1
|
Bolzoni L, Conter M, Lamperti L, Scaltriti E, Morganti M, Poeta A, Vecchi M, Paglioli S, Rampini A, Ramoni P, De Vita D, Bacci C, Rega M, Andriani L, Pongolini S, Bonardi S. Salmonella in horses at slaughter and public health effects in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 408:110429. [PMID: 37839149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The study assessed the role of equids at slaughter as faecal carriers of Salmonella enterica and the occurrence of contaminated equid carcasses during the slaughter process in Northern Italy (Emilia-Romagna Region). From June to November 2021, 152 equids (146 horses, 5 donkeys and 1 mule) were tested for Salmonella both in caecal contents and through carcass swabs. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of recovered strains was tested against 15 antimicrobials. Salmonella was detected in 3/152 of the caecal contents (2.0 %), while all carcass samples were negative. S. enterica serovars Enteriditis, Typhimurium and Stanleyville were identified. The only AMR isolate was S. Typhimurium with AMR profile AmCStxT. Considering the consumption of raw horse meat (i.e., minced raw meat named "pesto di cavallo" and dried and smoked strips named "sfilacci di cavallo") in different areas of Northern Italy, we also investigated the possible link between horse meat eating and salmonellosis cases in the human population in the same area. Specifically, we compared the Salmonella strains collected during the study with those routinely processed in the laboratory surveillance system for human salmonellosis in Emilia-Romagna (a region with about 4.5 million inhabitants). The comparison was based on whole genome sequencing data through core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) used in routine surveillance. A genomic match in cgMLST was found between the strain of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis isolated from a horse caecal content and an enduring outbreak of 17 human cases in Emilia-Romagna during the study period. The consequent epidemiological investigation highlighted that a number of cases with known food history reported the consumption of horse meat and traced different batches of the consumed meat, released weeks apart from each other, to the slaughter investigated in the study. The results of the epidemiological investigation suggested the role of horses in the S. enterica serovar Enteritidis outbreak affecting raw horse meat consumers. This study shows that, despite the low prevalence on equid carcasses, S. enterica in horse meat can represent a risk to consumers. From the perspective of the slaughter activities, this highlights the need to maintain a high level of hygiene during the entire process, starting from the hygiene at lairage up to the slaughtering phase and dressing of carcasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bolzoni
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Conter
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Lamperti
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Erika Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Morganti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Poeta
- Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Local Health Authority, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Vecchi
- Specialization School in Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Paglioli
- Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Local Health Authority, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ramoni
- Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Local Health Authority, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Local Health Authority, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Cristina Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Rega
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Andriani
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, University of Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ashosh MI, El-Abasy MA, El-Borady OM, Elkhaiat I, Ismail MM. Comparative efficacy of difloxacin and nano-emulsion difloxacin as antibacterial agents against Salmonella enterica Serovar enteritidis in chickenss. Open Vet J 2024; 14:449-458. [PMID: 38633146 PMCID: PMC11018397 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Avian salmonellosis is a group of diseases caused by bacteria from the genus Salmonella with a negative impact on poultry, particularly chickens. In addition, salmonellosis is a global food-borne infection. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nano-emulsion difloxacin (NED) and commercial difloxacin (CD) water supplement on broiler's growth, feed intake, and body weight, weight gain, growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality rate (MR). The antibiotic sensitivity was determined both in-vivo and in-vitro for NED against Salmonella enterica Serovar enteritidis in chickens. Methods 1500 one-day of age chicks were grouped into five groups as follows: group 1 (G1) control negative group, G2 control positive group (infected and not treated), G3 (infected and treated with CD, and G4 and G5 (infected and treated with NED at different doses). Samples, including the intestine, liver, and spleen were collected. Agar well diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentrations were adopted. Histopathological lesions on different tissues were studied. During 35 days of the experiment, the feed intake, growth rate, growth gain, FCR, and MR were recorded daily. In addition, a variety of analytical techniques including transmission electron microscopic analysis, dynamic light scattering, UV-visible spectroscopy, and zeta-potential analysis were applied to characterize NED. Results The agar well diffusion test indicated that NED was in-vitro effective against S. enteritidis isolates than CD. The minimum inhibitory concentration was recorded as NED inhibited bacterial growth till well 8 at a concentration of 0.78 µg/ml; on the other hand, the CD inhibited bacterial growth till well 6 at a concentration of 0.62 µg/ml. Growth performance and MRs in the groups treated with NED are significantly reduced. Conclusion Treatment of broiler's drinking water with NED at doses of 0.5 and 1 ml instead of pure CD was able to enforce a new perspective, antibacterial efficacy, enhancing the productive performance, and reducing the MRs of broilers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I. Ashosh
- Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Moshira A. El-Abasy
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ola M. El-Borady
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Elkhaiat
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Ismail
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Algammal AM, El-Tarabili RM, Abd El-Ghany WA, Almanzalawi EA, Alqahtani TM, Ghabban H, Al-Otaibi AS, Alatfeehy NM, Abosleima NM, Hetta HF, Badawy GA. Resistance profiles, virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes of XDR S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. AMB Express 2023; 13:110. [PMID: 37817026 PMCID: PMC10564691 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian salmonellosis is concomitant with high financial crises in the poultry industry as well as food-borne illness in man. The present study is designed to investigate the emergence of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in diseased broilers, resistance profiles, and monitoring virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Consequently, 450 samples (cloacal swabs, liver, and spleen) were collected from 150 diseased birds from different farms in Giza Governorate, Egypt. Subsequently, the bacteriological examination was done. Afterward, the obtained Salmonella isolates were tested for serogrouping, antibiogram, PCR monitoring of virulence (invA, stn, hilA, and pefA), and antimicrobial resistance genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaNDM, ermA, sul1, tetA, and aadA1). The total prevalence of Salmonella in the examined diseased broilers was 9.3%, and the highest prevalence was noticed in cloacal swabs. Among the recovered Salmonella isolates (n = 35), 20 serovars were recognized as S. Enteritidis and 15 serovars were identified as S. Typhimurium. Almost 60% of the retrieved S. Enteritidis serovars were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) to seven antimicrobial classes and inherited sul1, blaTEM, tetA, blaCTX-M, ereA, and aadA1 genes. Likewise, 25% of the recovered S. Enteritidis serovars were multidrug-resistant (MDR) to six classes and have sul1, blaTEM, tetA, blaCTX-M, and ereA resistance genes. Also, 66.7% of the retrieved S. Typhimurium serovars were XDR to seven classes and have sul1, blaTEM, tetA, blaCTX-M, ereA, and aadA1 genes. Succinctly, this report underlined the reemergence of XDR S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis in broiler chickens. Meropenem and norfloxacin exposed a hopeful antimicrobial activity toward the re-emerging XDR S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis in broilers. Moreover, the recurrence of these XDR Salmonella strains poses a potential public health threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Reham M El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Abd El-Ghany
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Enas A Almanzalawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani M Alqahtani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa Ghabban
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amenah S Al-Otaibi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayera M Alatfeehy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 1261, Egypt
| | - Naira M Abosleima
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 1261, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Badawy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 46429, Umluj, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang D, Ma B, Liao Z, Li W, Zhang T, Lei C, Wang H. Flaxseed Supplementation in Chicken Feed Accelerates Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis Clearance, Modulates Cecum Microbiota, and Influences Ovarian Gene Expression in Laying Hens. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1353. [PMID: 37759753 PMCID: PMC10526464 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen that poses a serious threat to both human and animal health and food safety. Flaxseed is rich in unsaturated fatty acids; has anti-metabolic syndrome, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties; and may be a potential source of feed additives. To investigate the impact of flaxseed on Salmonella-infected laying hens, we administered Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) after adding flaxseed to the feed of laying hens (15% [750 mg/kg]). S. Enteritidis colonization was reduced and its clearance was accelerated from the laying hens. Furthermore, flaxseed supplementation mitigated the damage to the ileum caused by S. Enteritidis. We analyzed alterations in intestinal flora through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. S. Enteritidis infection increased the abundance of Akkermansia and triggered the host inflammatory response. Conversely, the addition of flaxseed to the feed increased the abundance of beneficial intestinal bacteria, such as Lactobacilli and Bacteroides. Ovarian health is important for egg production performance in laying hens and our findings indicate that S. Enteritidis can persist in the ovaries for an extended period. Therefore, we further performed transcriptome sequencing analysis of ovarian tissues on day seven after S. Enteritidis infection. S. Enteritidis infection leads to altered ovarian gene expression, including the downregulation of lipid metabolism and growth and development genes and the upregulation of host immune response genes in laying hens. The upregulation of genes associated with growth and development may have stimulated ovarian growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Boheng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ziwei Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (D.W.); (B.M.); (Z.L.); (W.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu S, Zhang Q, Cong G, Xiao Y, Shen Y, Zhang S, Zhao W, Shi S. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 protect chicks from damage caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization. Anim Nutr 2023; 14:450-460. [PMID: 37649679 PMCID: PMC10463197 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
