC-MRSA isolates of human and equine origin in Hungary (two isolates from horses and one from a veterinarian, who treated one of the infected horses, but was asymptomatic). MRSA isolates were identified by cultivation and PCR detection of the species-specific spa gene and mecA/mecC methicillin resistance genes. The isolates were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, MLST, spa, SCCmec typing, PFGE and whole genome sequencing (WGS). All three isolates belonged to the ST130-t843-SCCmec XI genotype, and carried the mecC and blaZ genes. Apart from beta-lactam drugs, they were sensitive to all tested antibiotics. The isolates of the infected horse and its veterinarian had the same PFGE pulsotype and showed only slight differences with WGS. Hence, this is the first description of direct transmission of a mecC-carrying MRSA between a horse and its veterinarian. The emergence of mecC in the country highlights the importance of the appropriate diagnostics in MRSA identification.
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Titouche Y, Akkou M, Houali K, Auvray F, Hennekinne JA. Role of milk and milk products in the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the dairy production chain. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3699-3723. [PMID: 35894258 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Milk and milk products can harbor a multiple varieties of microorganisms. Therefore, they can be an important source of foodborne pathogens, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes a wide spectrum of infections both in animals and humans. Over the last two decades, the presence of MRSA in foods and food-producing animals, including milk and milk products, has been frequently reported worldwide, raising public health concerns. In order to monitor and prevent foodborne MRSA contamination, it is necessary to understand their sources, the pheno/genotypic characteristics of the strains, and their transmission dynamics. In this review, studies conducted worldwide were summarized in order to assess the prevalence and diversity of MRSA circulating in milk and milk products. The risk factors for the occurrence of MRSA in milk and milk products were also discussed with preventive and control measures to avoid MRSA contamination in the dairy food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Titouche
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologie (LABAB), Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
| | - Madjid Akkou
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Saad Dahlab, Blida, Algérie
| | - Karim Houali
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologie (LABAB), Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
| | - Frédéric Auvray
- IRSD, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Ribeiro M, Ceballos S, Poeta P, Torres C, Igrejas G. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Proteome Response to Antibiotic Stress Provides Insights for New Therapeutic Strategies. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:711-724. [PMID: 34705556 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) being one of the most representative drug-resistant pathogens. MRSA spread is increasing due to its ability to establish new reservoirs. To this end, the clonal complex (CC)-130 is an emerging genetic lineage, generally regarded as animal adapted and carrying the mecC gene, and sporadically found in humans. Although the MRSA antibiotic resistance mechanisms have been described, there are limited data on systems-wide omics responses to antibiotic stress, particularly at the proteome level. In this study, a gel-based quantitative proteomics approach was performed to assess the cellular responses of a mecC-harboring CC130 MRSA strain of human origin to subinhibitory doses of cefoxitin. We focused on the global response of MRSA to antibiotic stress and upon this treatment, 53 proteins were significantly differentially expressed. Most of the latter proteins were mapped to having functions in cellular metabolism while some glycolysis-related proteins showed a decreased expression after cefoxitin stress. On the contrary, pyruvate kinase, a potential antimicrobial drug target, was found upregulated. Also, quorum sensing, genetic information processing, and stress response proteins were found upregulated. Low-affinity penicillin-binding protein (mecC-encoded) was found in cefoxitin-treated samples. In conclusion, these new findings on cefoxitin-induced proteome changes provide important insights and molecular leads for innovation in treatment of MRSA specifically, and omics approaches to address antibiotic resistance generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Ceballos
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from dairy products: Relationship of ica-dependent/independent and components of biofilms produced in vitro. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Othman AA, Hiblu MA, Abbassi MS, Abouzeed YM, Ahmed MO. Nasal colonization and antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus species isolated from healthy horses in Tripoli, Libya. J Equine Sci 2021; 32:61-65. [PMID: 34220273 PMCID: PMC8240523 DOI: 10.1294/jes.32.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the colonization rates and antimicrobial susceptibility of
Staphylococcus species isolated from the nostrils of healthy horses. A nonselective
laboratory approach was applied, followed by confirmation using a Phoenix automated
microbiological system. Among the 92 horses included in the study, 48.9% (45/92) carried
