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Wang J, Dong ZH, Zhou XY, Ma QC, Wang ZY, Lin D, Huang YF, Zhang C, Jiao X, Li D, Li Q. Stool carriage of CTX-M/CMY-producing Salmonella enterica in a Chinese tertiary hospital in Shenzhen, China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025; 15:1544757. [PMID: 40182768 PMCID: PMC11966408 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1544757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis, caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella, is a common foodborne gastrointestinal infection. Third-generation cephalosporins are recommended as the first-line treatment for Salmonella infections. Our study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and the transmission of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) genes in 96 clinical Salmonella isolates collected between 2020 and 2022 at a tertiary hospital in Shenzhen, China. We performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing to identify serotypes, multilocus sequence typing, antimicrobial resistance genes in these isolates, and the genetic structures of the bla CTX-M/bla CMY genes. Seventeen Salmonella serotypes were identified, with S. 4,[5],12:i:- (37.5%) being the most common, followed by S. Enteritidis (15.63%), S. Typhimurium (14.58%), S. London (7.29%), and S. Rissen (5.21%). MLST analysis revealed 19 distinct sequence types (STs), with ST34 being the most prevalent (36.46%), followed by ST11 (15.63%) and ST19 (13.54%). Antimicrobial resistance testing showed those isolates had high levels of resistance to ampicillin (72.92%) and tetracycline (71.88%), with 70.83% of isolates as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Three bla CTX-M genes (bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-55, and bla CTX-M-65) and bla CMY-2 were identified among 18 cefotaxime-resistant strains, of which one and 12 isolates successfully transferred bla CMY or bla CTX-M to E. coli C600 via conjugation, respectively. The bla CTX-M/bla CMY-2-carrying contigs in nine Salmonella isolates ranged from 2,156 to 164,862 bp, were located either on the chromosome (n=1) or plasmids (IncI1, IncK1, IncA/C) (n=9), and the bla CTX-M/bla CMY-2 genes were associated with ISEcp1. Our study demonstrates the diversity of MDR Salmonella serotypes in clinical isolates, and highlights the role of plasmids and mobile genetic elements in the horizontal transfer of bla CTX-M/bla CMY, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance of Salmonella in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zi-Han Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qin-Chun Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dachuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Ying-Feng Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Deng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Wiederkehr CM, Alvarez J, Torre-Fuentes L, Crespo-Lopez OI, Calfucura P, Ugarte-Ruiz M, Toledo V, Lurz PWW, Retamal P. Salmonella in Coastal Birds in Chile: Detection of a Multidrug-Resistant S. Infantis Bearing the bla CTX-M-65 Gene in a pESI-Like Megaplasmid in Humboldt Penguins. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024; 2024:1949535. [PMID: 40303178 PMCID: PMC12020390 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1949535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most important foodborne pathogens worldwide, and the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) clones can aggravate its public health importance. Wildlife species may act as reservoirs of these clones, but their role is not well understood. In this study, faecal samples from shorebirds, with a focus on the endangered Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti), collected from five sites in central Chile with different levels of anthropogenic pressure were analysed to characterize antimicrobial resistant S. enterica serovars. Overall, Salmonella was isolated from 22 of the 595 samples (3.7%), with positivity ranging between 1.6% and 9.5%, depending on the sampling site. Four of the Salmonella isolates were retrieved from Humboldt penguin samples (1.4% positive samples in this species). Serovars Infantis (nine isolates), Typhimurium (six), Goldcoast (four), and Enteritidis, Agona, and Give (one isolate each) were identified. Resistance levels were the highest for sulphamethoxazole (13/21 isolates with a non-wild-type phenotype), ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim (11/21 each). Whole-genome sequencing performed on eight S. Infantis strains revealed that seven carried the plasmid replicon IncFIB (pN55391), indicating the presence of the pESI-like megaplasmid, harbouring resistance determinants to multiple antimicrobial classes as well as heavy metal, biocides, and virulence-related genes. Furthermore, five S. Infantis isolates that showed an ESBL phenotype carried the bla CTX-M-65 gene, three of which were detected in Humboldt penguin faeces. The finding of an international emerging S. Infantis clone in protected wildlife is of concern to environmental, animal, and public health specialists, supporting initiatives for an active surveillance of resistance and virulence traits in wildlife exposed to anthropogenic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M. Wiederkehr
