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Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Ovall C, Thompson HA, Ricke SC. Exploiting the microbiota of organic and inorganic acid-treated raw poultry products to improve shelf-life. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348159. [PMID: 38476936 PMCID: PMC10927844 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Targeted amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA delineates the complex microbial interactions that occur during food spoilage, providing a tool to intensively screen microbiota response to antimicrobial processing aids and interventions. The current research determines the microbiota and spoilage indicator (total aerobes and lactic acid bacteria; LAB) response to inorganic and organic antimicrobial intervention use on the shelf-life of fresh, never-frozen, skin-on, bone-in chicken wings. Methods Wings (n=200) were sourced from local processor and either not treated (NT) or treated with 15-s dips of tap water (TW), organic (peracetic acid; PAA), inorganic acids (sodium bisulfate; SBS), and their combination (SBS + PAA). Wings were stored (4°C) and rinsed in neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) for 1 min on d 0, 7, 14, and 21 post-treatment. Spoilage indicators, aerobic mesophiles and LAB, were quantified from rinsates. Genomic DNA of d 14 and 21 rinsates were extracted, and V4 of 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. Sequences were analyzed using QIIME2.2019.7. APC and LAB counts were reported as Log10 CFU/g of chicken and analyzed in R Studio as a General Linear Model using ANOVA. Pairwise differences were determined using Tukey's HSD (P£0.05). Results Spoilage was indicated for all products by day 21 according to APC counts (>7 Log10 CFU/g); however, wings treated with SBS and SBS + PAA demonstrated a 7-day extended shelf-life compared to those treated with NT, TW, or PAA. The interaction of treatment and time impacted the microbial diversity and composition (p < 0.05), with those treated with SBS having a lower richness and evenness compared to those treated with the controls (NT and TW; p < 0.05, Q < 0.05). On d 14, those treated with SBS and SBS + PAA had lower relative abundance of typical spoilage population while having a greater relative abundance of Bacillus spp. (~70 and 50% of population; ANCOM p < 0.05). By d 21, the Bacillus spp. populations decreased below 10% of the population among those treated with SBS and SBS + PAA. Discussion Therefore, there are differential effects on the microbial community depending on the chemical intervention used with organic and inorganic acids, impacting the microbial ecology differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K. Dittoe
- Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Kristina M. Feye
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Hayley A. Thompson
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Abstract
Eggs contaminated with Salmonella have been internationally significant sources of human illness for several decades. Most egg-associated illness has been attributed to Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, but a few other serovars (notably S. Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium) are also sometimes implicated. The edible interior contents of eggs typically become contaminated with S. Enteritidis because the pathogen's unique virulence attributes enable it to colonize reproductive tissues in systemically infected laying hens. Other serovars are more commonly associated with surface contamination of eggshells. Both research and field experience have demonstrated that the most effective overall Salmonella control strategy in commercial laying flocks is the application of multiple interventions throughout the egg production cycle. At the preharvest (egg production) level, intervention options of demonstrated efficacy include vaccination and gastrointestinal colonization control via treatments such as prebiotics, probiotics, and bacteriophages, Effective environmental management of housing systems used for commercial laying flocks is also essential for minimizing opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of Salmonella in laying flocks. At the postharvest (egg processing and handling) level, careful regulation of egg storage temperatures is critical for limiting Salmonella multiplication inside the interior contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Bodie AR, Wythe LA, Dittoe DK, Rothrock MJ, O’Bryan CA, Ricke SC. Alternative Additives for Organic and Natural Ready-to-Eat Meats to Control Spoilage and Maintain Shelf Life: Current Perspectives in the United States. Foods 2024; 13:464. [PMID: 38338599 PMCID: PMC10855140 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Food additives are employed in the food industry to enhance the color, smell, and taste of foods, increase nutritional value, boost processing efficiency, and extend shelf life. Consumers are beginning to prioritize food ingredients that they perceive as supporting a healthy lifestyle, emphasizing ingredients they deem acceptable as alternative or "clean-label" ingredients. Ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products can be contaminated with pathogens and spoilage microorganisms after the cooking step, contributing to food spoilage losses and increasing the risk to consumers for foodborne illnesses. More recently, consumers have advocated for no artificial additives or preservatives, which has led to a search for antimicrobials that meet these demands but do not lessen the safety or quality of RTE meats. Lactates and diacetates are used almost universally to extend the shelf life of RTE meats by reducing spoilage organisms and preventing the outgrowth of the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. These antimicrobials applied to RTE meats tend to be broad-spectrum in their activities, thus affecting overall microbial ecology. It is to the food processing industry's advantage to target spoilage organisms and pathogens specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Bodie
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.R.B.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Lindsey A. Wythe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.R.B.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA 30605, USA;
| | - Corliss A. O’Bryan
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas-Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.R.B.); (L.A.W.)
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Olson EG, Dittoe DK, Chatman CC, Majumder ELW, Ricke SC. General media over enrichment media supports growth of Campylobacter jejuni and maintains poultry cecal microbiota enabling translatable in vitro microbial interaction experiments. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxad312. [PMID: 38126123 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to assess the suitability of two media types, Bolton enrichment broth (BEB) and anaerobic dilution solution (ADS), in replicating the poultry cecal environment to investigate metabolic interactions and Campylobacter presence within poultry ceca. METHODS Using an anaerobic in vitro poultry cecal model, cecal contents (free of culturable Campylobacter) were diluted in BEB and ADS, inoculated with 105 CFU of Campylobacter jejuni, and incubated for 48 h at 42°C under microaerophilic conditions. Samples were collected at 0, 24, and 48 h. Genomic DNA was extracted, amplified, and sequenced on Illumina MiSeq platform. Data underwent analysis within QIIME2-2021.11, including alpha and beta diversity assessments, ANOVA, ADONIS, ANCOM, and Bradford assay for protein concentration. RESULTS ADS supported a more diverse microbial population than BEB, influencing C. jejuni presence. ANCOM highlighted dominant genera in BEB (Lactobacillus and Campylobacter) and affirmed C. jejuni growth in ADS. Core microbiota analysis revealed unique associations with each media type, while the Bradford assay indicated ADS consistently yielded more uniform microbial growth. CONCLUSIONS ADS was identified as a preferred diluent for faithfully replicating cecal microbial changes in the presence of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - Chamia C Chatman
- Bacteriology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Erica L-W Majumder
- Bacteriology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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Bodie AR, Dittoe DK, Applegate SF, Stephens TP, Ricke SC. Adaptation of a Commercial Qualitative BAX ® Real-Time PCR Assay to Quantify Campylobacter spp. in Whole Bird Carcass Rinses. Foods 2023; 13:56. [PMID: 38201085 PMCID: PMC10778266 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry is the primary reservoir of Campylobacter, a leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States. Currently, the selective plating methodology using selective agars, Campy Cefex and Modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate agar, is preferentially used for the quantification of Campylobacter spp. among poultry products. Due to the specific nature of Campylobacter, this methodology is not sensitive, which can lead to skewed detection and quantification results. Therefore, Campylobacter detection and quantification methods are urgently needed. The objective was to develop a shortened enrichment-based quantification method for Campylobacter (CampyQuant™) in post-chill poultry rinsates using the BAX® System Real-Time PCR assay for Campylobacter. The specificity and sensitivity for the detection of C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari in pure culture were determined. The BAX® System Real-Time PCR assay consistently detected and identified each species 100% of the time with an enumeration range of 4.00 to 9.00 Log10 CFU/mL. Enrichment time parameters for low-level concentrations (0.00, 1.00, and 2.00 Log10 CFU/mL) of Campylobacter using the BAX® System Real-Time PCR assay were elucidated. It was determined that an enrichment time of 20 h was needed to detect at least 1.00 Log10 CFU/mL of Campylobacter spp. Using the BAX® System Real-Time PCR assay for Campylobacter. As a result, time of detection, detection limits, and enrichment parameters were used to develop the CampyQuant™ linear standard curve using the detected samples from the BAX® System Real-Time PCR assay to quantify the levels in post-chill poultry rinsates. A linear fit equation was generated for each Campylobacter species using the cycle threshold from the BAX® System Real-Time PCR assay to estimate a pre-enrichment of 1.00 to 4.00 Log10 CFU/mL of rinsates detected. The statistical analyses of each equation yielded an R2 of 0.93, 0.76, and 0.94 with a Log10 RMSE of 0.64, 1.09, and 0.81 from C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari, respectively. The study suggests that the BAX® System Real-Time PCR assay for Campylobacter is a more rapid, accurate, and efficient alternative method for Campylobacter enumeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Bodie
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| | | | - Tyler P. Stephens
- Hygiena, 2 Boulden Circle, New Castle, DE 19720, USA; (S.F.A.); (T.P.S.)
