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Dombrowska-Pali A, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Chrustek A, Olszewska-Słonina D, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Socha MW. Human Milk Microbiome-A Review of Scientific Reports. Nutrients 2024; 16:1420. [PMID: 38794658 PMCID: PMC11124344 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most important bioactive components of breast milk are free breast milk oligosaccharides, which are a source of energy for commensal intestinal microorganisms, stimulating the growth of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides in a child's digestive tract. There is some evidence that maternal, perinatal, and environmental-cultural factors influence the modulation of the breast milk microbiome. This review summarizes research that has examined the composition of the breast milk microbiome and the factors that may influence it. The manuscript highlights the potential importance of the breast milk microbiome for the future development and health of children. The origin of bacteria in breast milk is thought to include the mother's digestive tract (entero-mammary tract), bacterial exposure to the breast during breastfeeding, and the retrograde flow of breast milk from the infant's mouth to the woman's milk ducts. Unfortunately, despite increasingly more precise methods for assessing microorganisms in human milk, the topic of the human milk microbiome is still quite limited and requires scientific research that takes into account various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dombrowska-Pali
- Department of Perinatology, Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Łukasiewicza 1, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (N.W.-K.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Agnieszka Chrustek
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.C.); (D.O.-S.)
| | - Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.C.); (D.O.-S.)
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (N.W.-K.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Maciej W. Socha
- Department of Perinatology, Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Łukasiewicza 1, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Adalberts’s Hospital in Gdańsk, Copernicus Healthcare Entity LLC, Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdańsk, Poland
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Ajeeb TT, Gonzalez E, Solomons NW, Vossenaar M, Koski KG. Human milk microbiome: associations with maternal diet and infant growth. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1341777. [PMID: 38529196 PMCID: PMC10962684 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1341777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ingestion of human milk (HM) is identified as a significant factor associated with early infant gut microbial colonization, which has been associated with infant health and development. Maternal diet has been associated with the HM microbiome (HMM). However, a few studies have explored the associations among maternal diet, HMM, and infant growth during the first 6 months of lactation. Methods For this cross-sectional study, Mam-Mayan mother-infant dyads (n = 64) were recruited from 8 rural communities in the Western Highlands of Guatemala at two stages of lactation: early (6-46 days postpartum, n = 29) or late (109-184 days postpartum, n = 35). Recruited mothers had vaginally delivered singleton births, had no subclinical mastitis or antibiotic treatments, and breastfed their infants. Data collected at both stages of lactation included two 24-h recalls, milk samples, and infant growth status indicators: head-circumference-for-age-z-score (HCAZ), length-for-age-z-score (LAZ), and weight-for-age-z-score (WAZ). Infants were divided into subgroups: normal weight (WAZ ≥ -1SD) and mildly underweight (WAZ < -1SD), non-stunted (LAZ ≥ -1.5SD) and mildly stunted (LAZ < -1.5SD), and normal head-circumference (HCAZ ≥ -1SD) and smaller head-circumference (HCAZ < -1SD). HMM was identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing; amplicon analysis was performed with the high-resolution ANCHOR pipeline, and DESeq2 identified the differentially abundant (DA) HMM at the species-level between infant growth groups (FDR < 0.05) in both early and late lactation. Results Using both cluster and univariate analyses, we identified (a) positive correlations between infant growth clusters and maternal dietary clusters, (b) both positive and negative associations among maternal macronutrient and micronutrient intakes with the HMM at the species level and (c) distinct correlations between HMM DA taxa with maternal nutrient intakes and infant z-scores that differed between breast-fed infants experiencing growth faltering and normal growth in early and late lactation. Conclusion Collectively, these findings provide important evidence of the potential influence of maternal diet on the early-life growth of breastfed infants via modulation of the HMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara T. Ajeeb
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emmanuel Gonzalez
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill Genome Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Noel W. Solomons
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Marieke Vossenaar