As a foodborne pathogen of global importance, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a threat to public health that is mainly spread by poultry products. Intestinal Enterobacteriaceae can inhibit the colonization of S. Enteritidis and are regarded as a potential antibiotic substitute. We investigated, in chicks, the anti-S. Enteritidis effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli) Nissle 1917, the most well-known probiotic member of Enterobacteriaceae. Eighty 1-d-old healthy female AA broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 20 in each group, namely the negative control (group P), the E. coli Nissle 1917-treated group (group N), the S. Enteritidis-infected group (group S) and the E. coli Nissle 1917-treated and S. Enteritidis-infected group (group NS). From d 5 to 7, chicks in groups N and NS were orally gavaged once a day with E. coli Nissle 1917 and in groups P and S were administered the same volume of sterile PBS. At d 8, the chicks in groups S and NS were orally gavaged with S. Enteritidis and in groups P and N were administered the same volume of sterile PBS. Sampling was conducted 24 h after challenge. Results showed that gavage of E. coli Nissle 1917 reduced the spleen index, Salmonella loads, and inflammation (P < 0.05). It improved intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier function (P < 0.05). S. Enteritidis infection significantly reduced mRNA expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and solute carrier family 6-member 19 (SLC6A19) in the cecum and the content of Gly, Ser, Gln, and Trp in the serum (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with E. coli Nissle 1917 yielded mRNA expression of ACE2 and SLC6A19 in the cecum and levels of Gly, Ser, Gln, and Trp in the serum similar to that of uninfected chicks (P < 0.05). Additionally, E. coli Nissle 1917 altered cecum microbiota composition and enriched the abundance of E. coli, Lactobacillales, and Lachnospiraceae. These findings reveal that the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 reduced S. Enteritidis infection and shows enormous potential as an alternative to antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanglei Cong
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Xiao
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yiru Shen
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Zhao
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shourong Shi
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmed N, El-Fateh M, Amer MS, El-Shafei RA, Bilal M, Diarra MS, Zhao X. Antioxidative and Cytoprotective Efficacy of Ethanolic Extracted Cranberry Pomace against Salmonella Enteritidis Infection in Chicken Liver Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020460. [PMID: 36830018 PMCID: PMC9952629 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a globally significant zoonotic foodborne pathogen. Chicken liver is a vital organ that has been recently implicated in several reported human salmonellosis outbreaks in the U.S. One promising strategy for reducing Salmonella in chickens could be through supplementation with natural antimicrobial additives. Ethanolic extracted cranberry pomace (CPOH) is an excellent source of bioactive polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. However, the protective effect of CPOH against S. Enteritidis-induced chicken hepatic cell damage remains unclear. In this study, we used a chicken hepatoma cell (LMH) infection model to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of CPOH. CPOH increased the viability of S. Enteritidis-infected LMH cells. Furthermore, CPOH reduced the adhesion and invasion of S. Enteritidis to LMH cells. CPOH downregulated the expression of Rho GTPase genes that are essential for Salmonella's entry into LMH cells. Additionally, the expression of antioxidant regulatory genes, such as Nrf2, HO-1, Txn, and Gclc, was increased. Our data show that CPOH effectively protected LMH cells from cell damage through the inhibition of S. Enteritidis adhesion and invasion, as well as the induction of the expression of master antioxidant genes. These findings offer opportunities to develop sustainable, safe, and economic strategies to reduce the colonization and pathogenesis of Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Ahmed
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Dakhelia, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Fateh
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Dakhelia, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Magdy S. Amer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Dakhelia, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Reham A. El-Shafei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Dakhelia, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Moussa S. Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-398-7975
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu M, Huang X, Xu X, Zhang Z, He S, Zhu J, Liu H, Shi X. Characterization of the Role of Two-Component Systems in Antibiotic Resistance Formation in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis. mSphere 2022; 7:e0038322. [PMID: 36286534 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00383-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The two-component system (TCS) is one of the primary pathways by which bacteria adapt to environmental stresses such as antibiotics. This study aimed to systematically explore the role of TCSs in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Twenty-six in-frame deletion mutants of TCSs were generated from S. Enteritidis SJTUF12367 (the wild type [WT]). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests with these mutants revealed that 10 TCSs were involved in the development of antibiotic resistance in S. Enteritidis. In these 10 pairs of TCSs, functional defects in CpxAR, PhoPQ, and GlnGL in various S. Enteritidis isolates led to a frequent decrease in MIC values against at least three classes of clinically important antibiotics, including cephalosporins and quinolones, which indicated the importance of these TCSs to the formation of MDR. Interaction network analysis via STRING revealed that the genes cpxA, cpxR, phoP, and phoQ played important roles in the direct interaction with global regulatory genes and the relevant genes of efflux pumps and outer membrane porins. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis further demonstrated that the increased susceptibility to cephalosporins and quinolones in ΔphoP and ΔcpxR mutant cells was accompanied by increased expression of membrane porin genes (ompC, ompD, and ompF) and reduced expression of efflux pump genes (acrA, macB, and mdtK), as well as an adverse transcription of the global regulatory genes (ramA and crp). These results indicated that CpxAR and PhoPQ played an important role in the development of MDR in S. Enteritidis through regulation of cell membrane permeability and efflux pump activity. IMPORTANCE S. Enteritidis is a predominant Salmonella serotype that causes human salmonellosis and frequently exhibits high-level resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including cephalosporins and quinolones. Although TCSs are known as regulators for bacterial adaptation to stressful conditions, which modulates β-lactam resistance in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, there is little knowledge of their functional mechanisms underlying the development of antibiotic resistance in S. Enteritidis. Here, we systematically identified the TCS elements in S. Enteritidis SJTUF12367, revealed that the three TCSs CpxAR, PhoPQ, and GlnGL were crucial for the MDR formation in S. Enteritidis, and preliminarily illustrated the regulatory functions of CpxAR and PhoPQ for antimicrobial resistance genes. Our work provides the basis to understand the important TCSs that regulate formation of antibiotic resistance in S. Enteritidis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Teklemariam AD, Alharbi MG, Al-Hindi RR, Alotibi I, Aljaddawi AA, Azhari SA, Esmael A. Isolation and Characterization of Chi-like Salmonella Bacteriophages Infecting Two Salmonella enterica Serovars, Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Pathogens 2022; 11. [PMID: 36558814 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis are well-known pathogens that cause foodborne diseases in humans. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serovars has caused serious public health problems worldwide. In this study, two lysogenic phages, STP11 and SEP13, were isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Jeddah, KSA. Transmission electron microscopic images revealed that both phages are new members of the genus “Chivirus” within the family Siphoviridae. Both STP11 and SEP13 had a lysis time of 90 min with burst sizes of 176 and 170 PFU/cell, respectively. The two phages were thermostable (0 °C ≤ temperature < 70 °C) and pH tolerant at 3 ≤ pH < 11. STP11 showed lytic activity for approximately 42.8% (n = 6), while SEP13 showed against 35.7% (n = 5) of the tested bacterial strains. STP11 and STP13 have linear dsDNA genomes consisting of 58,890 bp and 58,893 bp nucleotide sequences with G + C contents of 57% and 56.5%, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the genomes of phages STP11 and SEP13 contained 70 and 71 ORFs, respectively. No gene encoding tRNA was detected in their genome. Of the 70 putative ORFs of phage STP11, 27 (38.6%) were assigned to functional genes and 43 (61.4%) were annotated as hypothetical proteins. Similarly, 29 (40.8%) of the 71 putative ORFs of phage SEP13 were annotated as functional genes, whereas the remaining 42 (59.2%) were assigned as nonfunctional proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequence demonstrated that the isolated phages are closely related to Chi-like Salmonella viruses.