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Dittoe DK, Olson EG, Wythe LA, Lawless ZG, Thompson DR, Perry LM, Ricke SC. Mitigating the attachment of Salmonella Infantis on isolated poultry skin with cetylpyridinium chloride. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293549. [PMID: 38127975 PMCID: PMC10735015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide the poultry industry with effective mitigation strategies, the effects of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the reduction of Salmonella Infantis, hilA expression, and chicken skin microbiota were evaluated. Chicken breast skins (4×4 cm; N = 100, n = 10, k = 5) were inoculated with Salmonella (Typhimurium or Infantis) at 4°C (30min) to obtain 108 CFU/g attachment. Skins were shaken (30s), with remaining bacteria being considered firmly attached. Treatments were applied as 30s dips in 50 mL: no inocula-no-treatment control (NINTC), no treatment control (NTC), tap water (TW), TW+600 ppm PAA (PAA), or TW+0.5% CPC (CPC). Excess fluid was shaken off (30s). Samples were homogenized in nBPW (1 min). Samples were discarded. Salmonella was enumerated and Log10 transformed. Reverse transcriptase-qPCR (rt-qPCR) was performed targeting hilA gene and normalized using the 2-ΔΔCt method. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in RStudio with means separated by Tukey's HSD (P≤0.05). Genomic DNA of rinsates was extracted, 16S rRNA gene (V4) was sequenced (MiSeq), and data analyzed in QIIME2 (P≤0.05 and Q≤0.05). CPC and PAA affected Salmonella levels differently with CPC being effective against S. Infantis compared to TW (P<0.05). Treatment with CPC on S. Infantis-infected skin altered the hilA expression compared to TW (P<0.05). When inoculated with S. Typhimurium, there was no difference between the microbiota diversity of skins treated with PAA and CPC; however, when inoculated with S. Infantis, there was a difference in the Shannon's Entropy and Jaccard Dissimilarity between the two treatments (P<0.05). Using ANCOM at the genus level, Brochothrix was significant (W = 118) among skin inoculated with S. Typhimurium. Among S. Infantis inoculated, Yersiniaceae, Enterobacterales, Lachnospiraceae CHKCI001, Clostridia vadinBB60 group, Leuconostoc, Campylobacter, and bacteria were significant (408). CPC and PAA-treated skins had lowest relative abundance of the genera. In conclusion, CPC mitigated Salmonella Infantis, altered hilA expression, and influenced the chicken skin microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Elena G. Olson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lindsey A. Wythe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zachary G. Lawless
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Dale R. Thompson
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Lindsey M. Perry
- Safe Foods Corporation, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Dittoe DK, Anderson RC, Poole TL, Crippen TL, Harvey RB, Ricke SC. Chlortetracycline Concentration Impact on Salmonella Typhimurium Sustainability in the Presence of Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract Bacteria Maintained in Continuous Culture. Pathogens 2023; 12:1454. [PMID: 38133337 PMCID: PMC10748003 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Concern exists that the continued use of antibiotics in animal feeds may lead to an increased prevalence of resistant bacteria within the host animal's gastrointestinal tract. To evaluate the effect of chlortetracycline on the persistence of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium within a diverse population of porcine cecal bacteria, we cultured a mixed population of cecal bacteria without or with added chlortetracycline. When grown at a 24 h vessel turnover rate, chlortetracycline-susceptible S. Typhimurium exhibited more than 2.5 times faster (p < 0.05) disappearance rates than theoretically expected (0.301 log10 colony-forming unit/mL per day) but did not differ whether treated or not with 55 mg of chlortetracycline/L. Chlortetracycline-resistant S. Typhimurium was not recovered from any of these cultures. When the mixed cultures were inoculated with a chlortetracycline-resistant S. Typhimurium, rates of disappearance were nearly two times slower (p < 0.05) than those observed earlier with chlortetracycline-susceptible S. Typhimurium, and cultures persisted at >2 log10 colony-forming units/mL for up to 14 days of treatment with 110 mg of chlortetracycline/L. Under the conditions of this study, chlortetracycline-resistant S. Typhimurium was competitively enabled to persist longer within the mixed populations of porcine gut bacteria than chlortetracycline-susceptible S. Typhimurium, regardless of the presence or absence of added chlortetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (R.C.A.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.B.H.)
| | - Toni L. Poole
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (R.C.A.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.B.H.)
| | - Tawni L. Crippen
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (R.C.A.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.B.H.)
| | - Roger B. Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (R.C.A.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.B.H.)
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Dittoe DK, Anderson RC, Krueger NA, Harvey RB, Poole TL, Crippen TL, Callaway TR, Ricke SC. Campylobacter jejuni Response When Inoculated in Bovine In Vitro Fecal Microbial Consortia Incubations in the Presence of Metabolic Inhibitors. Pathogens 2023; 12:1391. [PMID: 38133276 PMCID: PMC10747647 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illness in the United States. The objectives of this experiment were to test the hypothesis that mixed microbial populations from the bovine rumen may be better at excluding Campylobacter than populations from freshly voided feces and to explore potential reasons as to why the rumen may be a less favorable environment for Campylobacter than feces. In an initial experiment, C. jejuni cultures inoculated without or with freshly collected bovine rumen fluid, bovine feces or their combination were cultured micro-aerobically for 48 h. Results revealed that C. jejuni grew at similar growth rates during the first 6 h of incubation regardless of whether inoculated with the rumen or fecal contents, with rates ranging from 0.178 to 0.222 h-1. However, C. jejuni counts (log10 colony-forming units/mL) at the end of the 48 h incubation were lowest in cultures inoculated with rumen fluid (5.73 log10 CFUs/mL), intermediate in cultures inoculated with feces or both feces and rumen fluid (7.16 and 6.36 log10 CFUs/mL) and highest in pure culture controls that had not been inoculated with the rumen or fecal contents (8.32 log10 CFUs/mL). In follow-up experiments intended to examine the potential effects of hydrogen and hydrogen-consuming methanogens on C. jejuni, freshly collected bovine feces, suspended in anaerobic buffer, were incubated anaerobically under either a 100% carbon dioxide or 50:50 carbon dioxide/hydrogen gas mix. While C. jejuni viability decreased <1 log10 CFUs/mL during incubation of the fecal suspensions, this did not differ whether under low or high hydrogen accumulations or whether the suspensions were treated without or with the mechanistically distinct methanogen inhibitors, 5 mM nitrate, 0.05 mM 2-bromosulfonate or 0.001 mM monensin. These results suggest that little if any competition between C. jejuni and hydrogen-consuming methanogens exists in the bovine intestine based on fecal incubations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (R.C.A.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.)