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Liu S, Imad S, Hussain S, Xiao S, Yu X, Cao H. Sex, health status and habitat alter the community composition and assembly processes of symbiotic bacteria in captive frogs. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:34. [PMID: 38262927 PMCID: PMC10804495 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frogs are critical economic animals essential to agricultural ecosystem equilibrium. However, Meningitis-like Infectious Disease (MID) often affects them in agricultural settings. While frog-associated microbiota contribute to elemental cycling and immunity, the effects of frog sex and health on gut bacteria remain understudied, and the relationship between frog habitat and soil microbes is unclear. We aimed to determine how frog sex, health status and habitat influence symbiotic bacteria and community assembly mechanism to provide guidance for sustainable frog farming and conservation. RESULTS We employed 16S rRNA sequencing to investigate gut microbiota differences in relation to frog sex and health status. We also compared symbiotic communities in frog-aggregation, native and soybean soil on the farm. Results showed that gut bacterial β-diversity and taxonomy were markedly influenced by frog sex and health. Healthy frogs had more robust gut bacterial metabolism than frogs infected with MID. Cooccurrence network analysis revealed that healthy female frogs had more complex microbial network structure than males; however, diseased males showed the greatest network complexity. The assembly mechanism of gut bacteria in male frogs was dominated by deterministic processes, whereas in female frogs it was dominated by stochastic processes. Among symbiotic bacteria in frog habitat soils, deterministic processes predominantly shaped the community assembly of soybean soil. In particular, soybean soil was enriched in pathogens and nitrogen functions, whereas frog-aggregation soil was markedly increased in sulphur respiration and hydrocarbon degradation. CONCLUSION Our study reveals that sex mainly alters the interaction network and assembly mechanism of frog intestinal bacteria; MID infection significantly inhibits the metabolic functions of intestinal bacteria. Furthermore, diverse frog habitat soils could shape more symbiotic bacteria to benefit frog farming. Our findings provide new horizons for symbiotic bacteria among frogs, which could contribute to sustainable agriculture and ecological balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Liu
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK
| | - Sewar Imad
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarfraz Hussain
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xiaowei Yu
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Dinleyici M, Pérez-Brocal V, Arslanoglu S, Aydemir O, Sevuk Ozumut S, Tekin N, Vandenplas Y, Moya A, Dinleyici EC. Composition of Microbiota in Transient and Mature Human Milk: Significant Changes in Large for Gestational Age Group. Nutrients 2024; 16:208. [PMID: 38257101 PMCID: PMC10818272 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The composition of the human milk (HM) microbiota and, consequently, the microorganisms that are passed on to the infant through breastfeeding, can be influenced by various factors such as the mother's health and diet, gestational age, delivery mode, lactation stage, method of infant feeding, and geographical location. The aim of the Human Milk-Gest Study was to compare the microbiota of transient (postpartum 7-15 days) and mature HM (postpartum 45-90 days) of 44 mothers, and to investigate any potential changes associated with preterm birth, mode of delivery, and birth weight in relation to gestational age. The data were classified into five study groups: normal spontaneous delivery-term (NS-T) newborns, cesarean delivery-term (CS-T) newborns, preterm (PT) newborns (with a gestational age of less than 37 weeks), small for gestational age (SGA) newborns, and large for gestational age (LGA) newborns. An analysis of differential abundance was conducted using ANCOM-BC to compare the microbial genera between transient and mature HM samples as well as between other study groups. A significant difference was detected between HM samples at different sampling times and between the study groups (p < 0.01). In transient HM samples, Ralstonia, Burkholderiaceae_uc, and Pelomonas were significantly dominant in the LGA group compared to the NS-T, CS-T, PT, and SGA groups. In mature HM samples, Burkholderiaceae_uc, Ralstonia, Pelomonas, and Klebsiella were significantly dominant in the LGA group compared to the NS-T, CS-T, and PT groups, while Ralstonia, Burkholderiaceae_uc, and Pelomonas were significantly dominant in the LGA group compared to the SGA group. Differences were also detected between the transient and mature HM samples in the CS-T, PT, SGA, and LGA groups, but no differences occurred in the NS-T groups. In conclusion, we showed that Ralstonia, Burkholderiaceae_uc, and Pelomonas were significantly dominant in the LGA group in transient HM and continued in mature HM. The body mass index (BMI) of the mothers in the LGA group was not >30 at conception, however, the maternal BMI at birth and maternal weight gain during pregnancy were higher than in the other groups. The nutritional composition of HM is specifically designed to meet infant nutritional requirements during early life. Evaluating the effects of HM microbiota on infant microbiota composition and short- and long-term health effects in larger studies would be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Dinleyici
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480 Eskisehir, Türkiye;
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), 46020 Valencia, Spain; (V.P.-B.)
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sertac Arslanoglu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Medeniyet University, 34720 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ozge Aydemir
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Türkiye; (O.A.); (N.T.)
| | - Sibel Sevuk Ozumut
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Medeniyet University, 34720 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Neslihan Tekin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Türkiye; (O.A.); (N.T.)
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Unversiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrés Moya
- Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), 46020 Valencia, Spain; (V.P.-B.)
