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Zheng J, Liu L, Chen G, Xu W, Huang Y, Lei G, Huang W, Lv H, Yang X. Molecular Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates form Food-Poisoning Outbreaks (2011-2022) in Sichuan, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:323-330. [PMID: 38237168 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most common foodborne diseases in the world. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from SFP. A total of 103 S. aureus isolates were obtained during 2011-2022 in Sichuan, southwest China. All isolates were tested for the genomic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis by performing whole-genome sequencing. Multilocus sequence typing analysis showed 17 multilocus sequence types (STs), ST7 (23.30%), ST5 (22.33%), and ST6 (16.50%) being the most common. A total of 45 virulence genes were detected, 22 of which were staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes. Among the identified SE genes, selX exhibited the highest prevalence (86.4%). All isolates carried at least one SE gene. The results of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene detection revealed 41 AMR genes of 12 classes. β-lactam resistance genes (blal, blaR1, blaZ) and tetracycline resistance gene (tet(38)) exhibited a higher prevalence rate. Core genome single nucleotide polymorphism showed phylogenetic clustering of the isolates with the same region, year, and ST. The results indicated that the SFP isolates in southwest of China harbored multiple toxin and resistance genes, with a high prevalence of new SEs. Therefore, it is important to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility and SE of S. aureus to reduce the potential risks to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- College of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Mianyang City, Mianyang, China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Luzhou City, Luzhou, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaopeng Lei
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Weifeng Huang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Lv
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- College of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Gopikrishnan M, Haryini S, C GPD. Emerging strategies and therapeutic innovations for combating drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains: A comprehensive review. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300579. [PMID: 38308076 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, antibiotic therapy has encountered significant challenges due to the rapid emergence of multidrug resistance among bacteria responsible for life-threatening illnesses, creating uncertainty about the future management of infectious diseases. The escalation of antimicrobial resistance in the post-COVID era compared to the pre-COVID era has raised global concern. The prevalence of nosocomial-related infections, especially outbreaks of drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, have been reported worldwide, with India being a notable hotspot for such occurrences. Various virulence factors and mutations characterize nosocomial infections involving S. aureus. The lack of proper alternative treatments leading to increased drug resistance emphasizes the need to investigate and examine recent research to combat future pandemics. In the current genomics era, the application of advanced technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), machine learning (ML), and quantum computing (QC) for genomic analysis and resistance prediction has significantly increased the pace of diagnosing drug-resistant pathogens and insights into genetic intricacies. Despite prompt diagnosis, the elimination of drug-resistant infections remains unattainable in the absence of effective alternative therapies. Researchers are exploring various alternative therapeutic approaches, including phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, photodynamic therapy, vaccines, host-directed therapies, and more. The proposed review mainly focuses on the resistance journey of S. aureus over the past decade, detailing its resistance mechanisms, prevalence in the subcontinent, innovations in rapid diagnosis of the drug-resistant strains, including the applicants of NGS and ML application along with QC, it helps to design alternative novel therapeutics approaches against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Gopikrishnan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sree Haryini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Liu L, Zhao N, Yang K, Liao H, Liu X, Wu Y, Wang Y, Peng X, Wu Y. Proteomic Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Treated with ShangKeHuangShui. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:292-302. [PMID: 38281773 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SAU) stands as the prevailing pathogen in post-traumatic infections, with the emergence of antibiotic resistance presenting formidable treatment hurdles. The pressing need is to explore novel antibiotics to address this challenge. ShangKeHuangShui (SKHS), a patented traditional Chinese herbal formula, has gained widespread use in averting post-traumatic infections, but its biological effects remain incomplete understanding. This study's primary objective was to delve into the antibacterial properties, potential antibacterial compounds within SKHS, and their associated molecular targets. In vitro SKHS antibacterial assays demonstrated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 8.625 mg/mL and the minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) was 17.25 mg/mL. Proteomic analysis based on tandem mass tag (TMT) showed significant changes in the expression level of 246 proteins in SKHS treated group compared to control group, with 79 proteins upregulated and 167 proteins downregulated (>1.5-fold, p < 0.05). Subsequently, thirteen target proteins related to various biological processes and multiple metabolic pathways were selected to conduct parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and molecular docking screen. In protein tyrosine phosphatase PtpA (ptpA) docking screening, phellodendrine and obacunone can bind to ptpA with the binding energy of - 8.4 and - 8.3 kcal/mol, respectively. This suggests their potential impact on antibacterial activity by modulating the two-component system of SAU. The discovery lays a groundwork for future research endeavors for exploring new antibacterial candidates and elucidating specific active chemical components within SKHS that match target proteins. Further investigations are imperative to unveil the biological effects of these monomers and their potential synergistic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichu Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Na Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Kuangyang Yang