Staphylococcus species of mostly the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) type yielding
70 Staphylococcus strains. Of these strains, 37.1% (26/70; 24 CoNS and 2
coagulase-positive staphylococci; CoPS) were identified as methicillin-resistant
staphylococci (MRS) expressing significant resistance to important antimicrobial classes
represented mainly by subspecies of CoNS. This is the first study reporting a high
prevalence of various Staphylococcus species, particularly strains of CoNS expressing
multidrug resistance patterns of public health concern, colonizing healthy horses in
Libya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aesha A Othman
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13362, Libya
| | - Murad A Hiblu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Libya
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- University of Tunis El Manar, Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Yousef M Abouzeed
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13362, Libya
| | - Mohamed O Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13362, Libya
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Silva V, Gabriel SI, Borrego SB, Tejedor-Junco MT, Manageiro V, Ferreira E, Reis L, Caniça M, Capelo JL, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus from Wild Rodents: First Report of mecC-Positive Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1537. [PMID: 34070357 PMCID: PMC8229929 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), by wild animals along with its zoonotic potential poses a public health problem. Furthermore, the repeated detection of the mecA gene homologue, mecC, in wildlife raises the question whether these animals may be a reservoir for mecC-MRSA. Thus, we aimed to isolate S. aureus and MRSA from wild rodents living in port areas and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. Mouth and rectal swab samples were recovered from 204 wild rodents. The samples were incubated in BHI broth with 6.5% of NaCl and after 24 h at 37 °C the inoculum was seeded onto Baird-Parker agar, Mannitol Salt agar and ORSAB (supplemented with 2 mg/L of oxacillin) plates. Species identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against 14 antibiotics. The presence of virulence and resistance genes was performed by PCR. The immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was investigated in all S. aureus. All isolates were characterized by MLST, spa- and agr typing. From 204 samples, 38 S. aureus were isolated of which six MRSA were detected. Among the six MRSA isolates, three harbored the mecC gene and the other three, the mecA gene. All mecC-MRSA isolates were ascribed to sequence type (ST) 1945 (which belongs to CC130) and spa-type t1535 whereas the mecA isolates belonged to ST22 and ST36 and spa-types t747 and t018. Twenty-five S. aureus were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to 11 MLST and 12 spa-types. S. aureus presents a great diversity of genetic lineages in wild rodents. This is the first report of mecC-MRSA in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sofia I. Gabriel
- CESAM—Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia B. Borrego
- Direção Regional da Agricultura, Secretaria Regional da Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural, Quinta de São Gonçalo, 9500-343 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - Maria Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Ferreira
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Reis
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - José L. Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal;
- Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Costa de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Multi Locus Sequence Typing and spa Typing of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from the Milk of Cows with Subclinical Mastitis in Croatia. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040725. [PMID: 33807376 PMCID: PMC8066051 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The bacterial species S. aureus is the most common causative agent of mastitis in cows in most countries with a dairy industry. The prevalence of infection caused by S. aureus ranges from 2% to more than 50%, and it causes 10–12% of all cases of clinical mastitis. Aim: The objective was to analyze 237 strains of S. aureus isolated from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis regarding the spa, mecA, mecC and pvl genes and to perform spa and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Methods: Sequencing amplified gene sequences was conducted at Macrogen Europe. Ridom StaphType and BioNumerics software was used to analyze obtained sequences of spa and seven housekeeping genes. Results: The spa fragment was present in 204 (86.1%) of strains, while mecA and mecC gene were detected in 10 strains, and the pvl gene was not detected. Spa typing successfully analyzed 153 tested isolates (64.3%), confirming 53 spa types, four of which were new types. The most frequent spa type was t2678 (14%). MLST typed 198 (83.5%) tested strains and defined 32 different allele profiles, of which three were new. The most frequent allele profile was ST133 (20.7%). Six groups (G) and 15 singletons were defined. Conclusion: Taking the number of confirmed spa types and sequence types (STs) into account, it can be concluded that the strains of S. aureus isolated from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis form a heterogenous group. To check the possible zoonotic potential of isolates it would be necessary to test the persons and other livestock on the farms.
