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Xu X, Zhao W, Xiang Z, Wang C, Qi M, Zhang S, Geng Y, Zhao Y, Yang K, Zhang Y, Guo A, Chen Y. Prevalence, Molecular Characteristics and Virulence Identification of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 in China. Viruses 2024; 16:402. [PMID: 38543767 PMCID: PMC10974836 DOI: 10.3390/v16030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3) is one of the major pathogens of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). BPIV-3 surveillance in China has been quite limited. In this study, we used PCR to test 302 cattle in China, and found that the positive rate was 4.64% and the herd-level positive rate was 13.16%. Six BPIV-3C strains were isolated and confirmed by electron microscopy, and their titers were determined. Three were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Phylogenetic analyses showed that all isolates were most closely related to strain NX49 from Ningxia; the genetic diversity of genotype C strains was lower than strains of genotypes A and B; the HN, P, and N genes were more suitable for genotyping and evolutionary analyses of BPIV-3. Protein variation analyses showed that all isolates had mutations at amino acid sites in the proteins HN, M, F, and L. Genetic recombination analyses provided evidence for homologous recombination of BPIV-3 of bovine origin. The virulence experiment indicated that strain Hubei-03 had the highest pathogenicity and could be used as a vaccine candidate. These findings apply an important basis for the precise control of BPIV-3 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wanyue Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhijie Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanchen Geng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kaihui Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Takahashi T, Akagawa M, Kimura R, Sada M, Shirai T, Okayama K, Hayashi Y, Kondo M, Takeda M, Ryo A, Kimura H. Molecular evolutionary analyses of the fusion protein gene in human respirovirus 1. Virus Res 2023; 333:199142. [PMID: 37270034 PMCID: PMC10352714 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Few evolutionary studies of the human respiratory virus (HRV) have been conducted, but most of them have focused on HRV3. In this study, the full-length fusion (F) genes in HRV1 strains collected from various countries were subjected to time-scaled phylogenetic, genome population size, and selective pressure analyses. Antigenicity analysis was performed on the F protein. The time-scaled phylogenetic tree using the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method estimated that the common ancestor of the HRV1 F gene diverged in 1957 and eventually formed three lineages. Phylodynamic analyses showed that the genome population size of the F gene has doubled over approximately 80 years. Phylogenetic distances between the strains were short (< 0.02). No positive selection sites were detected for the F protein, whereas many negative selection sites were identified. Almost all conformational epitopes of the F protein, except one in each monomer, did not correspond to the neutralising antibody (NT-Ab) binding sites. These results suggest that the HRV1 F gene has constantly evolved over many years, infecting humans, while the gene may be relatively conserved. Mismatches between computationally predicted epitopes and NT-Ab binding sites may be partially responsible for HRV1 reinfection and other viruses such as HRV3 and respiratory syncytial virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takahashi
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-0857, Japan
| | - Mao Akagawa
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kimura
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan; Department of Bacteriology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sada
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan; Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shirai
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan
| | - Kaori Okayama
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hayashi
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kondo
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Technology, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan; Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, Shibukawa-shi, Gunma 377-0008, Japan.
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Divergent Viruses Discovered in Swine Alter the Understanding of Evolutionary History and Genetic Diversity of the Respirovirus Genus and Related Porcine Parainfluenza Viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0024222. [PMID: 35647875 PMCID: PMC9241844 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00242-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviridae is a rapidly growing family of viruses, whose potential for cross-species transmission makes it difficult to predict the harm of newly emerging viruses to humans and animals. To better understand their diversity, evolutionary history, and co-evolution with their hosts, we analyzed a collection of porcine parainfluenza virus (PPIV) genomes to reconstruct the species classification basis and evolutionary history of the Respirovirus genus. We sequenced 17 complete genomes of porcine respirovirus 1 (also known as porcine parainfluenza virus 1; PPIV-1), thereby nearly tripling the number of currently available PPIV-1 genomes. We found that PPIV-1 was widely prevalent in China with two divergent lineages, PPIV-1a and PPIV-1b. We further provided evidence that a new species, porcine parainfluenza virus 2 (PPIV-2), had recently emerged in China. Our results pointed to a need for revising the current species demarcation criteria of the Respirovirus genus. In addition, we used PPIV-1 as an example to explore recombination and diversity of the Respirovirus genus. Interestingly, we only detected heterosubtypic recombination events between PPIV-1a and PPIV-1b with no intrasubtypic recombination events. The recombination hotspots highlighted a diverse geography-dependent genome structure of paramyxovirus infecting swine in China. Furthermore, we found no evidence of co-evolution between respirovirus and its host, indicating frequent cross-species transmission. In summary, our analyses showed that swine can be infected with a broad range of respiroviruses and recombination may serve as an important evolutionary mechanism for the Respirovirus genus’ greater diversity in genome structure than previously anticipated. IMPORTANCE Livestock have emerged as critically underrecognized sources of paramyxovirus diversity, including pigs serving as the source of Nipah virus (NiV) and swine parainfluenza virus type 3, and goats and bovines harboring highly divergent viral lineages. Here, we identified a new species of Respirovirus genus named PPIV-2 in swine and proposed to revise the species demarcation criteria of the Respirovirus genus. We found heterosubtypic recombination events and high genetic diversity in PPIV-1. Further, we showed that genetic recombination may have occurred in the Respirovirus genus which may be associated with host range expansion. The continued expansion of Respirovirus genus diversity in livestock with relatively high human contact rates requires enhanced surveillance and ongoing evaluation of emerging cross-species transmission threats.
