Revealing Probiotic Potential of Enterococcus Strains Isolated From Traditionally Fermented Chhurpi and Healthy Human Gut

Unveiling the mechanism of amelioration of adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis by Drynaria quercifolia rhizome extract using network pharmacology and gene expression-based studies

Rhizomes of Drynaria quercifolia have long been traditionally used to manage rheumatic pain. However, there is limited research supporting this traditional practice and insufficient evidence demonstrating the molecular mechanisms of action of plant-derived bioactives in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The current study aims to identify the effective components in Drynaria quercifolia methanol rhizome extract (DME) and their probable pharmacological mechanisms in alleviating Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) using network-pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular-dynamics simulations, and gene expression-based validation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based screening identified 41 volatile phytocomponents from DME having drug-like potentiality. Network pharmacology-based screening revealed 117 therapeutic targets for RA of which 11 have been identified as core targets. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that key target genes were mostly enriched in the inflammatory response associated with multiple signalling pathways. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies revealed that key target proteins like serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), exhibited strong binding affinity and stable interactions with multiple phytocomponents present in DME. For experimental verification FCA (Freund's complete adjuvant)-induced chronic arthritis model employed for further molecular investigation. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results validated that DME significantly (p ≤ 0.05) regulate the expression of key identified target genes AKT and PPARG in experimental RA model. Moreover, this study further confirmed that DME significantly (p ≤ 0.05) downregulated pro-inflammatory mediators like COX-2, IL-6 and TNF-α at gene and protein levels and also normalized (p ≤ 0.05) different oxidative stress parameters in both the low and high dose groups of DME-treated arthritic animals. In conclusion, the network-based in silico approach indicated that the phytocomponents present in DME probably act in a synergistic way to modulate key identified targets associated with RA, which was further validated by experimental studies. Therefore, DME could be a potential alternative in immunomodulatory therapies to combat RA and related chronic inflammatory conditions.

Equisetum diffusum whole plant methanol extract attenuates rheumatoid arthritis by modulating the expression of key inflammatory biomarkers in rat models

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with subsequent damage to the bone joints with a global incidence rate of 0.5-1%. To combat with RA various commercially available anti-inflammatory drugs like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly practiced; however, their long-term exposure often results in eliciting gastrointestinal and renal toxicity. Given this, the scientific communities are searching for an alternative therapeutic option that seems less injurious and equally efficacious. Equisetum diffusum D. Don, from the Equisetaceae family, is a native pteridophyte species of the sub-Himalayan region of India and has been reported to have a diverse array of pharmacological properties. The decoction and macerated whole plant extract has been used by various tribal communities (like Tagin, Galo, Adi, Kukis, Meiteis, Mulam) throughout the tropical and sub-tropical Asian countries for the treatment of arthritis, bone fractures, back pain, and abrasives. The present research is focused on determining the anti-arthritic potential of E. diffusum whole plant methanol extract (EDME) in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Oral administration with 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. doses of EDME significantly restored paw-edema, arthritic scoring, and normal body weight. EDME treatment also normalized the haematological, biochemical, radiological, and histological status when compared to the arthritic control rats. The methanol extract significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated arthritis progression by downregulating the gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, like COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and upregulating the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators PPAR-γ, Iκβ in the blood, in a dose-dependent manner. Significantly, EDME also reduced the serum concentration of COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 compared to arthritic control rats (p < 0.05). The treatment with EDME also normalized the oxidative stress level in liver by restoring the GSH level, CAT and SOD activities and reducing the elevated MDA level. HPTLC and LC-MS/MS analyses of EDME confirmed the presence of potent polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid) and flavonoids (kaempferol), thereby suggesting the anti-arthritic property of the plant. All our findings established the anti-arthritic potential of E. diffusum extract in chronic arthritis model on a strong ground.

Antidiabetic activities of aerial part of Asparagus racemosus Willd. extract: an in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approach

Asparagus racemosus Willd., a significant medicinal plant in India's Darjeeling Himalayan region. The current study aims to assess the antidiabetic efficacy of the aerial part of Asparagus racemosus Willd. utilizing a streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rat model. The methanolic extract of plant (ARME) was evaluated for in vitro antidiabetic activity through α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme suppression assay and assessed in vivo in a streptozotocin-induced rat model. A 21-day chronic multiple-dose study of ARME was examined. STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with metformin (70 mg/kg) and ARME at concentrations of 200 and 400 mg/kg. It was discovered that ARME inhibited the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase and showed potent therapeutic effects on the rat's model. ARME helps raise body weight, hemoglobin, and other blood counts and normalizes the serum parameters in the diabetic group. In addition, liver tissues' abnormal levels of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione and lipid peroxides were returned to those of control animals. HPTLC study revealed the presence of stigmasterol, which showed a strong affinity for the proteins linked to diabetes mellitus through in silico study. As a result of these findings, ARME inhibits the activity of digestive enzymes and has antioxidant and antihyperglycemic effects in STZ-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats.

Potentially probiotic NPL 1334 strain of Enterococcus durans benefits rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia

PURPOSE

To study the potential of a candidate probiotic strain belonging to the Enterococcus durans species in alleviating hypercholesterolemia and improving the microbial milieu of rat gut.

METHODS

A previously isolated and characterized E. durans strain NPL 1334 was further screened in vitro for its bile salt hydrolyzation and cholesterol assimilation ability. An in vivo trial using diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats was conducted to evaluate the effects of the administered test probiotic strain on the animal's blood biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipopolysaccharides (HDL), low-density lipopolysaccharides (LDL), triglycerides (TG), on body weight, oxidative stress markers, and its impact on intestinal and fecal microbiota as well as a histopathological examination of the test animal's livers.