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First report of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus harboring mecC gene in milk samples from cows with mastitis in southeastern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:2175-2179. [PMID: 33083945 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MRSA infection and colonization have been reported in both companion and food-chain animals, highlighting MRSA as an important veterinary and zoonotic pathogen. Another mec allele, the mecC gene, also confers beta-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and shows 69% nucleotide identity to mecA. The main aim of this study was to investigate the genotypic and clonal profile of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from cows with mastitis in dairy herds. Thirty-five samples suggestive of bovine subclinical mastitis were evaluated, and S. aureus were detected in all of them using both phenotypic and molecular approaches. According to the multilocus sequence typing (MLST), the S. aureus isolates were assigned in five different STs, 21 (60%) showed ST 742, 6 (17%) ST97, 4 (11%) ST1, 2 (6%) ST30, and 2 (6%) ST126. The presence of mecA was not observed in any of these isolates whereas mecC was detected in nine of them (9/35; 26%). The Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes were detected in a total of 4 isolates. Among the 35 isolates analyzed, 26 showed resistance to penicillin. Changes in the S. aureus epidemiology due to the detection of MRSA in milk samples from cows presenting with bovine subclinical mastitis may have consequences for public health in Brazil, challenging the empirical therapy and animal management, with potential medical and social outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing mecC MRSA in Southeastern Brazil.
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Aklilu E, Chia HY. First mecC and mecA Positive Livestock-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( mecC MRSA/LA-MRSA) from Dairy Cattle in Malaysia. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020147. [PMID: 31973159 PMCID: PMC7074714 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock associated Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (LA-MRSA) was reported to be zoonotic and may transmit to farmers and veterinarians. The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of LA-MRSA from dairy cattle and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates. A total of 63 milk and 32 nasal swab samples were randomly collected from dairy cattle. The samples were processed to isolate S. aureus, MRSA and LA-MRSA using both phenotypic and molecular methods using PCR. The confirmed S. aureus isolates were cultured on oxacillin resistant screening agar base (ORSAB) to detect MRSA and the isolates were further confirmed by PCR targeting the mecA gene. Detection of the novel mecA gene, mecC gene was conducted by PCR amplification. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted using disc diffusion method. Results revealed 17/95 (17.89%) and 15/95 (15.79%) were positive for mecA and mecC genes respectively. Out of the 15 mecC positive isolates, 12 were positive for both mecA and mecC. The MRSA isolates showed multidrug resistance. The findings showed high prevalence of mecC-positive LA-MRSA in Malaysia and highlight the public health risks to people that may come in contact with the carrier animals or those who may consume unpasteurized milk products from these animals.
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Venugopal N, Mitra S, Tewari R, Ganaie F, Shome R, Rahman H, Shome BR. Molecular detection and typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from cattle, animal handlers, and their environment from Karnataka, Southern Province of India. Vet World 2019; 12:1760-1768. [PMID: 32009754 PMCID: PMC6925040 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1760-1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Methicillin-resistant staphylococci are among the emerging pathogens which have become a threat to both human and animal health. The present investigation intended to examine the occurrence and the molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) recovered from cattle, its handlers, and their environment. Materials and Methods: A total of 666 specimens were subjected to culture method and genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of Staphylococcus. Methicillin resistance was substantiated by PCR identification of mecA and mecC resistance determinants. Species-specific identification of mecA positive isolates was conducted by multiplex PCR. The unidentified species were deciphered by 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach. The mecA positive isolates were further characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: Duplex PCR identified 728 Staphylococcus isolates, of which 66 (9%) were positive for mecA gene. MRSA constituted 24% of the total mecA positive isolates. Among MRCoNS, Staphylococcus epidermidis (42%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (11%) were the most common species identified. Overall, 47% of the mecA positive isolates belonged to SCCmec type V. MLST analysis showed eight different sequence types (STs) among MRSA isolates of which five were novel STs. Among methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, 19 different STs were found, of which nine novel STs were detected. Conclusion: The increase in the prevalence of mecA positive staphylococci, especially MRCoNS in cattle is a great concern in view of their transmission potential. Hence, continuous monitoring and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococci should be elucidated in human and animal sectors so as to prevent the spread of these resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimita Venugopal
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Susweta Mitra
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rituparna Tewari
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Feroze Ganaie
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Allergy/Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rajeswari Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Habibur Rahman
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,International Livestock Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bibek R Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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