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UVEG), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ener Cagri Dinleyici
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Türkiye
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Filatava EJ, Liu Z, Xie J, Tran DB, Chen K, El Habbal N, Weinstock G, Zhou Y, Gregory KE. The preterm human milk microbiota fluctuates by postpartum week and is characterized by gestational age and maternal BMI. mBio 2023; 14:e0210623. [PMID: 37975676 PMCID: PMC10746270 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02106-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite a growing recognition that the type of nutrition received by preterm infants influences their intestinal microbiome and health outcomes, the microbiota of mother's own milk (MOM), pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM), and infant formula remain poorly characterized. In our study, we found that the structure of microbial communities, bacterial diversity, and relative abundances of specific genera were significantly different between MOM, PDHM, and formula. Additionally, our results suggest that the microbiota of MOM changes as a function of time and maternal factors. Lastly, we identified three lactotypes within MOM that have distinct microbial compositions and described the maternal factors associated with them. These findings set the stage for future research aimed at advancing our knowledge of the microbiota of preterm infant nutrition and the specific influence it may have on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongmao Liu
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jiaojiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Kun Chen
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Yanjiao Zhou
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Street ME, Shulhai AM, Rotondo R, Giannì G, Caffarelli C. Current knowledge on the effects of environmental contaminants in early life nutrition. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1120293. [PMID: 37324741 PMCID: PMC10267348 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1120293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk represents the optimal source of feeding for newborns, in terms of nutritional compounds and as it provides immunological, metabolic, organic, and neurological well-being. As a complex biological fluid, it consists not only of nutritional compounds but also contains environmental contaminants. Formulas through production, contact with bottles and cups, and complementary feeding can also be contaminated. The current review focuses on endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and made-man xenoestrogens present in the environment and both commonly present in food sources, agricultural practices, packaging, consumer products, industry, and medical care. These contaminants are transferred by passive diffusion to breast milk and are delivered during breastfeeding. They mainly act by activating or antagonizing hormonal receptors. We summarize the effects on the immune system, gut microbiota, and metabolism. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and indirect food additives may induce tissue inflammation and polarize lymphocytes, increase proinflammatory cytokines, promote allergic sensitization, and microbial dysbiosis, activate nuclear receptors and increase the incidence of allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. Breast milk is the most important optimal source in early life. This mini-review summarizes current knowledge on environmental contaminants and paves the way for strategies to prevent milk contamination and limit maternal and infant exposure during pregnancy and the first months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Street
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna-Mariia Shulhai
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Rotondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giannì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Caffarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Olga L, van Diepen JA, Chichlowski M, Petry CJ, Vervoort J, Dunger DB, Kortman GAM, Gross G, Ong KK. Butyrate in Human Milk: Associations with Milk Microbiota, Milk Intake Volume, and Infant Growth. Nutrients 2023; 15:916. [PMID: 36839274 PMCID: PMC9963357 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate in human milk (HM) has been suggested to reduce excessive weight and adipo-sity gains during infancy. However, HM butyrate's origins, determinants, and its influencing mechanism on weight gain are not completely understood. These were studied in the prospective longitudinal Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF), in which infants (n = 59) were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 weeks. Infant growth (birth, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months) and HM butyrate concentrations (2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months) were measured. At age 6 weeks, HM intake volume was measured by deuterium-labelled water technique and HM microbiota by 16S sequencing. Cross-sectionally at 6 weeks, HM butyrate was associated with HM microbiota composition (p = 0.036) although no association with the abundance of typical butyrate producers was detected. In longitudinal analyses across all time points, HM butyrate concentrations were overall negatively associated with infant weight and adiposity, and associations were stronger at younger infant ages. HM butyrate concentration was also inversely correlated with HM intake volume, supporting a possible mechanism whereby butyrate might reduce infant growth via appetite regulation and modulation of HM intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentya Olga
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janna A van Diepen
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA
| | - Clive J Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
| | | | - Gabriele Gross
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt/Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA
| | - Ken K Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Vemuri R, Herath MP. Beyond the Gut, Emerging Microbiome Areas of Research: A Focus on Early-Life Microbial Colonization. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020239. [PMID: 36838204 PMCID: PMC9962807 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the human body harbors trillions of microbes of different kinds performing various physiological activities, such as priming the immune system, influencing host metabolism, and improving health by providing important metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. Although the gut is considered the "microbial organ" of our body as it hosts the most microbes, there are microbes present in various other important anatomical locations differing in numbers and type. Research has shown the presence of microbes in utero, sparking a debate on the "sterile womb" concept, and there is much scope for more work in this area. It is important to understand the early-life microbiome colonization, which has a role in the developmental origins of health and disease in later life. Moreover, seminal studies have indicated the presence of microbes beyond the gut, for example, in the adipose tissue and the liver. However, it is still unclear what is the exact source of these microbes and their exact roles in health and disease. In this review, we appraise and discuss emerging microbiome areas of research and their roles in metabolic health. Further, we review the importance of the genital microbiome in early-life microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandra Vemuri
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (M.P.H.)
| | - Manoja P. Herath
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (M.P.H.)