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu B, Zhang X, Ding X, Bin P, Zhu G. The vertical transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in a One-Health context. One Health 2022; 16:100469. [PMID: 36507074 PMCID: PMC9731862 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis, SE) is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen, causing economic losses in animal husbandry and large numbers of human deaths and critically threatening economic development and public health. Human infection with SE has complex transmission routes, involving the environment, animal reservoirs, and water in a One-Health context. Food-producing animals, particularly poultry and livestock, are regarded as the most common sources of SE infection in humans. However, there is little known about the vertical transmission of SE in a One-Health context. In this review, we analyze the ecological significance of SE in a One-Health context. Importantly, we focus on the difference in vertical transmission of SE in poultry, livestock, and humans. We introduce the transmission pathway, describe the immune mechanisms, and discuss the models that could be used for studying the vertical transmission of SE and the strategy that prevention and control for vertical transmission of SE into the future from a One-Health perspective. Together, considering the vertical transmission of SE, it is helpful to provide important insights into the control and decontamination pathways of SE in animal husbandry and enhance knowledge about the prevention of fetal infection in human pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baobao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xueyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peng Bin
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Corresponding author at: College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang S, Rong X, Liu M, Liang Z, Geng Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Ji C, Zhao L, Ma Q. Intestinal Mucosal Immunity-Mediated Modulation of the Gut Microbiome by Oral Delivery of Enterococcus faecium Against Salmonella Enteritidis Pathogenesis in a Laying Hen Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853954. [PMID: 35371085 PMCID: PMC8967290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) is a protective role that has crucial beneficial functions on intestinal homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of E. faecium on the laying performance, egg quality, host metabolism, intestinal mucosal immunity, and gut microbiota of laying hens under the Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) challenge. A total of 400 45-week-old laying hens were randomly divided into four treatments (CON, EF, SCON, and SEF groups) with five replicates for each group and 20 hens per replicate and fed with a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with E. faecium (2.5 × 108 cfu/g feed). The experiment comprised two phases, consisting of the pre-salmonella challenged phase (from day 14 to day 21) and the post-salmonella challenged phase (from day 21 to day 42). At day 21 and day 22, the hens in SCON and SEF groups were orally challenged with 1.0 ml suspension of 109 cfu/ml S. Enteritidis (CVCC3377) daily, whereas the hens in CON and EF groups received the same volume of sterile PBS. Herein, our results showed that E. faecium administration significantly improved egg production and shell thickness during salmonella infection. Also, E. faecium affected host lipid metabolism parameters via downregulating the concentration of serum triglycerides, inhibited oxidative stress, and enhanced immune functions by downregulating the level of serum malondialdehyde and upregulating the level of serum immunoglobulin G. Of note, E. faecium supplementation dramatically alleviated intestinal villi structure injury and crypt atrophy, and improved intestinal mucosal barrier injuries caused by S. Enteritidis challenge. Moreover, our data revealed that E. faecium supplementation ameliorated S. Enteritidis infection-induced gut microbial dysbiosis by altering the gut microbial composition (reducing Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, Synergistes, and Sutterella, and increasing Barnesiella, Butyricimonas, Bilophila, and Candidatus_Soleaferrea), and modulating the gut microbial function, such as cysteine and methionine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, salmonella infection, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Taken together, E. faecium has a strong capacity to inhibit the S. Enteritidis colonization of hens. The results highlight the potential of E. faecium supplementation as a dietary supplement to combat S. Enteritidis infection in animal production and to promote food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gu K, Song Z, Zhou C, Ma P, Li C, Lu Q, Liao Z, Huang Z, Tang Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Yan W, Lei C, Wang H. Development of nanobody-horseradish peroxidase-based sandwich ELISA to detect Salmonella Enteritidis in milk and in vivo colonization in chicken. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:167. [PMID: 35361208 PMCID: PMC8973953 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) being one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogens worldwide poses a serious threat to public safety. Prevention of zoonotic infectious disease and controlling the risk of transmission of S. Enteriditidis critically requires the evolution of rapid and sensitive detection methods. The detection methods based on nucleic acid and conventional antibodies are fraught with limitations. Many of these limitations of the conventional antibodies can be circumvented using natural nanobodies which are endowed with characteristics, such as high affinity, thermal stability, easy production, especially higher diversity. This study aimed to select the special nanobodies against S. Enteriditidis for developing an improved nanobody-horseradish peroxidase-based sandwich ELISA to detect S. Enteritidis in the practical sample. The nanobody-horseradish peroxidase fusions can help in eliminating the use of secondary antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase, which can reduce the time of the experiment. Moreover, the novel sandwich ELISA developed in this study can be used to detect S. Enteriditidis specifically and rapidly with improved sensitivity. Results This study screened four nanobodies from an immunized nanobody library, after four rounds of screening, using the phage display technology. Subsequently, the screened nanobodies were successfully expressed with the prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems, respectively. A sandwich ELISA employing the SE-Nb9 and horseradish peroxidase-Nb1 pair to capture and to detect S. Enteritidis, respectively, was developed and found to possess a detection limit of 5 × 104 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. In the established immunoassay, the 8 h-enrichment enabled the detection of up to approximately 10 CFU/mL of S. Enteriditidis in milk samples. Furthermore, we investigated the colonization distribution of S. Enteriditidis in infected chicken using the established assay, showing that the S. Enteriditidis could subsist in almost all parts of the intestinal tract. These results were in agreement with the results obtained from the real-time PCR and plate culture. The liver was specifically identified to be colonized with quite a several S. Enteriditidis, indicating the risk of S. Enteriditidis infection outside of intestinal tract. Conclusions This newly developed a sandwich ELISA that used the SE-Nb9 as capture antibody and horseradish peroxidase-Nb1 to detect S. Enteriditidis in the spike milk sample and to analyze the colonization distribution of S. Enteriditidis in the infected chicken. These results demonstrated that the developed assay is to be applicable for detecting S. Enteriditidis in the spiked milk in the rapid, specific, and sensitive way. Meanwhile, the developed assay can analyze the colonization distribution of S. Enteriditidis in the challenged chicken to indicate it as a promising tool for monitoring S. Enteriditidis in poultry products. Importantly, the SE-Nb1-vHRP as detection antibody can directly bind S. Enteritidis captured by SE-Nb9, reducing the use of commercial secondary antibodies and shortening the detection time. In short, the developed sandwich ELISA ushers great prospects for monitoring S. Enteritidis in food safety control and further commercial production. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01376-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengxu Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ziwei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jin L, Wang S, Shao Q, Cheng Y. A rapid and facile analytical approach to detecting Salmonella Enteritidis with aptamer-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 267:120625. [PMID: 34840047 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella should be absence in pharmaceutical preparations and foods according to regulations in many countries. Up to now, rapidly detecting Salmonella at 1 CFU·[10 g (mL) ]-1 in pharmaceutical preparation or 1 CFU·[25 g (mL) ]-1 in food samples is still a challenge. Herein, we present an aptamer-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for rapidly detecting Salmonella Enteritidis by using a handheld Raman instrument. The aptamer could specifically recognize S. Enteritidis, and 4-MBA self-assembled on the surface of Au@Ag NPs was used as a Raman reporter molecule. The method was validated to be high specific with no interference from other five pathogenic bacteria. It could identify S. Enteritidis contaminant at ∼ 1 CFU·(10 g)-1 spiked level in a real sample (Wenxin granule, a botanical drug) after 6 h of enrichment. The detection time was much shorter than that of the methods (more than 54 ∼ 96 h) in the standards of pharmaceutical preparations and foods. In addition, the method could quantitatively determinate S. Enteritidis with satisfactory results. The SERS peak intensities of 4-MBA at 1072 cm-1 showed a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.9873) with the logarithms of S. Enteritidis concentrations ranging from 4.17 × 102 to 1.39 × 107 CFU·mL-1. T-test result (P = 0.425) revealed that there was no significant difference between the determination results obtained by the SERS method and the plate counting method. Therefore, the study indicated that the method was practical and reliable, and it could be a promising alternative for the on-site detection of S. Enteritidis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Qing Shao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yiyu Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barmak SM, Sinyavskiy YA, Berdygaliev AB, Sharmanov TS, Savitskaya IS, Sultankulova GT, Zholdybayeva EV. Development and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Identify the Three Most Common Serotypes of Salmonella enterica Causing Clinical Infections in Kazakhstan. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112319. [PMID: 34835445 PMCID: PMC8625340 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to compare the performance of conventional PCR and real-time PCR assays as screening methods for identification of three frequent, clinically significant Salmonella serovars in Kazakhstan. We determined the diagnostic efficacy of three molecular methods for detection of S. enterica subsp. enterica and typing S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Virchow. A total of 137 clinical samples and 883 food samples were obtained in Almaty in 2018–2019. All tests showed high analytical specificity for detecting S. enterica and its corresponding serovariants (100%). The sensitivity of real-time PCR for each of the tested targets was 1–10 microbial cells and in conventional PCR 10–100 microbial cells. The trials with conventional PCR and real-time PCR had a diagnostic efficacy (DE) of 100% and 99.71%, respectively. The DE of real-time PCR and conventional PCR for detecting S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium was 99.90%, while the DE of conventional PCR and real-time PCR for detecting S. Virchow was 99.31% and 99.80%, respectively. The RAPD-PCR analysis of the genomic DNA of Salmonella enterica showed the genetic kinship of S. Enteritidis isolates, and the genetic heterogeneity of S. Typhimurium and S. Virchow isolates. Thus, the developed methods can be considered as alternatives to classical serotyping using antisera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabyrkhan M Barmak
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Biotechnology and Biologically Active Substances Laboratory, Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuriy A Sinyavskiy
- Biotechnology and Biologically Active Substances Laboratory, Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidar B Berdygaliev
- Biotechnology and Biologically Active Substances Laboratory, Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan
| | - Turegeldy Sh Sharmanov
- Biotechnology and Biologically Active Substances Laboratory, Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan
| | - Irina S Savitskaya
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulmira T Sultankulova
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Elena V Zholdybayeva
- National Center for Biotechnology, National Scientific Shared Laboratory of Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cui L, Wang X, Zhao Y, Peng Z, Gao P, Cao Z, Feng J, Zhang F, Guo K, Wu M, Chen H, Dai M. Virulence Comparison of Salmonella enterica Subsp. enterica Isolates from Chicken and Whole Genome Analysis of the High Virulent Strain S. Enteritidis 211. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2239. [PMID: 34835366 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Salmonellaenterica is one of the common pathogens in both humans and animals that causes salmonellosis and threatens public health all over the world. Methods and Results: Here we determined the virulence phenotypes of nine Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica (S. enterica) isolates in vitro and in vivo, including pathogenicity to chicken, cell infection, biofilm formation and virulence gene expressions. S. Enteritidis 211 (SE211) was highly pathogenic with notable virulence features among the nine isolates. The combination of multiple virulence genes contributed to the conferring of the high virulence in SE211. Importantly, many mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were found in the genome sequence of SE211, including a virulence plasmid, genomic islands, and prophage regions. The MGEs and CRISPR-Cas system might function synergistically for gene transfer and immune defense. In addition, the neighbor joining tree and the minimum spanning tree were constructed in this study. Conclusions: This study provided both the virulence phenotypes and genomic features, which might contribute to the understanding of bacterial virulence mechanisms in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. The first completed genomic sequence for the high virulent S. Enteritidis isolate SE211 and the comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses provided a preliminary understanding of S. enterica genetics and laid the foundation for further study.