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Honghong Liao
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Ying Wu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiao Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yuanyan Wu
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Jia K, Qin X, Bu X, Zhu H, Liu Y, Wang X, Li Z, Dong Q. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Shanghai, China. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 8:100669. [PMID: 38226140 PMCID: PMC10788225 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the foodborne pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of S. aureus in ready-to-eat (RTE) fruits and vegetables in Shanghai, China. We evaluated antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic diversity of isolates through whole genome sequencing. Our findings demonstrated that out of 143 market samples, 47 (32.87%) tested positive for S. aureus, with the prevalence rates ranging from 10% to 57.14% among 12 types of RTE fruits and vegetables. Most isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, oxacillin, and ampicillin. We identified a total of 15 antibiotic resistance genes associated with resistance to 6 antibiotics, such as fosfomycin, fluoroquinolone, and β-lactam. Adhesion genes and enterotoxin genes, including icaA, icaB, icaC, set, seg, and sec, were also identified. Seven multi-locus sequence types (MLST) were detected, two of which were novel (ST7208 and ST7986). Notably, ST705-t529 (34.04%) and ST6-t701 (27.79%) represented the predominant types of S. aureus. Furthermore, three of the isolates were confirmed to be methicillin-resistant S. aureus by mecA genes. Taken together, our results highlight the high prevalence of S. aureus in RTE fruits and vegetables, posing a potential threat to food safety, particularly due to its high level of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiangfeng Bu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jun Gong Rd., Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Huajian Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jun Gong Rd., Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jun Gong Rd., Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jun Gong Rd., Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhuosi Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jun Gong Rd., Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jun Gong Rd., Shanghai 200093, China
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Khodabux RMJ, Mariappan S, Sekar U. Spectrum of Virulence Factors in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Prevalence of SCCmec Types in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Center. J Lab Physicians 2023; 15:450-461. [PMID: 37564222 PMCID: PMC10411210 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a widely recognized multidrug-resistant bacteria presenting a major therapeutic challenge to clinicians. Staphylococcus aureus possesses a number of pathogenicity factors that attribute to the severity of infections. This study was undertaken to investigate the common virulence genes in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus , determine their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and to characterize the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types among MRSA in a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods A total of 133 clinical isolates were included in this study. Susceptibility to various antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion method. Methicillin resistance was screened using cefoxitin disc; m ecA and mecC genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was done to detect 12 virulence factors such as hla , hlb , fnbA , fnbB , sea , seb , sec , icaA , clfA , tst , pvl, and eta . SCCmec typing was done by multiplex PCR. Results Of the 133 clinical isolates, 54 (40.6%) were MRSA. The most common virulence gene detected was hlb (61.6%), hla (39%), and fnbA (37%). SCCmec type I was the most predominant. Mortality rate of 6.7% was observed among patients with staphylococcal infections. Univariate analysis of mortality associated virulence genes did not reveal any significant association between virulence genes and mortality. Conclusion The distribution of virulence genes is similar in both MRSA and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus . MRSA belongs to the SCCmec types I to IV. Possession of multiple virulence factors and multidrug resistance profile makes Staphylococcus aureus a formidable pathogen in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Michelle J. Khodabux
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanthi Mariappan
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uma Sekar