| | | | - Roger B. Harvey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (R.C.A.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.)
| | - Toni L. Poole
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (R.C.A.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.)
| | - Tawni L. Crippen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (R.C.A.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.)
| | - Todd R. Callaway
- Ruminant Nutrition, Ruminant Microbiology, and Preharvest Food Safety, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Chatman CC, Olson EG, Freedman AJ, Dittoe DK, Ricke SC, Majumder ELW. Co-exposure to Polyethylene Fiber and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Alters Microbiome and Metabolome of in vitro Chicken Cecal Mesocosms. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.22.568320. [PMID: 38045247 PMCID: PMC10690274 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.22.568320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans and animals encounter a summation of exposures during their lifetime (the exposome). In recent years, the scope of the exposome has begun to include microplastics. Microplastics (MPs) have increasingly been found in locations where there could be an interaction with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, one of the commonly isolated serovars from processed chicken. In this study, the microbiota response to a 24-hour co-exposure to Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and/or low-density polyethylene (PE) microplastics in an in vitro broiler cecal model was determined using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (Illumina) and untargeted metabolomics. Community sequencing results indicated that PE fiber with and without S. Typhimurium yielded a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio compared to other treatment groups, which is associated with poor gut health, and overall had greater changes to the cecal microbial community composition. However, changes in the total metabolome were primarily driven by the presence of S. Typhimurium. Additionally, the co-exposure to PE Fiber and S . Typhimurium caused greater cecal microbial community and metabolome changes than either exposure alone. Our results indicate that polymer shape is an important factor in effects resulting from exposure. It also demonstrates that microplastic-pathogen interactions cause metabolic alterations to the chicken cecal microbiome in an in vitro chicken cecal model. IMPORTANCE Researching the exposome, a summation of exposure of one's lifespan, will aid in determining the environmental factors that contribute to disease states. There is an emerging concern that microplastic-pathogen interactions in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens may lead to an increase in Salmonella infection across flocks and eventually increased incidence of human salmonellosis cases. In this research article, we elucidated the effects of co-exposure to polyethylene microplastics and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on the ceca microbial community. Salmonella presence caused strong shifts in the cecal metabolome but not the microbiome. The inverse was true for polyethylene fiber. Polyethylene powder had almost no effect. The co-exposure had worse effects than either alone. This demonstrates that exposure effects to the gut microbial community are contaminant specific. When combined, the interactions between exposures exacerbate changes to the gut environment. The results herein support current Salmonella mitigation efforts and understanding microplastics-pathogen interactions.
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Dittoe DK, Anderson RC, Krueger NA, Harvey RB, Poole TL, Crippen TL, Callaway TR, Ricke SC. Survival of Campylobacter jejuni during in vitro culture with mixed bovine ruminal microorganisms in the presence of methanogen inhibitors. J Environ Sci Health B 2023; 58:711-717. [PMID: 37897369 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2273754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni has been associated with ruminants. The objectives of this experiment were to determine C. jejuni survivability in mixed in vitro rumen microbial populations and the impact on methane production with or without methane inhibitors 2-bromosulfonate (BES) and/or sodium nitrate. When inoculated into rumen microbial populations without or with 0.5 mM BES, 5.0 mM nitrate or their combination, C. jejuni viability decreased from 4.7 ± 0.1 log10 colony forming units (CFU)/mL after 24 h. Loss of C. jejuni viability was greater (P < 0.05) when incubated under 100% CO2 compared to 50% H2:50% CO2, decreasing 1.46 versus 1.15 log units, respectively. C. jejuni viability was also decreased (P < 0.05) by more than 0.43 log units by the anti-methanogen treatments. Rumen microbial populations produced less methane (P = 0.05) when incubated with than without C. jejuni regardless of whether under 100% CO2 or 50% H2:50% CO2. For either gas phase, nitrate was decreased (13.2 versus 37.9%) by the anti-methanogen treatments versus controls although not always significant. C. jejuni-inoculated populations metabolized 16.4% more (P < 0.05) nitrate under H2:CO2 versus 100% CO2. Apparently, C. jejuni can compete for H2 with methanogens but has limited survivability under rumen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Dittoe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - R C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - N A Krueger
- Agricultural Sciences, Blinn College, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - R B Harvey
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - T L Poole
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - T L Crippen
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - T R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Ruminant Nutrition, Ruminant Microbiology, and Preharvest Food Safety, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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11
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Dittoe DK, Johnson CN, Byrd JA, Ricke SC, Piva A, Grilli E, Swaggerty CL. Impact of a Blend of Microencapsulated Organic Acids and Botanicals on the Microbiome of Commercial Broiler Breeders under Clinical Necrotic Enteritis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101627. [PMID: 37238057 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the supplementation of a microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals improved the health and performance of broiler breeders under non-challenged conditions. This study aimed to determine if the microencapsulated blend impacted dysbiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler breeders. Day-of-hatch chicks were assigned to non-challenge and challenge groups, provided a basal diet supplemented with 0 or 500 g/MT of the blend, and subjected to a laboratory model for NE. On d 20-21, jejunum/ileum content were collected for microbiome sequencing (n = 10; V4 region of 16S rRNA gene). The experiment was repeated (n = 3), and data were analyzed in QIIME2 and R. Alpha and beta diversity, core microbiome, and compositional differences were determined (significance at p ≤ 0.05; Q ≤ 0.05). There was no difference between richness and evenness of those fed diets containing 0 and 500 g/MT microencapsulated blend, but differences were seen between the non-challenged and challenged groups. Beta diversity of the 0 and 500 g/MT non-challenged groups differed, but no differences existed between the NE-challenged groups. The core microbiome of those fed 500 g/MT similarly consisted of Lactobacillus and Clostridiaceae. Furthermore, challenged birds fed diets containing 500 g/MT had a higher abundance of significantly different phyla, namely, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, and Verrucomicrobiota, than the 0 g/MT challenged group. Dietary supplementation of a microencapsulated blend shifted the microbiome by supporting beneficial and core taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Dittoe
- Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Casey N Johnson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - James A Byrd
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1933 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrea Piva
- DIMEVET, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro S.p.A., Via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- DIMEVET, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro Inc., 17 East Monroe St. Suite 179, Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Christina L Swaggerty
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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12
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Wages JA, Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Ricke SC. Consequences of Implementing Neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water in Commercial Poultry Processing on the Microbiota of Whole Bird Carcass Rinses and the Subsequent Microbiological Analyses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:813461. [PMID: 35369495 PMCID: PMC8969756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) established guidelines which modified the Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) rinsate material to include additional compounds that would better neutralize residual processing aids and allow for better recovery of sublethal injured Salmonella spp. cells. While the added compounds improved the recovery of Salmonella spp., specific data to understand how the new rinse agent, neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water (nBPW), impacts the recovery of other microorganisms such as Campylobacter spp. and indicator microorganisms are lacking. Therefore, this study evaluated the impact of rinse solutions (BPW or nBPW) used in Whole Bird Carcass rinsate (WBCR) collections on the subsequent microbiome and downstream culturing methodologies. Carcasses exiting a finishing chiller were rinsed in 400 ml of BPW or nBPW. Resulting rinsates were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae (EB), Salmonella, and Campylobacter spp. prevalence and total aerobic bacteria (APC) and EB load. The 16S rDNA of the rinsates and the matrices collected from applied microbiological analyses were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq®. Log10-transformed counts were analyzed in JMP 15 using ANOVA with means separated using Tukey’s HSD, and prevalence data were analyzed using Pearson’s χ2 (P ≤ 0.05). Diversity and microbiota compositions (ANCOM) were analyzed in QIIME 2.2019.7 (P ≤ 0.05; Q ≤ 0.05). There was an effect of rinsate type on the APC load and Campylobacter spp. prevalence (P < 0.05), but not the quantity or prevalence of EB or Salmonella spp. prevalence. There were differences between the microbial diversity of the two rinsate types and downstream analyses (P < 0.05). Additionally, several taxa, including Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Clostridium, Enterococcaceae, Burkholderiaceae, and Staphylococcaceae, were differentially abundant in paired populations. Therefore, the rinse buffer used in a WBCR collection causes proportional shifts in the microbiota, which can lead to differences in results obtained from cultured microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Wages
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.,Tyson Foods, Inc., Springdale, AR, United States
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristina M Feye
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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13
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Ricke SC, Dittoe DK, Olson EG. Microbiome Applications for Laying Hen Performance and Egg Production. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101784. [PMID: 35346495 PMCID: PMC9079347 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of laying hens has undergone considerable changes in the commercial egg industry. Shifting commercial production from cage-based systems to cage-free has impacted the housing environment and created issues not previously encountered. Sources of microorganisms that become established in the early stages of layer chick development may originate from the hen and depend on the microbial ecology of the reproductive tract. Development of the layer hen GIT microbiota appears to occur in stages as the bird matures. Several factors can impact the development of the layer hen GIT, including pathogens, environment, and feed additives such as antibiotics. In this review, the current status of the laying hen GIT microbial consortia and factors that impact the development and function of these respective microbial populations will be discussed, as well as future research directions.