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Ajeeb TT, Gonzalez E, Solomons NW, Koski KG. Human milk microbial species are associated with infant head-circumference during early and late lactation in Guatemalan mother-infant dyads. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:908845. [PMID: 36466698 PMCID: PMC9709448 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.908845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains abundant commensal bacteria that colonize and establish the infant's gut microbiome but the association between the milk microbiome and head circumference during infancy has not been explored. For this cross-sectional study, head-circumference-for-age-z-scores (HCAZ) of vaginally delivered breastfed infants were collected from 62 unrelated Mam-Mayan mothers living in eight remote rural communities in the Western Highlands of Guatemala during two stages of lactation, 'early' (6-46 days postpartum, n = 29) or 'late' (109-184 days postpartum, n = 33). At each stage of lactation, infants were divided into HCAZ ≥ -1 SD (early: n = 18; late: n = 14) and HCAZ < -1 SD (early: n = 11; late: n = 19). Milk microbiome communities were assessed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and DESeq2 was used to compare the differential abundance (DA) of human milk microbiota with infant HCAZ subgroups at both stages of lactations. A total of 503 ESVs annotated 256 putative species across the 64 human milk samples. Alpha-diversity using Chao index uncovered a difference in microbial community richness between HCAZ ≥ -1 SD and HCAZ < -1 SD groups at late lactation (p = 0.045) but not at early lactation. In contrast, Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates identified significant differences between HCAZ ≥ -1 SD and HCAZ < -1 SD at both stages of lactation (p = 0.003); moreover, 26 milk microbial taxa differed in relative abundance (FDR < 0.05) between HCAZ ≥ -1 SD and HCAZ < -1 SD, with 13 differentially abundant at each lactation stage. Most species in the HCAZ ≥ -1 SD group were Streptococcus species from the Firmicutes phylum which are considered human colonizers associated with human milk whereas the HCAZ < -1 SD group at late lactation had more differentially abundant taxa associated with environmentally and 'potentially opportunistic' species belonging to the Actinobacteria genus. These findings suggest possible associations between brain growth of breastfed infants and the milk microbiome during lactation. Importantly, these data provide the first evidence of cross talk between the human milk microbiome and the infant brain that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara T. Ajeeb
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emmanuel Gonzalez
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill Genome Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Noel W. Solomons
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Shenker NS, Perdones-Montero A, Burke A, Stickland S, McDonald JAK, Cameron SJS. Human Milk from Tandem Feeding Dyads Does Not Differ in Metabolite and Metataxonomic Features When Compared to Single Nursling Dyads under Six Months of Age. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111069. [PMID: 36355152 PMCID: PMC9696481 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the long-term advantages of exclusive breastfeeding to infants and their mothers, there is both an individual and public health benefit to its promotion and support. Data on the composition of human milk over the course of a full period of lactation for a single nursling is sparse, but data on human milk composition during tandem feeding (feeding children of different ages from different pregnancies) is almost entirely absent. This leaves an important knowledge gap that potentially endangers the ability of parents to make a fully informed choice on infant feeding. We compared the metataxonomic and metabolite fingerprints of human milk samples from 15 tandem feeding dyads to that collected from ten exclusively breastfeeding single nursling dyads where the nursling is under six months of age. Uniquely, our cohort also included three tandem feeding nursling dyads where each child showed a preferential side for feeding-allowing a direct comparison between human milk compositions for different aged nurslings. Across our analysis of volume, total fat, estimation of total microbial load, metabolite fingerprinting, and metataxonomics, we showed no statistically significant differences between tandem feeding and single nursling dyads. This included comparisons of preferential side nurslings of different ages. Together, our findings support the practice of tandem feeding of nurslings, even when feeding an infant under six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S. Shenker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alvaro Perdones-Montero
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Adam Burke
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sarah Stickland
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julie A. K. McDonald
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon J. S. Cameron
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)28-9097-6421
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11
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Lopez Leyva L, Gonzalez E, Solomons NW, Koski KG. Human milk microbiome is shaped by breastfeeding practices. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:885588. [PMID: 36160202 PMCID: PMC9493375 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.885588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that breastfeeding practices may impact the milk microbiota diversity and differential abundance at the genera level; however, the possibility that distinct feeding practices, such as exclusive (EBF) and non-exclusive breastfeeding (non-EBF), might alter the milk microbiome at the species level has not been explored. This cross-sectional study analyzed the milk microbiome of 64 Mam-Mayan indigenous mothers from San Juan Ostuncalco in Guatemala. Two breastfeeding practices [exclusive (EBF) vs non-exclusive (non-EBF)] were analyzed at two stages of lactation [early (5–46 days post-partum) vs late (109–184 days post-partum)]. EBF was defined as offering only human milk and non-EBF was defined as feeding the infant herbal teas (agüitas) and/or complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed. Results identified four clusters with distinct microbial communities that segregated bacterial species by both breastfeeding practices and stage of lactation. Comparison among these clusters identified several notable patterns. First, during EBF, the microbiome differed by stage of