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Saito M, Tsukagoshi H, Sada M, Sunagawa S, Shirai T, Okayama K, Sugai T, Tsugawa T, Hayashi Y, Ryo A, Takeda M, Kawashima H, Saruki N, Kimura H. Detailed Evolutionary Analyses of the F Gene in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Subgroup A. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122525. [PMID: 34960794 PMCID: PMC8706373 DOI: 10.3390/v13122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed evolution, phylodynamics, and reinfection-related antigenicity analyses of respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A (RSV-A) fusion (F) gene in globally collected strains (1465 strains) using authentic bioinformatics methods. The time-scaled evolutionary tree using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method estimated that a common ancestor of the RSV-A, RSV-B, and bovine-RSV diverged at around 450 years ago, and RSV-A and RSV-B diverged around 250 years ago. Finally, the RSV-A F gene formed eight genotypes (GA1-GA7 and NA1) over the last 80 years. Phylodynamics of RSV-A F gene, including all genotype strains, increased twice in the 1990s and 2010s, while patterns of each RSV-A genotype were different. Phylogenetic distance analysis suggested that the genetic distances of the strains were relatively short (less than 0.05). No positive selection sites were estimated, while many negative selection sites were found. Moreover, the F protein 3D structure mapping and conformational epitope analysis implied that the conformational epitopes did not correspond to the neutralizing antibody binding sites of the F protein. These results suggested that the RSV-A F gene is relatively conserved, and mismatches between conformational epitopes and neutralizing antibody binding sites of the F protein are responsible for the virus reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Saito
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi 371-0052, Japan; (M.S.); (H.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi 371-0052, Japan; (M.S.); (H.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Mitsuru Sada
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Japan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (Y.H.)
| | - Soyoka Sunagawa
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Japan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (Y.H.)
| | - Tatsuya Shirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi 181-8611, Japan;
| | - Kaori Okayama
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Japan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (Y.H.)
| | - Toshiyuki Sugai
- Division of Nursing Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima-shi 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Tsugawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo-shi 060-8543, Japan;
| | - Yuriko Hayashi
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Japan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (Y.H.)
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama-shi 236-0004, Japan;
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Japan;
| | - Hisashi Kawashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku 160-0023, Japan;
| | - Nobuhiro Saruki
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi 371-0052, Japan; (M.S.); (H.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Japan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (K.O.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-388-0336
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González-Candelas F, Shaw MA, Phan T, Kulkarni-Kale U, Paraskevis D, Luciani F, Kimura H, Sironi M. One year into the pandemic: Short-term evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and emergence of new lineages. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 92:104869. [PMID: 33915216 PMCID: PMC8074502 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was officially declared on March 11th, 2020. Since the very beginning, the spread of the virus has been tracked nearly in real-time by worldwide genome sequencing efforts. As of March 2021, more than 830,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been uploaded in GISAID and this wealth of data allowed researchers to study the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during this first pandemic year. In parallel, nomenclatures systems, often with poor consistency among each other, have been developed to designate emerging viral lineages. Despite general fears that the virus might mutate to become more virulent or transmissible, SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity has remained relatively low during the first ~ 8 months of sustained human-to-human transmission. At the end of 2020/beginning of 2021, though, some alarming events started to raise concerns of possible changes in the evolutionary trajectory of the virus. Specifically, three new viral variants associated with extensive transmission have been described as variants of concern (VOC). These variants were first reported in the UK (B.1.1.7), South Africa (B.1.351) and Brazil (P.1). Their designation as VOCs was determined by an increase of local cases and by the high number of amino acid substitutions harboured by these lineages. This latter feature is reminiscent of viral sequences isolated from immunocompromised patients with long-term infection, suggesting a possible causal link. Here we review the events that led to the identification of these lineages, as well as emerging data concerning their possible implications for viral phenotypes, reinfection risk, vaccine efficiency and epidemic potential. Most of the available evidence is, to date, provisional, but still represents a starting point to uncover the potential threat posed by the VOCs. We also stress that genomic surveillance must be strengthened, especially in the wake of the vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González-Candelas
- Joint Research Unit Infection and Public Health FISABIO-University of Valencia, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio) and CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marie-Anne Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tung Phan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Urmila Kulkarni-Kale
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Fabio Luciani
- University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy.
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Kimura H, Kurusu H, Sada M, Kurai D, Murakami K, Kamitani W, Tomita H, Katayama K, Ryo A. Molecular pharmacology of ciclesonide against SARS-CoV-2. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:330-331. [PMID: 32593491 PMCID: PMC7293530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Hiromu Kurusu
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sada
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Murakami
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tomita
- Department of Bacteriology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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