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14
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Ricke SC, Dittoe DK, Tarcin AA, Rothrock MJ. Communicating the Utility of the Microbiome and Bioinformatics to Small Flock Poultry Producers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101788. [PMID: 35346497 PMCID: PMC9079341 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of “omics” has become widespread across poultry production, from breeding to management to bird health to food safety and everywhere in between. While the conventional poultry industry has become more exposed to the power and utility of “omic” technologies, smaller poultry flock producers typically do not have this same level of experience. Because smaller, nonconventional poultry production is a growing portion of the overall poultry market, it is important that they also have educational access to these research tools and the resultant data. While small flock producers are dedicated and knowledgeable farmers, their knowledge of these newer technologies may be limited at best, and it is the task of academic researchers to communicate the importance of these “omic” tools and how the omic data can improve a variety of different aspects of their operations. This review discusses ways to effectively communicate complex microbiota and microbial genome sequence data to small flock producers and transforming this data into meaningful and applicable information that they can utilize to inform beneficial management decisions.
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15
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Olson EG, Dittoe DK, Jendza JA, Stock DA, Ricke SC. Application of Microbial Analyses to Feeds and Potential Implications for Poultry Nutrition. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101789. [PMID: 35346494 PMCID: PMC9079344 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua A Jendza
- BASF Corporation, 100 Park Avenue, Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA
| | - David A Stock
- Biology Department, Stetson University, Deland, FL 32723, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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16
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Dittoe DK, Olson EG, Ricke SC. IMPACT OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOME AND FERMENTATION METABOLITES ON BROILER PERFORMANCE. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101786. [PMID: 35346496 PMCID: PMC9079343 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Elena G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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17
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Weinroth MD, Belk AD, Dean C, Noyes N, Dittoe DK, Rothrock MJ, Ricke SC, Myer PR, Henniger MT, Ramírez GA, Oakley BB, Summers KL, Miles AM, Ault-Seay TB, Yu Z, Metcalf JL, Wells JE. Considerations and best practices in animal science 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing microbiome studies. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skab346. [PMID: 35106579 PMCID: PMC8807179 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiome studies in animal science using 16S rRNA gene sequencing have become increasingly common in recent years as sequencing costs continue to fall and bioinformatic tools become more powerful and user-friendly. The combination of molecular biology, microbiology, microbial ecology, computer science, and bioinformatics-in addition to the traditional considerations when conducting an animal science study-makes microbiome studies sometimes intimidating due to the intersection of different fields. The objective of this review is to serve as a jumping-off point for those animal scientists less familiar with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analyses and to bring up common issues and concerns that arise when planning an animal microbiome study from design through analysis. This review includes an overview of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, its advantages, and its limitations; experimental design considerations such as study design, sample size, sample pooling, and sample locations; wet lab considerations such as field handing, microbial cell lysis, low biomass samples, library preparation, and sequencing controls; and computational considerations such as identification of contamination, accounting for uneven sequencing depth, constructing diversity metrics, assigning taxonomy, differential abundance testing, and, finally, data availability. In addition to general considerations, we highlight some special considerations by species and sample type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret D Weinroth
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Aeriel D Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA
- Joint Institute of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Chris Dean
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Noelle Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Phillip R Myer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Madison T Henniger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Gustavo A Ramírez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Brian B Oakley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Katie Lynn Summers
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Asha M Miles
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Taylor B Ault-Seay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jessica L Metcalf
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA
| | - James E Wells
- USDA ARS US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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18
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Bodie AR, Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Knueven CJ, Ovall C, Ricke SC. Comparison of ready-to-eat “organic” antimicrobials, sodium bisulfate, and sodium lactate, on Listeria monocytogenes and the indigenous microbiome of organic uncured beef frankfurters stored under refrigeration for three weeks. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262167. [PMID: 35051217 PMCID: PMC8775584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has been implicated in several ready-to-eat (RTE) foodborne outbreaks, due in part to its ability to survive under refrigerated conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium bisulfate (SBS), sodium lactate (SL), and their combination as short-duration antimicrobial dips (10-s) on L. monocytogenes and the microbiome of inoculated organic frankfurters (8 Log10 CFU/g). Frankfurters were treated with tap water (TW), SBS0.39%, SBS0.78%, SL0.78%, SL1.56%, SBS+SL0.39%, SBS+SL0.78%. In addition, frankfurters were treated with frankfurter solution water (HDW)+SBS0.78%, HDW+SL1.56%, and HDW+SBS+SL0.78%. After treatment, frankfurters were vacuum packaged and stored at 4°C. Bacterial enumeration and 16S rDNA sequencing occurred on d 0, 7, 14, 21. Counts were Log10 transformed and calculated as growth potential from d 0 to d 7, 14, and 21. Data were analyzed in R using mixed-effects model and One-Way ANOVA (by day) with differences separated using Tukey’s HSD at P ≤ 0.05. The 16S rDNA was sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq and analyzed in Qiime2-2018.8 with significance at P ≤ 0.05 and Q ≤ 0.05 for main and pairwise effects. An interaction of treatment and time was observed among the microbiological plate data with all experimental treatments reducing the growth potential of Listeria across time (P < 0.0001). Efficacy of treatments was inconsistent across time; however, on d 21, SBS0.39% treated franks had the lowest growth potential compared to the control. Among diversity metrics, time had no effect on the microbiota (P > 0.05), but treatment did (P < 0.05). Thus, the treatments potentially promoted a stable microbiota across time. Using ANCOM, Listeria was the only significantly different taxa at the genus level (P < 0.05, W = 52). Therefore, the results suggest incorporating SBS over SL as an alternative antimicrobial for the control of L. monocytogenes in organic frankfurters without negatively impacting the microbiota. However, further research using multiple L. monocytogenes strains will need to be utilized in order to determine the scope of SBS use in the production of RTE meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Bodie
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kristina M. Feye
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Carl J. Knueven
- Jones-Hamilton Co., Walbridge, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christina Ovall
- Jones-Hamilton Co., Walbridge, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Feye KM, Dittoe DK, Jendza JA, Caldas-Cueva JP, Mallmann BA, Booher B, Tellez-Isaias G, Owens CM, Kidd MT, Ricke SC. A comparison of formic acid or monoglycerides to formaldehyde on production efficiency, nutrient absorption, and meat yield and quality of Cobb 700 broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101476. [PMID: 34710711 PMCID: PMC8560989 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After being banned by the European Commission in 2018, the use of formaldehyde as a feed amendment in the United States has come into question. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore alternatives to formaldehyde, such as formic acid and monoglycerides, and their effects on poultry production. In total, 1,728 Cobb 700 broilers were randomly assigned to 96-floor pens on day of hatch (18 birds/pen). Using a randomized complete block design (4 blocks), treatments were assigned to pens with blocking based on location within the barn, with the eastern half of the barn designated for digestibility and the western half designated for production (per experiment: 8 control pens and 10 pens per treatment). All diets were based on a negative control (NC), basal diet. Dietary treatments consisted of: NC, NC + 0.25% formalin (F), NC + 0.25 and 0.50% Amasil NA (AML and AMH; 61% formic acid and 20.5% Na-formate), and NC + SILO Health 104L (SILO; mixture of monoglycerides; 0.5% from 0 to 14 d, 0.4% from 14 to 28 d, and 0.2% from 28 to 42 d). Water and feed were provided ad libitum. Performance data were collected during feed changes on d 0, 14, 28, and 42, with digestibility data collected at d 14 (2 per pen) and carcass quality (6 per pen) assessed at d 46 with a randomly selected group of broilers. A one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison, where treatments were evaluated against F were conducted using JMP 14.0 (P ≤ 0.05). Main effect of treatment was significant for performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass quality. Differences in body weight and ADG were observed from d 14 to d 28, resulting in a trending improvement in lysine digestibility on d 14 and carcass quality on d 46 of birds fed AML and AMH in comparison to those fed F (P < 0.05). Whereas birds fed SILO had reduced digestibility of methionine on d 14 and a decrease in meat quality on d 46 in comparison to those fed F (P < 0.05). Therefore, Amasil NA at 0.25 or 0.50% may be an effective alternative to formaldehyde as a feed amendment for poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Feye