lactation where there was a shift in differential abundance from Actinobacteria and Firmicutes in early to Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria species in late lactation. Second, a similar comparison between non-EBF mothers by stage of lactation also identified a higher differential abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes species in early lactation, but only Proteobacteria and not Bacteroidetes in late lactation, indicating a further shift in the milk microbial ecosystem with fewer oral bacteria present in late lactation. Third, comparisons between EBF and non-EBF mothers at both early and late lactation showed that mothers who exclusively breastfed had more differentially abundant species in early (11 vs 1) and late (13 vs 2) lactation. Fourth, EBF at early and late lactation had more commensal and lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus gasseri, Granulicatella elegans, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus parasanguinis, compared to those who did not exclusively breastfeed. Collectively, these results show that EBF has more differentially abundant bacteria, including commensal and lactic acid bacteria, and that the addition of agüitas (herbal teas) and/or complementary foods modify the milk microbiome composition by reducing the oral bacteria and introducing more environmentally sourced bacteria to the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Gonzalez
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics (C3G), Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Microbiome Research Platform, McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity (MI4), Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Noel W. Solomons
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Kristine G. Koski
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Kristine G. Koski,
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12
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Subramanian S, Geng H, Du C, Chou PM, Bu HF, Wang X, Swaminathan S, Tan SC, Ridlon JM, De Plaen IG, Tan XD. Feeding mode influences dynamic gut microbiota signatures and affects susceptibility to anti-CD3 mAb-induced intestinal injury in neonatal mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G205-G218. [PMID: 35819158 PMCID: PMC9394775 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00337.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Feeding modes influence the gut microbiome, immune system, and intestinal barrier homeostasis in neonates; how feeding modes impact susceptibility to neonatal gastrointestinal (GI) diseases is still uncertain. Here, we investigated the impact of dam feeding (DF) and formula feeding (FF) on features of the gut microbiome and physiological inflammation during the first 2 days of postnatal development and on the susceptibility to intestinal injury related to the inflammatory state in neonatal mouse pups. 16S rRNA sequencing data revealed microbiome changes, lower α-diversity, and a distinct pattern of β-diversity including expansion of f_Enterobacteriaceae and f_Enterococcaceae in the ileum of FF pups compared with DF pups by postnatal day (P)2. Together with gut dysbiosis, the FF cohort also had greater ileal mucosa physiological inflammatory activity compared with DF pups by P2 but maintained normal histological features. Interestingly, FF but not DF mouse pups developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)-like intestinal injury within 24 h after anti-CD3 mAb treatment, suggesting that FF influences the susceptibility to intestinal injury in neonates. We further found that NEC-like incidence in anti-CD3 mAb-treated FF neonatal pups was attenuated by antibiotic treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that FF predisposes mouse pups to anti-CD3 mAb-induced intestinal injury due to abnormal f_Enterobacteriaceae and f_Enterococcaceae colonization. These findings advance our understanding of FF-associated microbial colonization and intestinal inflammation, which may help inform the development of new therapeutic approaches to GI diseases like NEC in infants.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report shows that a feeding mode profoundly affects gut colonization in neonatal mice. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that formula feeding predisposes mouse pups to anti-CD3 mAb-induced necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)-like intestinal injury upon inadequate microbial colonization. The study suggests the role of the combined presence of formula feeding-associated dysbiosis and mucosal inflammation in the pathogenesis of NEC and provides a new mouse model to study this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Subramanian
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hua Geng
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chao Du
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pauline M Chou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heng-Fu Bu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Suchitra Swaminathan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephanie C Tan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Isabelle G De Plaen
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao-Di Tan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Exploring the Potential of Human Milk and Formula Milk on Infants’ Gut and Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173554. [PMID: 36079814 PMCID: PMC9460722 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life gut microbiota plays a role in determining the health and risk of developing diseases in later life. Various perinatal factors have been shown to contribute to the development and establishment of infant gut microbiota. One of the important factors influencing the infant gut microbial colonization and composition is the mode of infant feeding. While infant formula milk has been designed to resemble human milk as much as possible, the gut microbiome of infants who receive formula milk differs from that of infants who are fed human milk. A diverse microbial population in human milk and the microbes seed the infant gut microbiome. Human milk contains nutritional components that promote infant growth and bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins, which contribute to immunological development. In an attempt to encourage the formation of a healthy gut microbiome comparable to that of a breastfed infant, manufacturers often supplement infant formula with prebiotics or probiotics, which are known to have a bifidogenic effect and can modulate the immune system. This review aims to elucidate the roles of human milk and formula milk on infants’ gut and health.