Collapse
|
15
|
Huq MA, Akter S. Biosynthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Application of Novel Silver Nanoparticles against Drug Resistant Pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella Enteritidis. Molecules 2021; 26:5996. [PMID: 34641540 PMCID: PMC8512087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study highlights the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using culture supernatant of Massilia sp. MAHUQ-52 as well as the antimicrobial application of synthesized AgNPs against multi-drug resistant pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella Enteritidis. Well-defined AgNPs formation occurred from the reaction mixture of cell-free supernatant and silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution within 48 h of incubation. UV-visible spectroscopy analysis showed a strong peak at 435 nm, which corresponds to the surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by FE-TEM, EDX, XRD, DLS and FT-IR. From FE-TEM analysis, it was found that most of the particles were spherical shape, and the size of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) was 15-55 nm. EDX spectrum revealed a strong silver signal at 3 keV. XRD analysis determined the crystalline, pure, face-centered cubic AgNPs. FT-IR analysis identified various functional molecules that may be involved with the synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs. The antimicrobial activity of Massilia sp. MAHUQ-52 mediated synthesized AgNPs was determined using the disk diffusion method against K. pneumoniae and S. Enteritidis. Biosynthesized AgNPs showed strong antimicrobial activity against both K. pneumoniae and S. Enteritidis. The MICs of synthesized AgNPs against K. pneumoniae and S. Enteritidis were 12.5 and 25.0 μg/mL, respectively. The MBC of biosynthesized AgNPs against both pathogens was 50.0 μg/mL. From FE-SEM analysis, it was found that the AgNPs-treated cells showed morphological changes with irregular and damaged cell walls that culminated in cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Amdadul Huq
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resource, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Shahina Akter
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Techathuvanan C, D'Souza DH. Propidium monoazide for viable Salmonella enterica detection by PCR and LAMP assays in comparison to RNA-based RT-PCR, RT-LAMP, and culture-based assays. J Food Sci 2020; 85:3509-3516. [PMID: 32964461 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of live/infectious foodborne pathogens is urgently needed in order to prevent outbreaks and food recalls. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the incorporation of propidium monoazide (PMA) into PCR or LAMP assays to selectively detect viable Salmonella Enteritidis following sublethal heat or UV treatment, and autoclave sterilization; and (2) compare the detection of PMA-PCR and PMA-LAMP to DNA-based PCR and LAMP (without PMA), RNA-based RT-PCR and RT-LAMP, and culture-based methods. Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) from 1-mL S. Enteritidis samples were used for PCR, RT-PCR, LAMP, and RT-LAMP assays. Serially diluted samples were plated on Xylose Lysine Tergitol-4 agar for cultural enumeration. Comparable detection of overnight cultured S. Enteritidis was obtained by PMA-PCR, PCR, and RT-PCR, though 1 to 2 log less sensitive than cultural assays. PMA-LAMP and RT-LAMP showed similar detection of overnight cultures, being 1 to 2 log less sensitive than the LAMP assay, and ∼4 log less than culture-based detection. Autoclaved S. Enteritidis did not test positive by RNA-based methods or PMA-PCR, but PMA-LAMP showed detection of 1 log CFU/mL. PMA-PCR and RT-PCR showed comparable detection of sublethal heat-treated cells to cultural assays, while PMA-LAMP showed 1 to 2 log less detection. Our results suggest that PMA-PCR and PMA-LAMP assays are not suitable for selective viable cell detection after UV treatment. While PMA-LAMP assay needs optimization, PMA-PCR shows promise for live/viable S. Enteritidis detection. PMA-PCR shows potential for routine testing in the food industry with results within 1-day, albeit depending on the inactivation method employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chayapa Techathuvanan
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4591, U.S.A
| | - Doris Helen D'Souza
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4591, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Z, Du W, Wang M, Li Y, Su S, Wu T, Kang Y, Shan X, Shi Q, Zhu G. Contribution of the colicin receptor CirA to biofilm formation, antibotic resistance, and pathogenicity of Salmonella Enteritidis. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 60:72-81. [PMID: 31737922 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis is an important foodborne pathogen that can infect a wide range of animal species including human beings, resulting in great losses to commercial husbandry and human health. CirA is an outer membrane receptor involved in iron uptake and colicin1A/B-mediated competitive killing. Although iron uptake is crucial to bacterial virulence, limited literature is available about the role of CirA in infection. In the present work, we aimed to evaluate the role of CirA during S. Enteritidis infection. For this purpose, we generated a CirA-deficient mutant of the S. Enteritidis strain C50336 and examined its biological characteristics. The results showed that cirA gene inactivation caused sharply decreased biofilm formation and apparently impaired antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, the cirA gene deletion mutant showed markedly reduced adhesion and invasion to human epithelial cell line Caco-2 cells and decreased proliferation in mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, attenuated virulence was determined by a mouse model, with an LD50 increase of approximately 1,000-fold. These data indicated that CirA plays critical roles in the S. Enteritidis infection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Wannian Du
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- The Second Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Shuoqing Su
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Tonglei Wu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanhuan Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, Hebei, China
| | - Qiumei Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Andesfha E, Indrawati A, Mayasari NLPI, Rahayuningtyas I, Jusa I. Detection of Salmonella pathogenicity island and Salmonella plasmid virulence genes in Salmonella Enteritidis originated from layer and broiler farms in Java Island. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:384-393. [PMID: 31583236 PMCID: PMC6760510 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of salmonellosis in humans and animals is still high due to the occurrence of virulence factors in Salmonella enterica which play a role in the process of infection in the host and the spread of disease and most of the S. enterica can infect humans and animals. The present study was aimed to identify Salmonella Enteritidis and detect virulence genes related to Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and Salmonella plasmid virulence (Spv). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 27 S. Enteritidis archive isolates belonging to the National Veterinary Drug Assay Laboratory (NVDAL) were used in this study. The bacteria were collected in 2016 and 2017 from samples of the cloaca and fecal swabs from layer and broiler farms in five provinces of Java Island. Isolates were cultured in specific media, biochemical tests and Gram staining. Detection of S. Enteritidis and virulence genes was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS Identification of serovar showed 100% (27/27) isolates were positive for the sdfI gene (304 bp). The result confirmed that all strains were S. Enteritidis. PCR based detection of virulence genes showed that 100% of isolates had virulence genes in SPI-1 to SPI-5, namely, invA, ssaQ, mgtC, spi4D, and pipA genes. All the isolates (27/27) were also positive to spvB gene-based PCR. CONCLUSION All the isolates of S. Enteritidis in this study carry virulence genes related to SPI-1 to SPI-5 and plasmid virulence. The existence of virulent genes indicates that the S. Enteritidis strain examined in this study is highly virulent and poses a potential threat of worse disease outcome in humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernes Andesfha
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Agustin Indrawati
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ni Luh Putu Ika Mayasari
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Siriken B, Al G, Erol I. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in Ground Beef and Meatball Samples in Samsun, Turkey. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:136-144. [PMID: 31453743 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella spp., including S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, their antibiotic resistance profiles, and the presence/absence of class 1 integron (intI1) in 50 raw ground beef and 50 raw, meatball samples collected in the Samsun Province, Turkey. For the detection of Salmonella, conventional culture technique and PCR assay were used. The antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates against nine antibiotics were tested. Salmonella spp. was detected in 20 (n = 86 isolates) samples, namely 12 ground beef and 8 meatball samples. Salmonella Enteritidis (n = 12; 24 isolates) or S. Typhimurium (n = 3; 6 isolates) was detected in 15 (75.00%, n = 30 isolates) samples. At least one species-specific gene (oriC or invA) was detected in the isolates. All isolates were sensitive to two of the third-generation cephalosporins and also nalidixic acid. There was a different level of multidrug resistance (MDR) between S. Enteritidis and Typhimurium isolates. Class 1 integron was detected in four samples (n = 7 isolates); seven isolates were S. Enteritidis and four out of the seven S. Enteritidis isolates were also MDR. In conclusion, the presence of Salmonella, particularly S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, in ground beef and meatballs may cause foodborne infections. The presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella and S. Enteritidis with the Cls1integron is important for horizontal antibiotic gene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Siriken
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Al