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - D K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - J P Caldas-Cueva
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - B A Mallmann
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - B Booher
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - G Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - C M Owens
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - M T Kidd
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - S C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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20
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Wythe LA, Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Olson EG, Perry LM, Ricke SC. Reduction of Salmonella Infantis on skin-on, bone-in chicken thighs by cetylpyridinium chloride application and the impact on the skin microbiota. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101409. [PMID: 34953376 PMCID: PMC8715379 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Infantis has been the etiological agent of numerous foodborne outbreaks of nontyphoidal Salmonella. Consequently, there is an emergent need to mitigate Salmonella Infantis among poultry. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) versus peroxyacetic acid (PAA), on bone-in, skin-on chicken thighs for the reduction of Salmonella and changes in the microbiota. Exactly 100 skin-on, bone-in chicken thighs (2 trials, 0 and 24 h, k = 5, n = 5, N = 50) were inoculated with 108 CFU/mL of a nalidixic acid resistant strain of S. Infantis for an attachment of 106 CFU/g. Thighs were treated with 20 s part dips (350 mL): a no inoculum, no treatment control (NINTC); no treatment control (NTC); tap water (TW); TW+CPC; TW+PAA. Following treatment, thighs were rinsed in 150 mL of nBPW, and rinsates were collected. Rinsates were spot plated for Salmonella and aerobic bacteria (APC). Log10 transformed counts were analyzed using a mixed-effects model (random effect = trial) with means separated using Tukey's HSD (P ≤ 0.05). The genomic DNA of rinsates was extracted, and the 16S rDNA was sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq. Microbiota data were analyzed using QIIME2, with data considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 (main effects) and Q≤0.05 (pairwise differences). Treatment × time interactions were observed for both Salmonella and APC (P < 0.05). The treatment of thighs with PAA and CPC reduced Salmonella and APC in respect to the controls. Numerically, thighs treated with CPC had less Salmonella (4.29 log10CFU/g) and less APC (4.56 log10CFU/g) at 24 h than all other treatments (P > 0.05). Differences in diversity metrics were not consistently observed between treatments; however, in trial 2, the NTC treated thighs were different than those treated with CPC (P < 0.05; Q < 0.05). In both trials, ANCOM, the analysis of microbiome compositional profiles, revealed shifts at both the phylum and order levels with thighs being different in the relative abundances of Proteobacteria (P < 0.05). In conclusion, treatment of skin-on poultry parts with CPC may reduce the risk of foodborne outbreaks caused by Salmonella Infantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Wythe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - D K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - K M Feye
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704
| | - E G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - L M Perry
- Safe Foods Corporation, Little Rock, AR 72114
| | - S C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706.
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21
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Jeni RE, Dittoe DK, Olson EG, Lourenco J, Seidel DS, Ricke SC, Callaway TR. An overview of health challenges in alternative poultry production systems. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101173. [PMID: 34058563 PMCID: PMC8170424 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to consumer demand and changing welfare standards on health, ecology, equity, and safety concepts, poultry production has changed markedly over the past 20 y. One of the greatest changes to poultry production standards is now offering poultry limited access to the outdoors in alternative and organic poultry production operations. Although operations allowing access to the outdoors are still only a small portion of commercial poultry production, it may impact the gastrointestinal (GIT) health of the bird in different ways than birds raised under conventional management systems. The present review describes current research results in alternative systems by identifying how different poultry production operations (diet, environmental disruptive factors, diseases) impact the ecology and health of the GIT. Various research efforts will be discussed that illustrate the nutritional value of free-range forages and how forages could be beneficial to animal health and production of both meat and eggs. The review also highlights the need for potential interventions to limit diseases without using antibiotics. These alternatives could enhance both economics and sustainability in organic and free-range poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim El Jeni
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Elena G Olson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Jeferson Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Darren S Seidel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
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22
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Feye KM, Dittoe DK, Rubinelli PM, Olson EG, Ricke SC. Yeast Fermentate-Mediated Reduction of Salmonella Reading and Typhimurium in an in vitro Turkey Cecal Culture Model. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645301. [PMID: 33936004 PMCID: PMC8081899 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Reading is an ongoing public health issue in the turkey industry, leading to significant morbidity in humans in the United States. Pre-harvest intervention strategies that contribute to the reduction of foodborne pathogens in food animals, such as the yeast fermentation metabolites of Original XPCTM (XPC), may become the key to multi-hurdle farm to fork strategies. Therefore, we developed an anaerobic in vitro turkey cecal model to assess the effects of XPC on the ceca of commercial finisher tom turkeys fed diets void of XPC and antibiotics. Using the in vitro turkey cecal culture method, ceca were tested with and without XPC for their anti-Salmonella Reading and the previously defined anti-Typhimurium (ST97) effects. Ultimately, the anti-Salmonella effects were independent of serovar (P > 0.05). At 0 h post inoculation (hpi), Salmonella levels were equivalent between treatments at 7.3 Log10 CFU/mL, and at 24 hpi, counts in XPC were reduced by 5 Log10 CFU/mL, which was 2.1 Log10 lower than the control (P < 0.05). No differences in serovar prevalence existed (P > 0.05), with a 92% reduction in Salmonella positive XPC-treated ceca cultures by 48 hpi (P < 0.05). To evaluate changes to the microbiota independent of the immune response, the 16S rDNA was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Data indicated a profound effect of time and treatment for the reduction of Salmonella irrespective of serovar. XPC sustained diversity metrics compared to the control, demonstrating a reduction in diversity over time (Q < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Feye
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Peter M. Rubinelli
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Elena G. Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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23
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Jeni RE, Dittoe DK, Olson EG, Lourenco J, Corcionivoschi N, Ricke SC, Callaway TR. Probiotics and potential applications for alternative poultry production systems. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101156. [PMID: 34077849 PMCID: PMC8181177 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns over animal welfare continue to be a critical component of law and policies associated with commercial food animal production. Social and market pressures are the driving forces behind the legislation and result in the change of poultry production management systems. As a result, the movement toward cage-free and aviary-based egg production systems has become standard practices. Cage-based systems being replaced by alternative methods that offer a suitable housing environment to meet or exceed poultry welfare needs and require different management, including the ban of antibiotics in poultry diets. For broiler production, pasture- raised and free-range management systems have become more popular. However, challenges remain from exposure to disease-causing organisms and foodborne pathogens in these environments. Consequently, probiotics can be supplemented in poultry diets as commercial feed additives. The present review discusses the impacts of these probiotics on the performance of alternative poultry production systems for improving food safety and poultry health by mitigating pathogenic organisms and improving egg and meat quality and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim El Jeni
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elena G Olson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeferson Lourenco
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania.