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates from lymphatic filariasis patients in the Ahanta West District, Ghana. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:245. [PMID: 36221074 PMCID: PMC9552459 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance is associated with increased morbidity in secondary infections and is a global threat owning to the ubiquitous nature of resistance genes in the environment. Recent estimate put the deaths associated with bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019 at 4.95 million worldwide. Lymphatic filariasis (LF), a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD), is associated with the poor living in the tropical regions of the world. LF patients are prone to developing acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA), a condition that puts them at risk of developing secondary bacterial infections due to skin peeling. ADLA particularly worsens the prognosis of patients leading to usage of antibiotics as a therapeutic intervention. This may result in inappropriate usage of antibiotics due to self-medication and non-compliance; exacerbating antimicrobial resistance in LF patients. In this perspective, we assessed the possibilities of antimicrobial resistance in LF patients. We focused on antibiotic usage, antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and looked at genes (mecA and Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase [blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM]) coding for resistance in multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates. Results Of the sixty (60) participants, fifty-four (n = 54, 90%) were within 31–60 years of age, twenty (n = 20, 33.33%) were unemployed and thirty-eight (n = 38, 50.67%) had wounds aged (in months) seven (7) months and above. Amoxicillin (54%) and chloramphenicol (22%) were the most frequently used antibiotics for self-medication. Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n = 26) were mostly resistant to penicillin (n = 23, 88.46%) and least resistant to erythromycin (n = 2, 7.69%). Escherichia coli isolates (n = 5) were resistant to tetracycline (n = 5, 100%) and ampicillin (n = 5, 100%) but were sensitive to meropenem (n = 5, 100%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (n = 8) were most resistant to meropenem (n = 3, 37.50%) and to a lesser ciprofloxacin (n = 2, 25%), gentamicin (n = 2, 25%) and ceftazidime (n = 2, 25%). Multi-drug resistant methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli. and carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were four (n = 4, 15.38%), two (n = 2, 40%) and two (n = 2, 25%) respectively. ESBL (blaCTX-M) and mecA genes were implicated in the resistance mechanism of Escherichia coli and MRSA, respectively. Conclusion The findings show presence of MDR isolates from LF patients presenting with chronic wounds; thus, the need to prioritize resistance of MDR bacteria into treatment strategies optimizing morbidity management protocols. This could guide antibiotic selection for treating LF patients presenting with ADLA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02624-9.
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Molecular Characterisation of Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus haemolyticus Isolates from Chennai, South India. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a highly resistant opportunistic pathogen having close genomic relatedness with other virulent species of staphylococci. However, compared to Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, little is known about the resistance genes of S. haemolyticus. The purpose of this study was to characterise antibiotic resistance genes in S. haemolyticus isolates. Standard microbiological techniques were used to identify and confirm 104 S. haemolyticus isolates included in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and D-test were performed, followed by PCR amplification of various resistance determinants (mecA, ermA, ermC, msrA, aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″), ant(4′)-Ia,aph(3′)-IIIa, tetK, tetM, dfrA, fusB, fusC, fusD and mupA). Methicillin resistance was observed in 93.3% of study isolates. The maximum number of isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (n=79, 76%), followed by ciprofloxacin (n=66, 63.5%) and cotrimoxazole (n=58, 55.8%). In the D-test, 8 isolates showed inducible (iMLSB) and 11 showed constitutive (cMLSB) resistance. Among the resistance determinants, mecA gene (93.3%) was the most prevalent, followed by dfrA (50.5%). Furthermore, aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2’’) and aph(3’)-IIIa combination was observed in 26.9% of isolates, and aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2’’) alone was present in 3.8% of isolates. Among the study isolates, 17.3% exhibited tetK gene, whereas only 1% exhibited tetM; a combination of tetK and tetM was observed in one isolate. The fusB and fusC were present in 11.5% of isolates, and 12.5% of the isolates were positive for mupA. In conclusion, the present study underlines the concern of increasing antibiotic resistance among S. haemolyticus isolates. Avoiding misuse/overuse of antibiotics along with continuous surveillance programs can reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Szymanek-Majchrzak K, Młynarczyk G. Genomic Insights of First ermB-Positive ST338-SCC mecV T/CC59 Taiwan Clone of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Poland. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158755. [PMID: 35955887 PMCID: PMC9369149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first Polish representative of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), lukS/F-PV-positive, encoding the ermB gene, as a genetic determinant of constitutive resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B antibiotics, cMLS-B. This is the first detection of the CA-MRSA strain responsible for nosocomial infection in the Warsaw Clinical Hospital. Resistance to β-lactams associates with a composite genetic element, SCCmec cassette type VT (5C2&5). We assigned the strain to sequence type ST338 (single-locus variant of ST59), clonal complex CC59, spa-type t437, and agr-type I. Genomic-based comparison was designated SO574/12 as an international Taiwan clone, which has been so far described mainly in the Asia-Pacific region. The ermB gene locates on the chromosome within the 14,690 bp mobile element structure, i.e., the MESPM1-like structure, which also encodes aminoglycoside- and streptothricin-resistance genes. The MESPM1-like structure is a composite transposon containing Tn551, flanked by direct repeats of IS1216V insertion sequences, which probably originates from Enterococcus. The ermB is preceded by the 273 bp regulatory region that contains the regulatory 84 bp ermBL ORF, encoding the 27 amino acid leader peptides. The latest research suggests that a new leader peptide, ermBL2, also exists in the ermB regulatory region. Therefore, the detailed function of ermBL2 requires further investigations.