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14
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Bornbusch SL, Keady MM, Power ML, Muletz-Wolz CR. Milk microbiomes of three great ape species vary among host species and over time. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11017. [PMID: 35773288 PMCID: PMC9247006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian neonates, milk consumption provides nutrients, growth factors, immune molecules, and microbes. Milk microbiomes are increasingly recognized for their roles in seeding infant gut microbiomes and priming immune development. However, milk microbiome variation within and among individuals remains under investigation. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate factors shaping milk microbiomes in three captive great ape species: Gorilla gorilla gorilla (individuals, N = 4; samples, n = 29), Pongo abelii (N = 2; n = 16), and Pongo pygmaeus (N = 1; n = 9). We demonstrate variation among host species, over lactation, and between housing facilities. In phylogenetic community composition, milk microbiomes were distinct among the three ape species. We found only a few shared, abundant bacterial taxa and suggest that they likely serve functional roles. The diversity and community composition of milk microbiomes showed gradual changes over time in gorillas and the Bornean orangutan, which was detectable with our comprehensive sampling over lactation stages (> 300-day span). In gorillas, milk microbiomes differed between housing facilities, but were similar between dams within a facility. These results support the strong influence of evolutionary history in shaping milk microbiomes, but also indicate that more proximate cues from mother, offspring, and the environment affect the distribution of rarer microbial taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Bornbusch
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA. .,Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Mia M Keady
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael L Power
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carly R Muletz-Wolz
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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15
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Ren W, Zhong Y, Ding Y, Wu Y, Xu X, Zhou P. Mismatches in 16S rRNA Gene Primers: An Area Worth Further Exploring. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888803. [PMID: 35770162 PMCID: PMC9234566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingwen Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - XueWei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources and Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Zhou
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16
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Lyons KE, Shea CAO, Grimaud G, Ryan CA, Dempsey E, Kelly AL, Ross RP, Stanton C. The human milk microbiome aligns with lactation stage and not birth mode. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5598. [PMID: 35379843 PMCID: PMC8979980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the human milk microbiome in a cohort of 80 lactating women and followed the dynamics in taxa over the course of lactation from birth to 6 months. Two hundred and thirty one milk samples were collected from full-term lactating women at 1, 4, 8 and 24 weeks following birth and analysed for microbiota composition using 16S rRNA sequencing. A significant decrease in milk microbiota diversity was observed throughout the first 6 months of lactation, with the greatest difference seen between week 8 and week 24. Nine genera predominated in milk over lactation from week 1 to week 24, comprising of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Bifidobacterium, Mesorhizobium, Brevundimonas, Flavobacterium, and Rhodococcus; however, fluctuations in these core genera were apparent over time. There was a significant effect of stage of lactation on the microbiome, while no effect of birth mode, infant sex and maternal BMI was observed throughout lactation. Streptococcus had the highest mean relative abundance at week 1 and 24 (17.3% and 24% respectively), whereas Pseudomonas predominated at week 4 (22%) and week 8 (19%). Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus had the highest mean relative abundance at week 4 (5% and 1.4% respectively), and occurred at a relative abundance of ≤ 1% at all other time points. A decrease in milk microbiota diversity throughout lactation was also observed. This study concluded that lactation stage was the primary driving factor in milk microbiota compositional changes over lactation from birth to 6 months, while mode of delivery was not a factor driving compositional changes throughout human lactation.