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24
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Abstract
The study's objective was to identify typical aerobic isolates from commercial, corn-soybean meal poultry diets utilizing 16S rDNA, assign them their corresponding taxonomy, and compare the data with the previously published WGS analysis of these same isolates. Ten grams of a commercial corn-soybean meal poultry diet was homogenized in 100 mL of tryptic soy broth for 2 min, serially diluted, plated onto tryptic soy agar (TSA), and incubated aerobically for 24 h at 37 °C. Subsequently, 20 unique colonies were streaked for isolation on TSA and incubated aerobically for 24 h at 37 °C. This process was repeated three consecutive times for purification of isolates until only 11 morphologically distinct colonies were obtained. DNA was extracted using Qiagen's DNeasey® Blood and Tissue Kit. The 16S rRNA V4 region was targeted using an Illumina MiSeq and analyzed via QIIME2-2020.2. Alpha diversity and Beta diversity metrics were generated, and taxa were aligned using Silva in Qiime2-2020.2. Twenty-five distinct genera were identified within the 11 different colonies. Because 16S rDNA identification can provide an understanding of pathogen associations and microbial niches within an ecosystem, the information may present a potential method to establish and characterize the hygienic indicator microorganisms associated with poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Olson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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25
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Deng W, Dittoe DK, Pavilidis HO, Chaney WE, Yang Y, Ricke SC. Current Perspectives and Potential of Probiotics to Limit Foodborne Campylobacter in Poultry. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:583429. [PMID: 33414767 PMCID: PMC7782433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.583429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry has been one of the major contributors of Campylobacter related human foodborne illness. Numerous interventions have been applied to limit Campylobacter colonization in poultry at the farm level, but other strategies are under investigation to achieve more efficient control. Probiotics are viable microbial cultures that can establish in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the host animal and elicit health and nutrition benefits. In addition, the early establishment of probiotics in the GIT can serve as a barrier to foodborne pathogen colonization. Thus, probiotics are a potential feed additive for reducing and eliminating the colonization of Campylobacter in the GIT of poultry. Screening probiotic candidates is laborious and time-consuming, requiring several tests and validations both in vitro and in vivo. The selected probiotic candidate should possess the desired physiological characteristics and anti-Campylobacter effects. Probiotics that limit Campylobacter colonization in the GIT rely on different mechanistic strategies such as competitive exclusion, antagonism, and immunomodulation. Although numerous research efforts have been made, the application of Campylobacter limiting probiotics used in poultry remains somewhat elusive. This review summarizes current research progress on identifying and developing probiotics against Campylobacter and presenting possible directions for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Deng
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | | | - Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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26
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Castañeda CD, Dittoe DK, Wamsley KGS, McDaniel CD, Blanch A, Sandvang D, Kiess AS. In ovo inoculation of an Enterococcus faecium-based product to enhance broiler hatchability, live performance, and intestinal morphology. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6163-6172. [PMID: 33142534 PMCID: PMC7647828 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested the use of probiotics, as alternative to antibiotics, to enhance broiler performance. The administration of probiotics in feed has been widely explored; however, few studies have evaluated the in ovo inoculation of probiotics. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the impact of in ovo inoculation of different concentrations of GalliPro Hatch (GH), an Enterococcus faecium-based probiotic, on hatchability, live performance, and gastrointestinal parameters. Ross x Ross 708 fertile eggs were incubated, and on day 18, injected with the following treatments: 1) 50 μL of Marek's vaccine (MV), 2) MV and 1.4 × 105 cfu GH/50 μL, 3) MV and 1.4 × 106 cfu GH/50 μL, 4) MV and 1.4 × 107 cfu GH/50 μL. On the day of hatch, chicks were weighed, feather sexed, and hatch residue was analyzed. Male birds (640) were randomly assigned to 40 floor pens. On day 0, 7, 14, and 21 of the grow-out phase, performance data were collected. One bird from each pen was used to obtain yolk weight and intestinal segment weight and length. Hatchability was not impacted by any GH treatment (P = 0.58). On day 0, yolk weight was lower for all treatments than for MV alone. On day 0 to 7, feed intake was lower for 105 and 107 GH; the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower for all treatments than for MV alone (P = 0.05; P = 0.01, respectively). From day 14 to 21, the 107 GH treatment had higher BW gain (P = 0.05). For day 0 to 21, 107 GH had a lower FCR than MV alone (P = 0.03). On day 0, all GH treatments resulted in heavier tissues and longer jejunum, ileum, and ceca lengths than MV alone (P < 0.05). Spleen weight was higher for 105 and 107 GH than for MV alone. In conclusion, GH does not impact hatchability, and some concentrations improved live performance through the first 21 d of the grow-out phase. These improvements could result from the increased yolk absorption and improved intestinal and spleen morphology seen in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D Castañeda
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State MS 39762
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayettevill, AR 72704
| | - Kelley G S Wamsley
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State MS 39762
| | | | | | | | - Aaron S Kiess
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State MS 39762.
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27
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Olson EG, Wythe LA, Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Ricke SC. Application of Amplon in combination with peroxyacetic acid for the reduction of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Reading on skin-on, bone-in tom turkey drumsticks. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6997-7003. [PMID: 33248616 PMCID: PMC7704950 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) has become an important component of pathogen reduction in poultry processing, but there are potential concerns for continued exposure. The objective was to evaluate the effects of PAA and Amplon (AMP) used alone or in the combination. Bone-in tom turkey drumsticks (N = 100, n = 10, k = 5, 0 and 24 h) per study were obtained and inoculated with either nalidixic acid–resistant Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Reading (64 μg/mL). The inocula were allowed to adhere to the drums at 4°C for 60 min for a final attachment of 108 and 107 cfu/g per S. Typhimurium and S. Reading, respectively. Drumsticks were treated with a no-treatment control; tap water, pH 8.5 (TW); TW+500 ppm PAA, pH 3.5 (PAA); TW+500 ppm AMP, pH 1.3 (AMP); TW + PAA + AMP (PAA + AMP). Treatments were applied as short duration dips (30 s) and allowed to drip for 2 min. After treatment, drums were stored at 4°C until microbial analyses at 0 and 24 h. Drums were rinsed in neutralizing buffered peptone water and spot plated for total aerobes and Salmonella. Bacterial counts were log10 transformed and analyzed using n-way ANOVA. All treatments reduced S. Reading on turkey legs at both 0 and 24 h (P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001). At 24 h, drums treated with PAA + AMP (3.92 log10 cfu/g) had less S. Reading than no-treatment control, TW, and AMP. Treatment by time interactions were observed for total aerobes among drums in both studies (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001) and Salmonella among drums inoculated with S. Typhimurium (P < 0.0001). During the S. Reading and S. Typhimurium study, all treatments reduced Salmonella and total aerobes on drums. During the S. Typhimurium study, drums treated with PAA + AMP had the lowest numerical load of S. Typhimurium and total aerobes. The combination of AMP + PAA may exhibit a synergistic effect in reducing Salmonella on turkey drums, thus increasing the safety of turkey products for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, WI
| | - L A Wythe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, WI
| | - D K Dittoe
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704
| | - K M Feye
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704
| | - S C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, WI.