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Irfan Erol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dittoe DK, Atchley JA, Feye KM, Lee JA, Knueven CJ, Ricke SC. The Efficacy of Sodium Bisulfate Salt (SBS) Alone and Combined With Peracetic Acid (PAA) as an Antimicrobial on Whole Chicken Drumsticks Artificially Inoculated With Salmonella Enteritidis. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:6. [PMID: 30761312 PMCID: PMC6363672 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella spp. on poultry products is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in the United States. Therefore, novel antimicrobial substances are being explored as potential interventions in poultry processing facilities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of varying concentrations of sodium bisulfate salt, SBS, alone or in combination with peracetic acid, PAA, in 15 s whole part dips. Ninety six drumsticks (4 replications, 8 treatments, 3 days) were inoculated separately in a 400 mL solution of nalidixic resistant (NA) Salmonella Enteritidis (107 CFU/mL) and allowed to adhere for 60 to 90 min at 4°C for a final concentration of 106 CFU/g. The experimental treatments included: a no treatment (control), and 15 s dips in 300 mL of tap water alone (TW) or with the addition of 1; 2; and 3% SBS; 1; 2; and 3% SBS+PAA. After treatment, drumsticks were stored at 4°C until microbial sampling was conducted. On d 0, l, and 3, drumsticks were rinsed in 150 mL of nBPW for 1 min, 100 μL of rinsate was serially diluted, spread plated on XLT4+NA (20 μg/mL), and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h. Log-transformed counts were analyzed using a randomized complete block design (day) using One-Way ANOVA, polynomial contrasts, and pairwise comparisons with means being separated by Tukey's HSD with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. A treatment by day interaction (P = 0.14071) was not substantial. Thus, the treatment effect was investigated separately by days. Over time, a linear trend was observed in S. Enteritidis concentration when SBS was increased (1 < 2 < 3%). The concentration of S. Enteritidis was different between 1% SBS and 1% SBS+PAA on d 0. However, the level of S. Enteritidis was not different among drumsticks treated in 2 and 3% SBS and 2 and 3% SBS+PAA across d 0, 1, 3. The application of 3% SBS alone or in combination with 200 ppm of PAA is capable of reducing the presence of Salmonella over a 3-d refrigeration period; potentially increasing the safety of poultry products for consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Julie A Atchley
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kristina M Feye
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jung Ae Lee
- Agricultural Statistics Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang YK, Chen SY, Wong MY, Chiu CH, Chu C. Pathogenicity differences of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and Choleraesuis-specific virulence plasmids and clinical S. Choleraesuis strains with large plasmids to the human THP-1 cell death. Microb Pathog 2018; 128:69-74. [PMID: 30583022 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a common foodborne and zoonotic pathogen. Only a few serovars carry a virulence plasmid (pSV), which enhances the pathogenicity of the host. Here, we investigated the pathogenicity roles of the pSVs among wild-type, plasmid-less, and complemented S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis S. Choleraesuis in invasion, phagocytosis, and intracellular bacterial survival in human THP-1 cells and cell death patterns by flow cytometry and difference in cell death patterns between pig and human S. Choleraesuis isolates with large pSCVs. Virulence plasmid (pSTV) led to slightly increasing cellular apoptosis for S. Typhimurium; virulence plasmid (pSEV) enhanced apoptosis and necrosis significantly for S. Enteritidis; and pSCV reduced apoptosis significantly for S. Choleraesuis. After complementation, pSTV increased the intracellular survival of pSCV-less Choleraesuis and the cytotoxicity against human THP-1 cells. Using the Cytochalasin D to differentiate the invasion of S. Choleraaesuis and phagocytosis of THP-1 cells determined that pSCV were responsible for invasion and phagocytosis at 0 h and inhibited intracellular replication in THP-1 cells, and pSTV were responsible for invasion and increased intracellular survival for S. Choleraesuis in THP-1 cells. The human isolates with large pSCV induced more cellular apoptosis and necrosis than the pig isolates. In conclusion, human S. Choleraesuis isolates carrying large pSCVs were more adapted to human THP-1 cells for more cell death than pig isolates with large pSCV. The role of pSVs in invasion, phagocytosis, intracellular survival and apoptosis differed among hosted serovars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Kuang Huang
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ya Chen
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Min Yi Wong
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chishih Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Eade CR, Bogomolnaya L, Hung CC, Betteken MI, Adams LG, Andrews-Polymenis H, Altier C. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Is Expressed in the Chicken Intestine and Promotes Bacterial Proliferation. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00503-18. [PMID: 30396895 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00503-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a common cause of foodborne illness in the United States. The bacterium can be transmitted to humans via contaminated chicken meat and eggs, and virulence in humans requires type III secretion system 1 (TTSS-1), encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). Chickens often carry S Enteritidis subclinically, obscuring the role of SPI-1 in facilitating bacterial colonization. To evaluate the role of SPI-1 in the infection of chicks by Salmonella, we created and utilized strains harboring a stable fluorescent reporter fusion designed to quantify SPI-1 expression within the intestinal tracts of animals. Using mutants unable to express TTSS-1, we demonstrated the important role of the secretion system in facilitating bacterial colonization. We further showed that coinoculation of an SPI-1 mutant with the wild-type strain increased the number of mutant organisms in intestinal tissue and contents, suggesting that the wild type rescues the mutant. Our results support the hypothesis that SPI-1 facilitates S Enteritidis colonization of the chicken and make SPI-1 an attractive target in preventing Salmonella carriage and colonization in chickens to reduce contamination of poultry meat and eggs by this foodborne pathogen.
Collapse
|
23
|
Li P, Liu Q, Luo H, Liang K, Yi J, Luo Y, Hu Y, Han Y, Kong Q. O-Serotype Conversion in Salmonella Typhimurium Induces Protective Immune Responses against Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1647. [PMID: 29255460 PMCID: PMC5722840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections remain a big problem worldwide, causing enteric fever by Salmonella Typhi (or Paratyphi) or self-limiting gastroenteritis by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) in healthy individuals. NTS may become invasive and cause septicemia in elderly or immuno-compromised individuals, leading to high mortality and morbidity. No vaccines are currently available for preventing NTS infection in human. As these invasive NTS are restricted to several O-antigen serogroups including B1, D1, C1, and C2, O-antigen polysaccharide is believed to be a good target for vaccine development. In this study, a strategy of O-serotype conversion was investigated to develop live attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccines against the major serovars of NTS infections. The immunodominant O4 serotype of S. Typhimurium was converted into O9, O7, and O8 serotypes through unmarked chromosomal deletion–insertion mutations. O-serotype conversion was confirmed by LPS silver staining and western blotting. All O-serotype conversion mutations were successfully introduced into the live attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccine S738 (Δcrp Δcya) to evaluate their immunogenicity in mice model. The vaccine candidates induced high amounts of heterologous O-polysaccharide-specific functional IgG responses. Vaccinated mice survived a challenge of 100 times the 50% lethality dose (LD50) of wild-type S. Typhimurium. Protective efficacy against heterologous virulent Salmonella challenges was highly O-serotype related. Furthermore, broad-spectrum protection against S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Choleraesuis was observed by co-vaccination of O9 and O7 O-serotype-converted vaccine candidates. This study highlights the strategy of expressing heterologous O-polysaccharides via genetic engineering in developing live attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccines against NTS infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Liang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunlong Hu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingke Kong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alfouzan W, Bulach D, Izumiya H, AlBassam K, Sheikh S, Alrubai'aan N, Albert MJ. Carbuncle due to Salmonella Enteritidis: a novel presentation. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:51. [PMID: 28912837 PMCID: PMC5594545 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella Enteritidis causes intestinal and extra-intestinal infections, but rarely cutaneous infections. It has never been reported to cause carbuncle (a collection of interconnected furuncles with multiple pustular openings). We report a case of carbuncle due to S. Enteritidis. Case presentation An adult Bangladeshi patient with type 2 diabetes presented with a carbuncle on the left-side of his neck. A pure culture of S. Enteritidis was grown from the pus of the carbuncle. The patient was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin to which the isolate was susceptible. Whole genome sequencing of the strain showed that it possessed three additional virulence genes—pef (for plasmid-encoded fimbriae), spv (for salmonella plasmid virulence), rck (for resistance to complement killing) -responsible for systemic infections that were absent in the genome of a reference S. Enteritidis strain. In phylogenetic analysis, the strain clustered with other S. Enteritidis strains from different parts of the world. Conclusions A weakened immune system of the patient due to diabetes mellitus and the additional virulence genes of the isolate may have contributed to the unusual presentation of carbuncle. The possibility of S. Enteritidis to cause carbuncle should be considered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-017-0200-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wadha Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait.,Microbiology Unit, Farwaniya Hospital, Al Farwaniyah, Kuwait