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17
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Duale A, Singh P, Al Khodor S. Breast Milk: A Meal Worth Having. Front Nutr 2022; 8:800927. [PMID: 35155521 PMCID: PMC8826470 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.800927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A mother is gifted with breast milk, the natural source of nutrition for her infant. In addition to the wealth of macro and micro-nutrients, human milk also contains many microorganisms, few of which originate from the mother, while others are acquired from the mouth of the infant and the surroundings. Among these microbes, the most commonly residing bacteria are Staphylococci, Streptococci, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. These microorganisms initiate and help the development of the milk microbiota as well as the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract in infants, and contribute to developing immune regulatory factors such as cytokines, growth factors, lactoferrin among others. These factors play an important role in reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, asthma and others later in life. In this review, we will summarize the known benefits of breastfeeding and highlight the role of the breast milk microbiota and its cross-talk with the immune system in breastfed babies during the early years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoud Duale
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Parul Singh
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Souhaila Al Khodor
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Souhaila Al Khodor
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18
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Gámez-Valdez JS, García-Mazcorro JF, Montoya-Rincón AH, Rodríguez-Reyes DL, Jiménez-Blanco G, Rodríguez MTA, de Vaca RPC, Alcorta-García MR, Brunck M, Lara-Díaz VJ, Licona-Cassani C. Differential analysis of the bacterial community in colostrum samples from women with gestational diabetes mellitus and obesity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24373. [PMID: 34934118 PMCID: PMC8692321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and obesity affect the functioning of multiple maternal systems and influence colonization of the newborn gastrointestinal through the breastmilk microbiota (BMM). It is currently unclear how GDM and obesity affect the human BMM composition. Here, we applied 16S-rRNA high-throughput sequencing to human colostrum milk to characterize BMM taxonomic changes in a cohort of 43 individuals classified in six subgroups according to mothers patho-physiological conditions (healthy control (n = 18), GDM (n = 13), or obesity (n = 12)) and newborn gender. Using various diversity indicators, including Shannon/Faith phylogenetic index and UniFrac/robust Aitchison distances, we evidenced that BMM composition was influenced by the infant gender in the obesity subgroup. In addition, the GDM group presented higher microbial diversity compared to the control group. Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium 1, Anaerococcus and Prevotella were overrepresented in colostrum from women with either obesity or GDM, compared to control samples. Finally, Rhodobacteraceae was distinct for GDM and 5 families (Bdellovibrionaceae, Halomonadaceae, Shewanellaceae, Saccharimonadales and Vibrionaceae) were distinct for obesity subgroups with an absolute effect size greater than 1 and a q-value ≤ 0.05. This study represents the first effort to describe the impact of maternal GDM and obesity on BMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Gámez-Valdez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México
| | - J F García-Mazcorro
- Research and Development, MNA de México, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México
| | - A H Montoya-Rincón
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - D L Rodríguez-Reyes
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - G Jiménez-Blanco
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - M T Alanís Rodríguez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - R Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca
- Coordinación de Investigación y División de Investigación Biomédica, C.M.N. "20 de Noviembre", ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M R Alcorta-García
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México.,Departamento de Neonatología, Hospital Regional Materno Infantil, Servicios de Salud de Nuevo León, Guadalupe, México
| | - M Brunck
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México.,Division of Experimental Medicine, The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - V J Lara-Díaz
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - C Licona-Cassani
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México. .,Division of Integrative Biology, The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México.
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19
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Stinson LF, Trevenen ML, Geddes DT. The Viable Microbiome of Human Milk Differs from the Metataxonomic Profile. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124445. [PMID: 34959998 PMCID: PMC8708405 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in human milk contribute to the establishment of the infant gut microbiome. As such, numerous studies have characterized the human milk microbiome using DNA sequencing technologies, particularly 16S rRNA gene sequencing. However, such methods are not able to differentiate between DNA from viable and non-viable bacteria. The extent to which bacterial DNA detected in human milk represents living, biologically active cells is therefore unclear. Here, we characterized both the viable bacterial content and the total bacterial DNA content (derived from viable and non-viable cells) of fresh human milk (n = 10). In order to differentiate the living from the dead, a combination of propidium monoazide (PMA) and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used. Our results demonstrate that the majority of OTUs recovered from fresh human milk samples (67.3%) reflected DNA from non-viable organisms. PMA-treated samples differed significantly in their bacterial composition compared to untreated samples (PERMANOVA p < 0.0001). Additionally, an OTU mapping to Cutibacterium acnes had a significantly higher relative abundance in PMA-treated (viable) samples. These results demonstrate that the total bacterial DNA content of human milk is not representative of the viable human milk microbiome. Our findings raise questions about the validity of conclusions drawn from previous studies in which viability testing was not used, and have broad implications for the design of future work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F. Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michelle L. Trevenen
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia;
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia;
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20
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Short- and Long-Term Implications of Human Milk Microbiota on Maternal and Child Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111866. [PMID: 34769296 PMCID: PMC8584477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is considered the most complete food for infants as its nutritional composition is specifically designed to meet infant nutritional requirements during early life. HM also provides numerous biologically active components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, milk fat globules, IgA, gangliosides or polyamines, among others; in addition, HM has a “bifidogenic effect”, a prebiotic effect, as a result of the low concentration of proteins and phosphates, as well as the presence of lactoferrin, lactose, nucleotides and oligosaccharides. Recently, has been a growing interest in HM as a potential source of probiotics and commensal bacteria to the infant gut, which might, in turn, influence both the gut colonization and maturation of infant immune system. Our review aims to address practical approaches to the detection of microbial communities in human breast milk samples, delving into their origin, composition and functions. Furthermore, we will summarize the current knowledge of how HM microbiota dysbiosis acts as a short- and long-term predictor of maternal and infant health. Finally, we also provide a critical view of the role of breast milk-related bacteria as a novel probiotic strategy in the prevention and treatment of maternal and offspring diseases.