- VISAVET Health Surveillance CentreUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
- Departamento de Sanidad AnimalFacultad de VeterinariaUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance CentreUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
- Departamento de Sanidad AnimalFacultad de VeterinariaUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Laura Torre-Fuentes
- VISAVET Health Surveillance CentreUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
| | | | - Paulina Calfucura
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y PecuariasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Maria Ugarte-Ruiz
- VISAVET Health Surveillance CentreUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Viviana Toledo
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero de ChileMinisterio de AgriculturaSantiagoChile
| | - Peter W. W. Lurz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghScotlandUK
| | - Patricio Retamal
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y PecuariasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
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Wei J, Shen S, Zhang Q, Lu J, Mao S, Zou C, Zhou H, Wei Y, Ou X, Huang J, Wang D, Li X, Wan Q, Shan B, Zhang Z. Emergence of a clinical Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5], 12: i:-isolate, ST3606, in China with susceptibility decrease to ceftazidime-avibactam carrying a novel bla CTX-M-261 variant and a bla NDM-5. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:829-840. [PMID: 38388738 PMCID: PMC11108873 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The detection rate of Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5], 12: i: - (S. 1,4,[5], 12: i: -) has increased as the most common serotype globally. A S. 1,4,[5], 12: i: - strain named ST3606 (sequence type 34), isolated from a fecal specimen of a child with acute diarrhea hospitalized in a tertiary hospital in China, was firstly reported to be resistant to carbapenem and ceftazidime-avibactam. The aim of this study was to characterize the whole-genome sequence of S. 1,4,[5], 12: i: - isolate, ST3606, and explore its antibiotic resistance genes and their genetic environments. METHODS The genomic DNA of S. 1,4,[5], 12: i: - ST3606 was extracted and performed with single-molecule real-time sequencing. Resistance genes, plasmid replicon type, mobile elements, and multilocus sequence types (STs) of ST3606 were identified by ResFinder 3.2, PlasmidFinder, OriTfinder database, ISfinder database, and MLST 2.0, respectively. The conjugation experiment was utilized to evaluate the conjugation frequency of pST3606-2. Protein expression and enzyme kinetics experiments of CTX-M were performed to analyze hydrolytic activity of a novel CTX-M-261 enzyme toward several antibiotics. RESULTS Single-molecule real-time sequencing revealed the coexistence of a 109-kb IncI1-Iα plasmid pST3606-1 and a 70.5-kb IncFII plasmid pST3606-2. The isolate carried resistance genes, including blaNDM-5, sul1, qacE, aadA2, and dfrA12 in pST3606-1, blaTEM-1B, aac(3)-lld, and blaCTX-M-261, a novel blaCTX-M-1 family member, in pST3606-2, and aac(6')-Iaa in chromosome. The blaCTX-M-261 was derived from blaCTX-M-55 by a single-nucleotide mutation 751G>A leading to amino acid substitution of Val for Met at position 251 (Val251Met), which conferred CTX-M increasing resistance to ceftazidime verified by antibiotics susceptibility testing of transconjugants carrying pST3606-2 and steady-state kinetic parameters of CTX-M-261. pST3606-1 is an IncI1-α incompatibility type that shares homology with plasmids of pC-F-164_A-OXA140, pE-T654-NDM-5, p_dm760b_NDM-5, and p_dmcr749c_NDM-5. The conjugation experiment demonstrated that pST3606-2 was successfully transferred to the Escherichia coli recipient C600 with four modules of OriTfinder. CONCLUSION Plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer plays an important role in blaNDM-5 and blaCTX-M-261 dissemination, which increases the threat to public health due to the resistance to most β-lactam antibiotics. This is the first report of blaCTX-M-261 and blaNDM-5 in S. 1,4,[5], 12: i: -. The work provides insights into the enzymatic function and demonstrates the ongoing evolution of CTX-M enzymes and confirms urgency to control resistance of S. 1,4,[5], 12: i: -.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Shimei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jinping Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Shenglan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunhong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - YeLin Wei
- The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingyi Ou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Qun Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Baoju Shan
- Pediatric Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, China.
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