| | - Dieter Bulach
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Khaled AlBassam
- Department of Surgery, Farwaniya Hospital, Al Farwaniyah, Kuwait
| | - Simin Sheikh
- Microbiology Unit, Farwaniya Hospital, Al Farwaniyah, Kuwait
| | | | - M John Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kasturi KN, Drgon T. Real-Time PCR Method for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Environmental Samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00644-17. [PMID: 28500041 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00644-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The methods currently used for detecting Salmonella in environmental samples require 2 days to produce results and have limited sensitivity. Here, we describe the development and validation of a real-time PCR Salmonella screening method that produces results in 18 to 24 h. Primers and probes specific to the gene invA, group D, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis organisms were designed and evaluated for inclusivity and exclusivity using a panel of 329 Salmonella isolates representing 126 serovars and 22 non-Salmonella organisms. The invA- and group D-specific sets identified all the isolates accurately. The PCR method had 100% inclusivity and detected 1 to 2 copies of Salmonella DNA per reaction. Primers specific for Salmonella-differentiating fragment 1 (Sdf-1) in conjunction with the group D set had 100% inclusivity for 32 S Enteritidis isolates and 100% exclusivity for the 297 non-Enteritidis Salmonella isolates. Single-laboratory validation performed on 1,741 environmental samples demonstrated that the PCR method detected 55% more positives than the Vitek immunodiagnostic assay system (VIDAS) method. The PCR results correlated well with the culture results, and the method did not report any false-negative results. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis documented excellent agreement between the results from the culture and PCR methods (area under the curve, 0.90; 95% confidence interval of 0.76 to 1.0) confirming the validity of the PCR method.IMPORTANCE This validated PCR method detects 55% more positives for Salmonella in half the time required for the reference method, VIDAS. The validated PCR method will help to strengthen public health efforts through rapid screening of Salmonella spp. in environmental samples.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ziebell K, Chui L, King R, Johnson S, Boerlin P, Johnson RP. Subtyping of Canadian isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis using Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) alone and in combination with Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and phage typing. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 139:29-36. [PMID: 28456552 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is one of the most common causes of human salmonellosis and in Canada currently accounts for over 40% of human cases. Reliable subtyping of isolates is required for outbreak detection and source attribution. However, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), the current standard subtyping method for Salmonella spp., is compromised by the high genetic homogeneity of SE. Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) was introduced to supplement PFGE, although there is a lack of data on the ability of MLVA to subtype Canadian isolates of SE. Three subtyping methods, PFGE, MLVA and phage typing were compared for their discriminatory power when applied to three panels of Canadian SE isolates: Panel 1: 70 isolates representing the diversity of phage types (PTs) and PFGE subtypes within these PTs; Panel 2: 214 apparently unrelated SE isolates of the most common PTs; and Panel 3: 27 isolates from 10 groups of epidemiologically related strains. For Panel 2 isolates, four MLVA subtypes were shared among 74% of unrelated isolates and in Panel 3 isolates, one MLVA subtype accounted for 62% of the isolates. For all panels, combining results from PFGE, MLVA and PT gave the best discrimination, except in Panel 1, where the combination of PT and PFGE was equally as high, due to the selection criteria for this panel. However, none of these methods is sufficiently discriminatory alone for reliable outbreak detection or source attribution, and must be applied together to achieve sufficient discrimination for practical purposes. Even then, some large clusters were not differentiated adequately. More discriminatory methods are required for reliable subtyping of this genetically highly homogeneous serovar. This need will likely be met by whole genome sequence analysis given the recent promising reports and as more laboratories implement this tool for outbreak response and surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ziebell
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, PHAC, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robin King
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Suzanne Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, PHAC, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Roger P Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, PHAC, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiao Y, Guo R, Tang P, Kang X, Yin J, Wu K, Geng S, Li Q, Sun J, Xu X, Zhou X, Gan J, Jiao X, Liu X, Pan Z. Signature-tagged mutagenesis screening revealed a novel smooth-to-rough transition determinant of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:48. [PMID: 28253852 PMCID: PMC5335844 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) has emerged as one of the most important food-borne pathogens for humans. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as a component of the outer membrane, is responsible for the virulence and smooth-to-rough transition in S. Enteritidis. In this study, we screened S. Enteritidis signature-tagged transposon mutant library using monoclonal antibody against somatic O9 antigen (O9 MAb) and O9 factor rabbit antiserum to identify novel genes that are involved in smooth-to-rough transition. Results A total of 480 mutants were screened and one mutant with transposon insertion in rfbG gene had smooth-to-rough transition phenotype. In order to verify the role of rfbG gene, an rfbG insertion or deletion mutant was constructed using λ-Red recombination system. Phenotypic and biological analysis revealed that rfbG insertion or deletion mutants were similar to the wild-type strain in growth rate and biochemical properties, but the swimming motility was reduced. SE Slide Agglutination test and ELISA test showed that rfbG mutants do not stimulate animals to produce agglutinating antibody. In addition, the half-lethal dose (LD50) of the rfbG deletion mutant strain was 106.6 -fold higher than that of the parent strain in a mouse model when injected intraperitoneally. Conclusions These data indicate that the rfbG gene is involved in smooth-to-rough transition, swimming motility and virulence of S. Enteritidis. Furthermore, somatic O-antigen antibody-based approach to screen signature-tagged transposon mutants is feasible to clarify LPS biosynthesis and to find suitable markers in DIVA-vaccine research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Rongxian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Peipei Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Junlei Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Kaiyue Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, 60612, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3089, Mansfield, CT, USA
| | - Junji Gan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mariam SH, Zegeye N, Aseffa A, Howe R. Diffusible substances from lactic acid bacterial cultures exert strong inhibitory effects on Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in a co-culture model. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:35. [PMID: 28202007 PMCID: PMC5312424 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Food-borne infections cause huge economic and human life losses. Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis are among the top ranking pathogens causing such losses. Control of such infections is hampered by persistent contamination of foods and food-processing environments, resistance of pathogens to sanitizing agents, existence of heterogeneous populations of pathogens (including culturable and viable but non-culturable cells) within the same food items, and inability to detect all such pathogens by culture-based methods. Modern methods such as flow cytometry allow analyses of cells at the single cell level within a short time and enable better and faster detection of such pathogens and distinctions between live and dead cells. Such methods should be complemented by control strategies including the use of beneficial bacteria that produce metabolites capable of inhibiting food-borne pathogens. In this study, broth cultures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented milk were tested for production of substances capable of inhibiting L. monocytogenes and S. Enteritidis in co-culture with LAB by assessment of colony-forming units (CFU) and live:dead cell populations by flow cytometry. Results The LAB isolates belonged to the species Lactococcus lactis, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Some LAB were effective in inhibition. Plating indicated up to 99% reduction in CFU from co-cultures compared to control cultures. Most of the bacteria in both cultures were in the viable but non-culturable state. The flow data showed that there were significantly higher dead cell numbers in co-cultures than in control cultures, indicating that such killing was caused by diffusible substances produced by the LAB cultures. Conclusion This study showed that metabolites from selected local LAB species can be used to significantly reduce pathogen load. However, conditions of use and application need to be further investigated and optimized for large-scale utilization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0944-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon H Mariam