RESULTS

E. durans strain showed good bile salt hydrolyzing ability and ample cholesterol assimilation in vitro. Probiotic-fed hypercholesterolemic rats showed significantly lowered cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL levels. The body weight of probiotic-fed rats was reduced as compared to the control. E. durans also stimulated the growth of beneficial LAB in the intestine of experimental rats and did not harm the liver of the experimental rats.

CONCLUSION

E. durans can be a natural therapeutic alternative to manage diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and may eventually enhance anti-cholesterolemic therapies.

Comparative genomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the potential of a newly isolated Enterococcus faecium B6 involved in lipogenic effects

Evidence has indicated that Enterococcus plays a vital role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. However, the microbial genetic basis and metabolic potential in the disease are yet unknown. We previously isolated a bacteria Enterococcus faecium B6 (E. faecium B6) from children with NAFLD for the first time. Here, we aim to systematically investigate the potential of strain B6 in lipogenic effects. The lipogenic effects of strain B6 were explored in vitro and in vivo. The genomic and functional characterizations were investigated by whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis. Moreover, the metabolite profiles were unraveled by an untargeted metabolomic analysis. We demonstrated that strain B6 could effectively induce lipogenic effects in the liver of mice. Strain B6 contained a circular chromosome and two circular plasmids and posed various functions. Compared to the other two probiotic strains of E. faecium, strain B6 exhibited unique functions in pathways of ABC transporters, phosphotransferase system, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. Moreover, strain B6 produced several metabolites, mainly enriched in the protein digestion and absorption pathway. The unique potential of strain B6 in lipogenic effects was probably associated with glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, and glutamine and choline transport. This study pioneeringly revealed the metabolic characteristics and specific detrimental traits of strain B6. The findings provided new insights into the underlying mechanisms of E. faecium in lipogenic effects, and laid essential foundations for further understanding of E. faecium-related disease.

Enterococci as a One Health indicator of antimicrobial resistance

The rapid increase of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in humans and livestock is concerning. Antimicrobials are essential for the treatment of disease in modern day medicine, and their misuse in humans and food animals has contributed to an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Globally, antimicrobial resistance is recognized as a One Health problem affecting humans, animals, and environment. Enterococcal species are Gram-positive bacteria that are widely distributed in nature. Their occurrence, prevalence, and persistence across the One Health continuum make them an ideal candidate to study antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective. The objective of this review was to summarize the role of enterococci as an indicator of antimicrobial resistance across One Health sectors. We also briefly address the prevalence of enterococci in human, animal, and environmental settings. In addition, a 16S RNA gene-based phylogenetic tree was constructed to visualize the evolutionary relationship among enterococcal species and whether they segregate based on host environment. We also review the genomic basis of antimicrobial resistance in enterococcal species across the One Health continuum.

Diversity, antimicrobial production, and seasonal variation of honey bee microbiota isolated from the honey stomachs of the domestic honey bee, Apis mellifera

The antimicrobial nature of honey and its related apiological origins typically focus on basic chemical analysis without attempting to understand the diversity of the microbial component. The antibacterial activity, chemical characterization, and diversity of bacteria isolated from Apis mellifera honey stomachs and hive honey collected throughout the honey production season are presented. After screening &gt;2,000 isolates, 50 isolates were selected and characterized by 16S rRNA gene homology, Gram stain, catalase and protease tests, as well as for antibacterial activity against select indicators. Antibacterial-producing isolates were predominantly from the Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus, Lonsdalea, Serratia, and Bacillus genera. Isolates collected from honey stomachs in April displayed the highest level of activity (27%). While April isolates did not demonstrate activity against the Gram-negative bacteria tested. Whereas 59% of July isolates, 33% of September isolates, and 100% of the honey isolates did. The predominant honey stomach isolates were Pseudomonas spp. (April), Paenibacillus polymyxa (July, Sept.), and Lonsdalea iberica (Sept.). Chemical characterizations of the antimicrobial compounds show most to be antibiotic in nature with the minority being potential bacteriocins. This study offers the first glimpse into the variability and diversity of the bacteria/host interactions found within the honey stomach of the domestic honey bee while revealing a novel source of potentially beneficial antimicrobial compounds.

Enterococcus faecium GEFA01 alleviates hypercholesterolemia by promoting reverse cholesterol transportation via modulating the gut microbiota-SCFA axis

This study aimed to identify cholesterol-lowering commensal strains from healthy lean individuals and to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering capacity of Enterococcus faecium GEFA01 in mice fed a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet. E. faecium GEFA01 was isolated from the feces of a healthy lean individual in a selective basal salt medium supplemented with cholesterol. E. faecium GEFA01 exhibited a cholesterol removal rate (CRR) of 46.13% by coprecipitation, assimilation, and degradation of cholesterol. Moreover, E. faecium GEFA01 significantly decreased the body weight of mice and the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), hepatic TC, triglycerides (TG), and LDL-C, and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet compared with the HCD group. We also observed that E. faecium GEFA01 significantly downregulated the gene expression of HMG-CoA reductase (Hmgcr), Srebp-1c, Fxr, Shp, and Fgf 15, upregulated the gene expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr), Abcg5/8, Abca1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), and Lxr in the liver of mice in relative to the HCD group, markedly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Roseburia, and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter in the feces. Collectively, we confirmed that E. faecium GEFA01 exhibited cholesterol-lowering effects in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, which was achieved through assimilation, coprecipitation, and degradation of cholesterol, and through modulation of the gut microbiota short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) axis that promoted reverse cholesterol transport and bile acid excretion. Our study demonstrated that E. faecium GEFA01 may be used as a probiotic candidate to lower cholesterol levels in the future.