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The prevalence of virulence determinants in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different infections in hospitalized patients in Poland. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5477. [PMID: 35361858 PMCID: PMC8971418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for hard-to-treat infections. The presence of 19 virulence genes in 120 MRSA isolates obtained from hospitalized patients and genetic relationships of these isolates were investigated. The eno (100%) and ebps (93.3%) genes encoding laminin- and elastin binding proteins, respectively, were ubiquitous. Other adhesion genes: fib (77.5%), fnbB (41.6%), bbp (40.8%), cna (30.8%) encoding proteins binding fibrinogen, fibronectin, bone sialoprotein and collagen, respectively, and map/eap (62.5%), encoding Eap, were also frequent. The etB and etD genes, encoding exfoliative toxins, were present in 15.6% and 12.5% isolates, respectively. The splA, splE and sspA, encoding serine protease were detected in 100%, 70.8% and 94.2% isolates, respectively. The tst gene, encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 was found in 75% isolates. The cna, map/eap and tst genes were the most common in wound isolates and much less common in blood isolates. We identified 45 different spa types, t003 (21.7%) and t008 (18.8%) being the most common. The t003 was the most frequent among isolates from the respiratory tract (35.5%), while t008 in blood isolates (40%). Identification of virulence factors of MRSA is important for evaluation of pathogen transmission rate and disease development.
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Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Reveals the Genes Involved in Survival at Low Temperature. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070996. [PMID: 35407083 PMCID: PMC8997709 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In food processing, the temperature is usually reduced to limit bacterial reproduction and maintain food safety. However, Staphylococcus aureus can adapt to low temperatures by controlling gene expression and protein activity, although its survival strategies normally vary between different strains. The present study investigated the molecular mechanisms of S. aureus with different survival strategies in response to low temperatures (4 °C). The survival curve showed that strain BA-26 was inactivated by 6.0 logCFU/mL after 4 weeks of low-temperature treatment, while strain BB-11 only decreased by 1.8 logCFU/mL. Intracellular nucleic acid leakage, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses revealed better cell membrane integrity of strain BB-11 than that of strain BA-26 after low-temperature treatment. Regarding oxidative stress, the superoxide dismutase activity and the reduced glutathione content in BB-11 were higher than those in BA-26; thus, BB-11 contained less malondialdehyde than BA-26. RNA-seq showed a significantly upregulated expression of the fatty acid biosynthesis in membrane gene (fabG) in BB-11 compared with BA-26 because of the damaged cell membrane. Then, catalase (katA), reduced glutathione (grxC), and peroxidase (ahpC) were found to be significantly upregulated in BB-11, leading to an increase in the oxidative stress response, but BA-26-related genes were downregulated. NADH dehydrogenase (nadE) and α-glucosidase (malA) were upregulated in the cold-tolerant strain BB-11 but were downregulated in the cold-sensitive strain BA-26, suggesting that energy metabolism might play a role in S. aureus under low-temperature stress. Furthermore, defense mechanisms, such as those involving asp23, greA, and yafY, played a pivotal role in the response of BB-11 to stress. The study provided a new perspective for understanding the survival mechanism of S. aureus at low temperatures.