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21
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Ding M, Yang B, Khine WWT, Lee YK, Rahayu ES, Ross RP, Stanton C, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. The Species-Level Composition of the Fecal Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Genera in Indonesian Children Differs from That of Their Mothers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091995. [PMID: 34576890 PMCID: PMC8467263 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The infant gut microbiota plays a critical role in early life growth and derives mainly from maternal gut and breast milk. This study aimed to analyze the differences in the gut microbiota, namely Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus communities at species level among breast milk as well as maternal and infant feces at different time points after delivery. Fifty-one mother–infant pairs from Indonesia were recruited, and the breast milk and maternal and infant feces were collected and analyzed by high throughput sequencing (16S rRNA, Bifidobacterium groEL and Lactobacillus groEL genes). PCoA results showed bacterial composition was different among breast milk and maternal and infant feces within the first two years. The abundance of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides were significantly higher in infant feces compared to their maternal feces from birth to two years of age, and maternal breast milk within six months after birth (p < 0.05), whereas the abundance of Blautia, Prevotella, and Faecalibacterium was higher in maternal feces compared to that in breast milk within six months and infant feces within one year after birth, respectively (p < 0.05). The relative abundances of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus was higher and lower in infant feces compared to that in maternal feces only between one and two years of age, respectively (p < 0.05). For Bifidobacterium community at species level, B. adolescentis, B. ruminantium, B. longum subsp. infantis, B. bifidum, and B. pseudolongum were identified in all samples. However, the profile of Bifidobacterium was different between maternal and infant feces at different ages. The relative abundances of B. adolescentis and B. ruminantium were higher in maternal feces compared to those in infant feces from birth to one year of age (p < 0.05), while the relative abundances of B. longum subsp. infantis and B. bifidum were higher in infant feces compared to those in maternal feces beyond three months, and the relative abundance of B. pseudolongum was only higher in infant feces between three and six months (p < 0.05). For Lactobacillus community, L. paragasseri showed higher relative abundance in infant feces when the infant was younger than one year of age (p < 0.05). This study showed bacterial composition at the genus level and Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus communities at the species level were stage specific in maternal breast milk as well as and maternal and infant feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.L.); (R.P.R.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wei Wei Thwe Khine
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore;
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.L.); (R.P.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore;
| | - Endang Sutriswati Rahayu
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - R. Paul Ross
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.L.); (R.P.R.); (C.S.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.L.); (R.P.R.); (C.S.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-K.L.); (R.P.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
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Brereton N, Pitre F, Gonzalez E. Reanalysis of the Mars500 experiment reveals common gut microbiome alterations in astronauts induced by long-duration confinement. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2223-2235. [PMID: 33995915 PMCID: PMC8099722 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining astronaut health throughout long-duration spaceflight is essential to the feasibility of a manned mission to Mars. The ground-based Mars500 experiment investigated long-duration health by isolating six astronauts for 520 days, the longest controlled human confinement study conducted to date. After 520 days, astronauts had uniform strength and lean body mass losses, and increased fasting plasma glucose, calprotectin, and neutrophil levels characteristic of intestinal inflammation but previous analyses revealed no common significant changes in gut microbiota. This study reanalysed data from early (days 7–45) and late (days 420–520) faecal samples and identified 408 exact sequence variants (ESVs), including 213 shared by all astronauts. Thirty-two ESVs were significantly differentially abundant over time, including depletion of keystone resistant starch degrading, anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitivity-associated species, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Ruminococcus bromii, Blautia luti, Anaerostipes hadrus, Roseburia faecis, and Lactobacillus rogosae, and enrichment of yet-to-be-cultured bacteria. Additionally, the extraordinary experimental confinement allowed observation of microbiota potentially shared between astronauts and their habitat. Forty-nine species were shared, representing 49% and 12% of the human and environmental microbiome diversity, respectively. These findings reveal the microbiota which significantly altered in relative abundance throughout confinement, including species known to influence inflammation and host glucose homeostasis consistent with astronaut symptoms. Identification of microbiome alterations after 520 days of isolation represents a missing piece connecting Mars500 astronaut physiological studies. Knowledge of the impact of long-term confinement upon the human microbiome helps to improve our understanding of how humans interact with their habitats and is a valuable step forward towards enabling long-duration spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.J.B. Brereton
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - F.E. Pitre
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - E. Gonzalez
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics (C3G), Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
- Microbiome Research Platform, McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity (MI4), Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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