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28
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Abstract
Organic acids continue to receive considerable attention as feed additives for animal production. Most of the emphasis to date has focused on food safety aspects, particularly on lowering the incidence of foodborne pathogens in poultry and other livestock. Several organic acids are currently either being examined or are already being implemented in commercial settings. Among the several organic acids that have been studied extensively, is formic acid. Formic acid has been added to poultry diets as a means to limit Salmonella spp. and other foodborne pathogens both in the feed and potentially in the gastrointestinal tract once consumed. As more becomes known about the efficacy and impact formic acid has on both the host and foodborne pathogens, it is clear that the presence of formic acid can trigger certain pathways in Salmonella spp. This response may become more complex when formic acid enters the gastrointestinal tract and interacts not only with Salmonella spp. that has colonized the gastrointestinal tract but the indigenous microbial community as well. This review will cover current findings and prospects for further research on the poultry microbiome and feeds treated with formic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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29
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Dittoe DK, Barabote RD, Rothrock MJ, Ricke SC. Assessment of a Potential Role of Dickeya dadantii DSM 18020 as a Pectinase Producer for Utilization in Poultry Diets Based on in silico Analyses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:751. [PMID: 32390987 PMCID: PMC7191031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the poultry industry has been faced with consumer pressure to utilize only vegetable feedstuffs in poultry diets, eliminate antibiotics from poultry production, and rear poultry in free range systems. To maintain current production standards, the industry must determine ways to enhance nutrient uptake and utilization further. One possible solution is the supplementation of pectinase, an enzyme that degrades pectin within the cell walls of plants, in poultry diets. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine the potential role of a pectinase producer, Dickeya dadantii DSM 18020, as a commercially utilized pectinase producer in poultry diets against other known pectinase producers, in silico. In the current study, whole genomes of Dickeya dadantii DSM 18020 (Dd18020), D. dadantii 3937 (Dd3937), D. solani IPO 2222 (Ds2222), Bacillus halodurans C-125 (BhC125), and B. subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 (Bs168) were compared using bioinformatic approaches to compare the chromosomal genome size, GC content, protein coding genes (CDS), total genes, average protein length (a.a.) and determine the predicted metabolic pathways, predicted pectin degrading enzymes, and pectin-degradation pathways across pectinase producers. Due to insufficient information surrounding the genome of Dd18020 (lack of annotation), the genome of Dd3937, a 99% identical genome to Dd18020, was utilized to compare pectinase-associated enzymes and pathways. The results from the current study demonstrated that Dd3937 possessed the most significant proportion of pathways presented and the highest number of pathways related to degradation, assimilation, and utilization of pectin. Also, Dd18020 exhibited a high number of pectinase-related enzymes. Both Dd3937 and Dd2222 shared the pectin degradation I pathway via the EC 3.1.1.11, EC 3.2.1.82, and EC 4.2.2.- enzymes, but did not share this pathway with either Bacillus species. In conclusion, Dd18020 demonstrated the genetic potential to produce multiple pectinase enzymes that could be beneficial to the degradation of pectin in poultry diets. However, for Dd18020 to become a commercially viable enzyme producer for the poultry industry, further research quantifying the pectinase production in vitro and determining the stability of the produced pectinases during feed manufacturing are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Ravi D Barabote
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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30
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Micciche AC, Barabote RD, Dittoe DK, Ricke SC. In silico genome analysis of an acid mine drainage species, Acidiphilium multivorum, for potential commercial acetic acid production and biomining. J Environ Sci Health B 2020; 55:447-454. [PMID: 31941390 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1710985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Acidiphilium multivorum strain AIU 301, acidophilic, aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, was investigated for potential metabolic pathways associated with organic acid production and metal uptake. The genome was compared to other acidic mine drainage isolates, Acidiphilium cryptum JF-5 and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270, as well as Acetobacter pasteurianus 386B, which ferments cocoa beans. Plasmids between two Acidiphilium spp. were compared, and only two of the sixteen plasmids were identified as potentially similar. Comparisons of the genome size to the number of protein coding sequences indicated that A. multivorum and A. cryptum follow the line of best fit unlike A. pasteurianus 386B, which suggests that it was improperly annotated in the database. Pathways between these four species were analyzed bioinformatically and are discussed here. A. multivorum AIU 301, shares pathways with A. pasteurianus 386B including aldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase pathways, which are used in the generation of vinegar. Mercury reductase, arsenate reductase and sulfur utilization proteins were identified and discussed at length. The absence of sulfur utilization proteins from A. multivorum AIU 301 suggests that this species uses previously undefined pathways for sulfur acquisition. Bioinformatic examination revealed novel pathways that may benefit commercial fields including acetic acid production and biomining.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Micciche
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - R D Barabote
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - D K Dittoe
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - S C Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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31
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Blevins RE, Feye KM, Dittoe DK, Bench L, Bench BJ, Ricke SC. Aerobic plate count, Salmonella and Campylobacter loads of whole bird carcass rinses from pre-chillers with different water management strategies in a commercial poultry processing plant. J Environ Sci Health B 2019; 55:155-165. [PMID: 31985354 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1670522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella and Campylobacter are significant issues for poultry processors because of increasing regulatory standards as well as public health concerns. The goal of this study is to report the effects of two different pre-chiller systems that utilize different temperatures and water recirculation systems on whole bird carcass rinsates. Both pre-chiller tanks were contained within a single poultry processing facility and operated at different temperatures and water systems. The incidence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., as well as the aerobic plate counts on whole bird carcass rinses are reported in this study from each pre-chiller system. The results from this study reveal that there are significant differences in how microbial populations and pathogens change over time in each pre-chiller system. Furthermore, we identify that these patterns are different per system. Such data are impactful as it indicates that measuring carcasses within a plant must consider both temperature and water recirculation as it may prevent comparability of different lines within a single processing facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Blevins
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kristina M Feye
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lara Bench
- Tyson Foods, Inc, Springdale, Arkansas, USA
| | - Bennie J Bench
- Department of Poultry Science & The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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32