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Silva V, Ferreira E, Manageiro V, Reis L, Tejedor-Junco MT, Sampaio A, Capelo JL, Caniça M, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Distribution and Clonal Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococci in Surface Waters: Detection of ST425-t742 and ST130-t843 mecC-Positive MRSA Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111416. [PMID: 34827354 PMCID: PMC8614751 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural aquatic environments represent one of the most important vehicles of bacterial dissemination. Therefore, we aimed to isolate staphylococci from surface waters and to investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors as well as the genetic lineages of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Staphylococci were recovered from water samples collected from 78 surface waters, including rivers, streams, irrigation ditches, dams, lakes, and fountains. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors was investigated by PCR. Multilocus sequence typing and spa-typing were performed in all S. aureus isolates. From the 78 water samples, 33 S. aureus, one S. pseudintermedius, and 51 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were identified. Among the S. aureus isolates, four MRSA were identified, and all harbored the mecC gene. Fourteen S. aureus were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested and the remaining showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and/or tetracycline encoded by the blaZ, ermT, msr(A/B), tetL, and vgaA genes. Regarding the clonal lineages, one mecC-MRSA isolate belonged to spa-type t843 and sequence type (ST) 130 and the other three to t742 and ST425. The remaining S. aureus were ascribed 14 spa-types and 17 sequence types. Eleven species of CoNS were isolated: S. sciuri, S. lentus, S. xylosus, S. epidermidis, S. cohnii spp. urealyticus, S. vitulinus, S. caprae, S. carnosus spp. Carnosus, S. equorum, S. simulans, and S. succinus. Thirteen CoNS isolates had a multidrug resistance profile and carried the following genes: mecA, msr(A/B), mph(C), aph(3′)-IIIa, aac(6′)-Ie–aph(2′’)-Ia, dfrA, fusB, catpC221, and tetK. A high diversity of staphylococci was isolated from surface waters including mecCMRSA strains and isolates presenting multidrug-resistance profiles. Studies on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci in surface waters are still very scarce but extremely important to estimate the contribution of the aquatic environment in the spread of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Ferreira
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (V.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (V.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Reis
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (V.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ana Sampaio
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Luis Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal;
- Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Setubal, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (V.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259350466
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12
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Abbasi Montazeri E, Khosravi AD, Khazaei S, Sabbagh A. Prevalence of methicillin resistance and superantigenic toxins in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with cancer. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:262. [PMID: 34587897 PMCID: PMC8482601 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), antibiotic resistance patterns, superantigenic toxins profile, and clonality of this pathogen in patients with cancer. RESULTS In total, 79 (25.7%) isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus species, from which 38 (48.1%) isolates were S. aureus, and 29 (76.3%) isolates were confirmed as MRSA. The highest resistance in MRSA strains was seen against ciprofloxacin (86.2%) and erythromycin (82.8%). Teicoplanin, and linezolid were the most effective antibiotics. From all MRSA isolates, 3 strains (10.3%) were resistant to vancomycin with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 128 μg/ml. The prevalence of superantigenic toxins genes was as follows: pvl (10.5%), tsst-1 (36.8%), etA (23.7%), and etB (23.7%). The t14870 spa type with frequency of 39.5% was the most prevalent clone type circulating in the cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the circulating of spa t14870 as the most predominant MRSA clone in cancer patients of southwest Iran. Also, a diverse antibiotic resistance pattern and toxin profiles were seen among MRSA isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Abbasi Montazeri
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Azar Dokht Khosravi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Khazaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Ali Sabbagh
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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13
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Investigation of SCCmec types I-IV in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222874. [PMID: 32347308 PMCID: PMC7214399 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Today methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) are important in terms of causing significant nosocomial infections. Besides, MR-CoNS are confirmed as the reservoir of SCCmec elements that carry mecA (methicillin-resistant) gene. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the susceptibility pattern, prevalence and diversity of SCCmec types I, II, III, and IV in MR-CoNS strains. In this cross-sectional study, 44 clinical isolates of MR-CoNS were identified using the cefoxitin disc method and further confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the mecA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was investigated by disc diffusion. The identification of CoNS was done by amplification and sequencing of the tuf gene. Multiplex PCR method was done for the determination of SCCmec types. In the present study, the Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were the most predominant isolates with a prevalence of 45.4%. The highest resistance rates were observed against erythromycin (84.1%) and clindamycin (75%). Multiplex PCR revealed the SCCmec type I as the predominant type in the present study. Our study showed that there was no significant relationship between the presence of different types of SCCmec elements and resistance to antibiotics. The present study highlighted a frequent prevalence of MR-CoNS harboring SCCmec type genes in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Thus, the molecular typing and periodical monitoring of their drug resistance pattern should be considered in national stewardship programs to designing useful antibiotic prescription strategies.