- Section of Microbiology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhou Y, Zhou J, Wang D, Gao Q, Mu X, Gao S, Liu X. Evaluation of ompA and pgtE genes in determining pathogenicity in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Vet J 2016; 218:19-26. [PMID: 27938704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. This important food-borne pathogen also colonises the intestinal tracts of poultry and can spread systemically, especially in chickens. To identify the S. Enteritidis virulence genes involved in infection and colonisation of chickens, chromosomal deletion mutants of the ompA and pgtE genes, which encode essential components of omptins, were constructed. There were no significant differences between the wild-type and ompA and pgtE mutants in a series of in vitro assays, including an intracellular survival assay, survival in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken serum, and in vitro competition assays. In contrast, in vivo competition assays revealed that ompA and pgtE mutants underwent attenuated growth in liver, cardiac blood, spleen, lung, and kidney compared to a wild-type strain (CVCC3378). When tested in SPF chickens, ompA or pgtE gene inactivation substantially reduced organ colonisation and delayed systemic infection compared with the wild-type strain. Colonisation was restored in S. Enteritidis mutants by reintroduction of the whole ompA or pgtE gene with the native promoters. The results of this study demonstrate that ompA and pgtE play an important role in the pathogenesis of S. Enteritidis and its ability to infect chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - J Zhou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - D Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Q Gao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - X Mu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - S Gao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - X Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jaiswal S, Sahoo PK, Ryan D, Das JK, Chakraborty E, Mohakud NK, Suar M. Altered virulence potential of Salmonella Enteritidis cultured in different foods: A cumulative effect of differential gene expression and immunomodulation. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 230:64-72. [PMID: 27132148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is one of the most common causes of food borne illness. Bacterial growth environment plays an important role in regulating gene expression thereby affecting the virulence profile of the bacteria. Different foods present diverse growth conditions which may affect the pathogenic potential of the bacteria. In the present study, the effect of food environments on the pathogenic potential of S. Enteritidis has been evaluated. S. Enteritidis was grown in different foods e.g. egg white, peanut butter and milk, and virulent phenotypes were compared to those grown in Luria Bertani broth. In-vivo experiments in C57BL/6 mice revealed S. Enteritidis grown in egg white did not induce significant (p<0.001) production of proinflammatory cytokines in mice and were unable to cause colitis despite efficient colonization in cecum, mesenteric lymph node, spleen and liver. Further studies revealed that bacteria grown in LB activated MAP Kinase and NFκB pathways efficiently, while those grown in egg white poorly activated the above pathways which can account for the decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines. qRT PCR analysis revealed SPI-1 effectors were downregulated in bacteria grown in egg white. Interestingly, bacteria grown in egg white showed reversal of phenotype upon change in growth media to LB. Additionally, bacteria grown in milk and peanut butter showed different degrees of virulence in mice as compared to those grown in LB media. Thus, the present study demonstrates that, S. Enteritidis grown in egg white colonizes systemic sites without causing colitis in a mouse model, while bacteria grown in milk and peanut butter show different pathogenicity profiles suggesting that food environments significantly affect the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Jaiswal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Prakash Kumar Sahoo
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Daniel Ryan
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Jugal Kishore Das
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Eesha Chakraborty
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Mohakud
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jaiswal S, Pati NB, Dubey M, Padhi C, Sahoo PK, Ray S, Arunima A, Mohakud NK, Suar M. The O-antigen negative ∆wbaV mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis shows adaptive resistance to antimicrobial peptides and elicits colitis in streptomycin pretreated mouse model. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:24. [PMID: 26346801 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, the most common cause of human gastroenteritis, employs several virulence factors including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for infection and establishment of disease inside the host. The LPS of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis consists of lipid A, core oligosaccharide and O-antigen (OAg). The OAg consists of repeating units containing different sugars. The sugars of OAg are synthesized and assembled by a set of enzymes encoded by genes organized into clusters. Present study focuses on the effect of deletion of genes involved in biosynthesis of OAg repeating units on resistance to antimicrobial peptides and virulence in mice. METHODS In the present study, the OAg biosynthesis was impaired by deleting tyv, prt and wbaV genes involved in tyvelose biosynthesis and its transfer to OAg. The virulence phenotype of resulting mutants was evaluated by assessing resistance to antimicrobial peptides, serum complement, adhesion, invasion and in vivo colonization. RESULTS Deletion of the above three genes resulted in the production of OAg-negative LPS. All the OAg-negative mutants showed phenotype reported for rough strains. Interestingly, ΔwbaV mutant showed increased resistance against antimicrobial peptides and normal human serum. In addition, the ΔwbaV mutant also showed increased adhesion and invasion as compared to the other two O-Ag negative mutants Δtyv and Δprt. In vivo experiments also confirmed the increased virulent phenotype of ΔwbaV mutant as compared to Δprt mutant. CONCLUSION OAg-negative mutants are known to be avirulent; however, this study demonstrates that certain OAg negative mutants e.g. ∆wbaV may also show resistance to antimicrobial peptides and cause colitis in Streptomyces pretreated mouse model.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zang YT, Li BM, Bing S, Cao W. Modeling disinfection of plastic poultry transport cages inoculated with Salmonella enteritids by slightly acidic electrolyzed water using response surface methodology. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2059-65. [PMID: 26188036 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to reduce the risk of enteric pathogens transmission in animal farms, the disinfection effectiveness of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW, pH 5.85 to 6.53) for inactivating Salmonella Enteritidis on the surface of plastic poultry transport cages was evaluated. The coupled effects of the tap water cleaning time (5 to 15 s), SAEW treatment time (20 to 40 s), and available chlorine concentrations (ACCs) of 30 to 70 mg/l on the reductions of S. Enteritidis on chick cages were investigated using a central composite design of the response surface methodology (RSM). The established RS model had a goodness of fit quantified by the parameter R2 (0.971), as well as a lack of fit test (P>0.05). The maximum reduction of 3.12 log10 CFU/cm2 for S. Enteritidis was obtained for the cage treated with tap water cleaning for 15 s followed by SAEW treatment for 40 s at an ACC of 50 mg/l. Results indicate that the established RS model has shown the potential of SAEW in disinfection of bacteria on cages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y T Zang
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Environment in Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - B M Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Environment in Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sh Bing
- Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271000, China
| | - W Cao
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Environment in Agricultural Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Si W, Wang X, Liu H, Yu S, Li Z, Chen L, Zhang W, Liu S. Physiology, pathogenicity and immunogenicity of live, attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis mutants in chicks. Microb Pathog 2015; 83-84:6-11. [PMID: 25819881 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To construct a novel live, attenuated Salmonella vaccine, the lon, cpxR and cpdB genes were deleted from a wild-type Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis-6 (SM-6) strain using the phage λ Red homologous recombination system, resulting in SM-△CpxR, SM-△C/Lon and SM-△C/L/CpdB. The growth curves of strain SM-△C/Lon grew more rapidly than the other strains and had OD 600 values higher than the other strains starting at the 4 h time point. The growth curves of strain SM-△C/L/CpdB were relatively flat. The colonization time of SM-△C/L/CpdB is about 8-10 days. Deleting the lon/cpxR/cpdB (SM-6) genes resulted in an approximate 10(3)-fold attenuation in virulence assessed by the analysis of the LD50 of specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. This result indicated that the deletion of the lon, cpxR and cpdB genes induced significant virulence attenuation. The protective effects of SM-△C/L/CpdB vaccination in SPF chicks against 5 × 10(9) colony forming units (CFU) of S. Enteritidis were resulted from the induction of an effective immune response. These findings demonstrate the potential of mutant SM-△C/L/CpdB to be used as an effective vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Disease of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Disease of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Disease of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shenye Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Disease of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhaoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Disease of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Liping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Disease of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Disease of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Disease of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China.
| |
Collapse
|