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Feye KM, Dittoe DK, Shi Z, Woitte J, Owens CM, Kogut MH, Ricke SC. The Reduction of Pathogen Load on Ross 708 Broilers when Using Different Sources of Commercial Peracetic Acid Sanitizers in a Pilot Processing Plant. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110503. [PMID: 31671787 PMCID: PMC6920778 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) in poultry processing is not necessarily the same from company to company. Anecdotal evidence suggests that PeraClean may be more stable compared to the competition; however, it is not known what impact potential differences in chemical stability may have. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of PAA, one PAA (PeraClean, P) was qualitatively compared against two competitor products (Competitors 1 and 2, C1 and C2) at the University of Arkansas Pilot Processing Plant. A total of 150 Ross 708 broilers (42 d) were used in the current study. Briefly, prior to treatment, 10 birds were sampled post-evisceration (C). Then, one of four treatment groups per PAA were applied (A1, A2, B1, and B2). The birds were dipped in either 400 ppm or 600 ppm PAA (A or B), chilled in either 25 ppm or 45 ppm PAA (1 or 2), and then manually agitated in 400 mL of nBPW for 1 min. There were 10 birds per treatment group in total. The resulting rinsates were transported to the Center for Food Safety and assessed for total microbiological load with total aerobic plate counts (Trypticase Soy Agar; APC), coliforms, (Eosin Methylene Blue Media; EMB), Salmonella (Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar, XLD), and Campylobacter (modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar, mCCDA). The microbiological plates were incubated as per manufacturer's directions. Statistical analyses were calculated in JMP 14.0, with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Data indicate that all three sources of PAA are effective sanitizers for poultry processing applications compared within treatment. Qualitatively, there were differences in efficacy between the treatments. However, additional studies will be required to determine if those differences are quantitatively distinctive and if they are attributable to differences in product stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Feye
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Zhaohao Shi
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Jessica Woitte
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Casey M Owens
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Mike H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
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33
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Shi Z, Dittoe DK, Ricke SC. Non-molecular characterization of pellicle formation by poultry Salmonella Kentucky strains and other poultry-associated Salmonella serovars in Luria Bertani broth. J Environ Sci Health B 2019; 54:972-978. [PMID: 31496354 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1661210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is limited research concerning the biofilm-forming capabilities of Salmonella Kentucky, a common poultry isolate. The objective was to quantitate pellicle formation of S. Kentucky versus better-characterized Salmonella strains of Enteritidis and Heidelberg. In separate experiments, Salmonella strains and serovars were tested for their biofilm-forming abilities in different Luria-Bertani (LB) broths (1); pellicle formation in different volumes of LB without salt (2); and the potential priming effects on formation after pellicles were transferred three consecutive times (3). Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA with means separated using Tukey's HSD (P ≤ 0.05). In the first experiment, there was no significant effect between strain and serovars (P > 0.05), but media type affected pellicle formation significantly with LB Miller and LB minus NaCl plus 2% glucose resulting in no pellicle formation (P < 0.001). When grown in 50 mL, Kentucky 38-0085 produced larger pellicles than Kentucky 38-0055, and Heidelberg strain 38-0127 (P < 0.0001). Serial transfers of pellicles did not significantly affect pellicle formation (P > 0.05); however, Kentucky 38-0084, 38-0085 and 38-0086 produced larger pellicles than Kentucky 38-0055 and 38-0056 and Heidelberg 38-0126, 38-0127 and 38-0152. The current study demonstrates the consistent biofilm forming capabilities of Kentucky and may explain why Kentucky is frequently isolated in poultry processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohao Shi
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Ricke SC, Richardson K, Dittoe DK. Formaldehydes in Feed and Their Potential Interaction With the Poultry Gastrointestinal Tract Microbial Community-A Review. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:188. [PMID: 31249838 PMCID: PMC6584747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As antibiotics continue to be phased out of livestock production, alternative feed amendments have received increased interest not only from a research standpoint but for commercial application. Most of the emphasis to date has focused on food safety aspects, particularly on lowering the incidence of foodborne pathogens in livestock. Several candidates are currently either being examined or are already being implemented in commercial settings. Among these candidates are chemical compounds such as formaldehyde. Formaldehyde has historically been used to inhibit Salmonella in feeds during feed processing. Currently, there are several commercial products available for this purpose. This review will cover both the historical background, current research, and prospects for further research on the poultry gastrointestinal tract and feeds treated with formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Bodie AR, Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Knueven CJ, Ricke SC. Application of an Alternative Inorganic Acid Antimicrobial for Controlling Listeria monocytogenes in Frankfurters. Front Sustain Food Syst 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Dittoe DK, Atchley JA, Feye KM, Lee JA, Knueven CJ, Ricke SC. The Efficacy of Sodium Bisulfate Salt (SBS) Alone and Combined With Peracetic Acid (PAA) as an Antimicrobial on Whole Chicken Drumsticks Artificially Inoculated With Salmonella Enteritidis. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:6. [PMID: 30761312 PMCID: PMC6363672 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella spp. on poultry products is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in the United States. Therefore, novel antimicrobial substances are being explored as potential interventions in poultry processing facilities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of varying concentrations of sodium bisulfate salt, SBS, alone or in combination with peracetic acid, PAA, in 15 s whole part dips. Ninety six drumsticks (4 replications, 8 treatments, 3 days) were inoculated separately in a 400 mL solution of nalidixic resistant (NA) Salmonella Enteritidis (107 CFU/mL) and allowed to adhere for 60 to 90 min at 4°C for a final concentration of 106 CFU/g. The experimental treatments included: a no treatment (control), and 15 s dips in 300 mL of tap water alone (TW) or with the addition of 1; 2; and 3% SBS; 1; 2; and 3% SBS+PAA. After treatment, drumsticks were stored at 4°C until microbial sampling was conducted. On d 0, l, and 3, drumsticks were rinsed in 150 mL of nBPW for 1 min, 100 μL of rinsate was serially diluted, spread plated on XLT4+NA (20 μg/mL), and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h. Log-transformed counts were analyzed using a randomized complete block design (day) using One-Way ANOVA, polynomial contrasts, and pairwise comparisons with means being separated by Tukey's HSD with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. A treatment by day interaction (P = 0.14071) was not substantial. Thus, the treatment effect was investigated separately by days. Over time, a linear trend was observed in S. Enteritidis concentration when SBS was increased (1 < 2 < 3%). The concentration of S. Enteritidis was different between 1% SBS and 1% SBS+PAA on d 0. However, the level of S. Enteritidis was not different among drumsticks treated in 2 and 3% SBS and 2 and 3% SBS+PAA across d 0, 1, 3. The application of 3% SBS alone or in combination with 200 ppm of PAA is capable of reducing the presence of Salmonella over a 3-d refrigeration period; potentially increasing the safety of poultry products for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Julie A Atchley
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kristina M Feye
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jung Ae Lee
- Agricultural Statistics Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Dittoe DK, Ricke SC, Kiess AS. Organic Acids and Potential for Modifying the Avian Gastrointestinal Tract and Reducing Pathogens and Disease. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:216. [PMID: 30238011 PMCID: PMC6136276 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, antibiotics have been withdrawn from some poultry diets; leaving the birds at risk for increased incidence of dysbacteriosis and disease. Furthermore, mortalities occurring from disease contribute between 10 to 20% of production cost in developed countries. Currently, numerous feed supplements are being proposed as effective antibiotic alternatives in poultry diets, such as prebiotics, probiotics, acidic compounds, competitive exclusion products, herbs, essential oils, and bacteriophages. However, acidic compounds consisting of organic acids show promise as antibiotic alternatives. Organic acids have demonstrated the capability to enhance poultry performance by altering the pH of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and consequently changing the composition of the microbiome. In addition, organic acids, by altering the composition of the microbiome, protect poultry from pH-sensitive pathogens. Protection is further provided to poultry by the ability of organic acids to potentially enhance the morphology and physiology of the GIT and the immune system. Thus, the objective of the current review is to provide an understanding of the effects organic acids have on the microbiome of poultry and the effect those changes have on the prevalence of pathogens and diseases in poultry. From data reviewed, it can be concluded that the efficacy of organic acids on shifting microbiome composition is limited to the time of administration, the composition of the organic acid product, and the current health conditions of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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