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14
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Cavalcante FS, Saintive S, Carvalho Ferreira D, Rocha Silva AB, Guimarães LC, Braga BS, Dios Abad ED, Ribeiro M, Netto Dos Santos KR. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from infected skin lesions present several virulence genes and are associated with the CC30 in Brazilian children with atopic dermatitis. Virulence 2021; 12:260-269. [PMID: 33356835 PMCID: PMC7808431 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1869484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease and colonization by Staphylococcus aureus may affect up to 100% of these patients. Virulent and resistant isolates can worsen AD patient clinical condition and jeopardize the treatment. We aimed to detect virulence genes and to evaluate the biofilm production of S. aureus isolates from infected skin lesions of children with AD. Methicillin resistance was detected by phenotypic and molecular tests and the virulence genes were detected by PCR. Biofilm formation was assessed by bacterial growing on microtiter plates and later stained with safranin. Genotyping was performed by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Multilocus Sequence Typing. Among 106 AD patients, 55 (51.8%) had developed S. aureus cutaneous infections and 23 (41.6%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). All 55 isolates carried the fnbA, hla, icaA, sasG, and seu genes, and more than 70% presented cna, eap, ebpS, hlg, and pvl genes. Clonal complex (CC) 30 was the main lineage found (34.5%), especially among MRSA isolates (52.2%). The egc cluster and the bbp gene were significantly the most frequent in MRSA isolates and in USA1100/ST30/CC30 lineage. Most of the isolates (74.5%) were non-biofilm producers and many of them only started to produce it in the presence of fibrinogen. There was no significant association between S. aureus isolates features and the AD severity. This study demonstrated a high frequency of CC30 MRSA isolates presenting several virulence genes in infected skin lesions of AD children in Brazil, that may influence the severity of the disease and the treatments required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Saintive
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis Carvalho Ferreira
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Veiga de Almeida , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estácio de Sá , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Barbosa Rocha Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lorrayne Cardoso Guimarães
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane de Dios Abad
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ribeiro
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Ochoa SA, Cruz-Córdova A, Mancilla-Rojano J, Escalona-Venegas G, Esteban-Kenel V, Franco-Hernández I, Parra-Ortega I, Arellano-Galindo J, Hernández-Castro R, Perez-López CF, De la Rosa-Zamboni D, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J. Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Associated With a Hospital Outbreak Involving Contamination From Anesthesia Equipment Using UV-C. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:600093. [PMID: 33381094 PMCID: PMC7767929 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.600093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered an opportunistic pathogen in humans and is mainly associated with healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs). This bacterium colonizes the skin and mucous membranes of healthy people and causes frequent hospital outbreaks. The aim of this study was to perform molecular typing of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and agr loci as wells as to establish the pulsotypes and clonal complexes (CCs) for MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) outbreaks associated with the operating room (OR) at a pediatric hospital. Twenty-five clinical strains of S. aureus (19 MRSA and 6 MSSA strains) were recovered from the outbreak (patients, anesthesia equipment, and nasopharyngeal exudates from external service anesthesia technicians). These clinical S. aureus strains were mainly resistant to benzylpenicillin (100%) and erythromycin (84%) and were susceptible to vancomycin and nitrofurantoin. The SCCmec type II was amplified in 84% of the S. aureus strains, and the most frequent type of the agr locus was agrII, which was amplified in 72% of the strains; however, the agrI and agrIII genes were mainly detected in MSSA strains. A pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis grouped the 25 strains into 16 pulsotypes (P), the most frequent of which was P1, including 10 MRSA strains related to the anesthesia equipment, external service anesthesia technicians, and hospitalized patients. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) identified 15 sequence types (STs) distributed in nine CCs. The most prevalent ST was ST1011, belonging to CC5, which was associated with the SCCmec type II and agrII type. We postulate that the external service anesthesia technicians were MRSA carriers and that these strains were indirectly transmitted from the contaminated anesthesia equipment that was inappropriately disinfected. Finally, the MRSA outbreak was controlled when the anesthesia equipment disinfection was improved and hand hygiene was reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jetsi Mancilla-Rojano
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Posgrado de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Escalona-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Veronica Esteban-Kenel
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Isabel Franco-Hernández
- Laboratorio Central de Bacteriología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Israel Parra-Ortega
- Laboratorio Central de Bacteriología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Arellano-Galindo
- Departamento de Infectología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Citlalli F Perez-López
- Departamento de Epidemiología Hospitalaria, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniela De la Rosa-Zamboni
- Departamento de Epidemiología Hospitalaria, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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16
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Papa R, Garzoli S, Vrenna G, Sabatino M, Sapienza F, Relucenti M, Donfrancesco O, Fiscarelli EV, Artini M, Selan L, Ragno R. Essential Oils Biofilm Modulation Activity, Chemical and Machine Learning Analysis. Application on Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239258. [PMID: 33291608 PMCID: PMC7730550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm plays a pivotal role in chronic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection and its inhibition may represent an important strategy to develop novel therapeutic agents. The scientific community is continuously searching for natural and “green alternatives” to chemotherapeutic drugs, including essential oils (EOs), assuming the latter not able to select resistant strains, likely due to their multicomponent nature and, hence, multitarget action. Here it is reported the biofilm production modulation exerted by 61 EOs, also investigated for their antibacterial activity on S. aureus strains, including reference and cystic fibrosis patients’ isolated strains. The EOs biofilm modulation was assessed by Christensen method on five S. aureus strains. Chemical composition, investigated by GC/MS analysis, of the tested EOs allowed a correlation between biofilm modulation potency and putative active components by means of machine learning algorithms application. Some EOs inhibited biofilm growth at 1.00% concentration, although lower concentrations revealed different biological profile. Experimental data led to select antibiofilm EOs based on their ability to inhibit S. aureus biofilm growth, which were characterized for their ability to alter the biofilm organization by means of SEM studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Papa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (G.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Gianluca Vrenna
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (G.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Manuela Sabatino
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.S.); (F.S.)
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Sapienza
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.S.); (F.S.)
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (O.D.)
| | - Orlando Donfrancesco
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (O.D.)
| | - Ersilia Vita Fiscarelli
- Paediatric and Laboratory Department, Children’s Hospital and Institure Research Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Artini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (G.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Laura Selan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.P.); (G.V.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Rino Ragno
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.S.); (F.S.)
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (R.R.)
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17
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Bose S, Aggarwal S, Singh DV, Acharya N. Extracellular vesicles: An emerging platform in gram-positive bacteria. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2020; 7:312-322. [PMID: 33335921 PMCID: PMC7713254 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.12.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), also known as membrane vesicles, are produced as an end product of secretion by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Several reports suggest that archaea, gram-negative bacteria, and eukaryotic cells secrete membrane vesicles as a means for cell-free intercellular communication. EVs influence intercellular communication by transferring a myriad of biomolecules including genetic information. Also, EVs have been implicated in many phenomena such as stress response, intercellular competition, lateral gene transfer, and pathogenicity. However, the cellular process of secreting EVs in gram-positive bacteria is less studied. A notion with the thick cell-walled microbes such as gram-positive bacteria is that the EV release is impossible among them. The role of gram-positive EVs in health and diseases is being studied gradually. Being nano-sized, the EVs from gram-positive bacteria carry a diversity of cargo compounds that have a role in bacterial competition, survival, invasion, host immune evasion, and infection. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the EVs produced by gram-positive bacteria. Also, we discuss the functional aspects of these components while comparing them with gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Bose
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | - Shifu Aggarwal
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | - Durg Vijai Singh
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya-824236, India
| | - Narottam Acharya
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
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Zieliński W, Korzeniewska E, Harnisz M, Hubeny J, Buta M, Rolbiecki D. The prevalence of drug-resistant and virulent Staphylococcus spp. in a municipal wastewater treatment plant and their spread in the environment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105914. [PMID: 32615351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant and pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. strains can reach surface waters and air with wastewater evacuated to the environment. These strains increase the environmental pool of genetic determinants conferring antibiotic resistance and virulence, and constitute a health risk for the employees of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) who come into daily contact with bioaerosols. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic determinants of drug resistance and virulence in Staphylococcus spp. strains isolated from untreated (UWW) and treated wastewater (TWW), an activated sludge (AS) bioreactor, river water collected upstream and downstream from the wastewater discharge point (URW and DRW), and WWTP employees. All isolates were analysed for the presence of the rpoB gene, and were subjected to clonal analysis by ERIC fingerprinting. As a result, 249 of the 455 analysed isolates were selected for PCR. The presence of the gene encoding nuclease activity in S. aureus (nuc), the methicillin resistance gene (mecA), vancomycin resistance gene (vanA), antiseptic resistance gene (qacA/B) and virulence genes (sasX, pvl, tst1, hla, sec) was determined. The prevalence of nuc, mecA, vanA and qacA/B genes in wastewater and river water was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In the group of strains isolated from wastewater and water samples, 63% were identified as S. aureus, and 20% of the strains carried the vanA gene. The hla virulence gene was present in 80% of the isolates, and the pvl gene was detected in 27% of the isolates. In the group of strains isolated from the employees, 82% were identified as S. aureus, and the presence of vanA and mecA genes was confirmed in 14% and 16% of the isolates, respectively. The most prevalent virulence gene was hla (74%), whereas pvl was observed in 43% of the isolates. The quantitative analysis revealed the highest concentrations of the studied genes in UWW samples, at 2.56x104 gene copies/ml for nuc, 1.18x103 gene copies /ml for mecA, 8.28x105 gene copies /ml for vanA and 3.83x105 gene copies /ml for qacA/B. Some of analysed genes were identified in the isolates from both URW and DRW samples, as well as in genomic DNA of these samples. These results indicate that wastewater is not effectively treated in the analysed WWTP, which could contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) to the environment. An analysis of the genetic relatedness of selected isolates revealed clusters of strains originating from UWW samples, AS samples and the employees. These observations suggest that ARGs and ARB are transmitted by wastewater bioaerosols to the upper respiratory tract mucosa of the plant's employees, thus increasing their exposure to infectious factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Zieliński
- Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, The Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, The Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Monika Harnisz
- Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, The Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jakub Hubeny
- Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, The Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Martyna Buta
- Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, The Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Damian Rolbiecki
- Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, The Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Bennett MR, Thomsen IP. Epidemiological and Clinical Evidence for the Role of Toxins in S. aureus Human Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060408. [PMID: 32575633 PMCID: PMC7354447 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonizes approximately 30–50% of the population and is a leading cause of bacteremia, bone/joint infections, and skin infections in the US. S. aureus has become a major public health threat due to antibiotic resistance and an increasing number of failed vaccine attempts. To develop new anti-staphylococcal preventive therapies, it will take a more thorough understanding of the current role S. aureus virulence factors play in contributing to human disease. This review focuses on the clinical association of individual toxins with S. aureus infection as well as attempted treatment options. Further understanding of these associations will increase understanding of toxins and their importance to S. aureus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R. Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Isaac P. Thomsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Musa DA, Aremu KH, Adebayo ZA, Pellicano R, Smith SI. Molecular detection of main resistance genes by nested PCR in Salmonella spp. isolated from raw meat and stool samples in Niger State, Nigeria. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.20.02611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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