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Gu Q, Zhang B, Zhang J, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhang Y, Song B, Zhou Z, Chang X. Unraveling paraquat-induced toxicity on mouse neural stem cells: Dose-response metabolomics insights and identification of sensitive biomarkers for risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124211. [PMID: 38795820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticide could contribute to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Notably, research suggests that prenatal or early postnatal exposure to paraquat (PQ), an herbicide, might trigger neurodevelopmental toxicity in neural stem cells (NSCs) via oxidative stress. However, the molecular mechanisms of PQ-induced perturbations in NSCs, particularly at the metabolite level, are not fully understood. Using a dose-response metabolomics approach, we examined metabolic changes in murine NSCs exposed to different PQ doses (0, 10, 20, 40 μM) for 24h. At 20 μM, PQ treatment led to significant metabolic alterations, highlighting unique toxic mechanisms. Metabolic perturbations, mainly affecting amino acid metabolism pathways (e.g., phenylalanine, tyrosine, arginine, tryptophan, and pyrimidine metabolism), were associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell cycle dysregulation. Dose-response models were used to identify potential biomarkers (e.g., Putrescine, L-arginine, ornithine, L-histidine, N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine, thymidine) reflecting early damage from low-dose PQ exposure. These biomarkers could be used as points of departure (PoD) for characterizing PQ exposure hazard in risk assessment. Our study offers insights into mechanisms and risk assessment related to PQ-induced neurotoxicity in NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Gu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yixi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Enye LA, Edem EE, Onyeogaziri LI, Yusuf A, Ikpade BO, Ikuelogbon DA, Kunlere OE, Adedokun MA. Tiger nut/coconut dietary intervention as antidotal nutritional remediation strategy against neurobehavioural deficits following organophosphate-induced gut-brain axis dysregulation in mice. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:23-40. [PMID: 38193024 PMCID: PMC10772296 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate poisoning remains a global health crisis without efficacious treatments to prevent neurotoxicity. We examined whether antidotal tiger nut and coconut dietary intervention could ameliorate neurobehavioral deficits from organophosphate dichlorvos-induced gut-brain axis dysregulation in a mouse model. Mice were divided into groups given control diet, dichlorvos-contaminated diets, or dichlorvos plus nut-enriched diets. They were exposed to a DDVP-contaminated diet for 4 weeks before exposure to the treatment diets for another 8 weeks. This was followed by behavioural assessments for cognitive, motor, anxiety-, and depressive-like behaviours. Faecal samples (pre- and post-treatment), as well as blood, brain, and gut tissues, were collected for biochemical assessments following euthanasia. Dichlorvos-exposed mice displayed impairments in cognition, motor function, and mood along with disrupted inflammatory and antioxidant responses, neurotrophic factor levels, and acetylcholinesterase activity in brain and intestinal tissues. Weight loss and altered short-chain fatty acid levels additionally indicated gut dysfunction. However, intervention with tiger nut and/or coconut- enriched diet after dichlorvos exposure attenuated these neurobehavioral, and biochemical alterations. Our findings demonstrate organophosphate-induced communication disruptions between the gut and brain pathways that manifest in neuropsychiatric disturbances. Overall, incorporating fibre-rich nuts may represent an antidotal dietary strategy to reduce neurotoxicity and prevent brain disorders associated with organophosphate poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Anderson Enye
- Stress & Neuroimmunology Group, Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Edem Ekpenyong Edem
- Stress & Neuroimmunology Group, Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Lydia Ijeoma Onyeogaziri
- Stress & Neuroimmunology Group, Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Augustine Yusuf
- Stress & Neuroimmunology Group, Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Bliss Oluwafunmi Ikpade
- Stress & Neuroimmunology Group, Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | - Oladunni Eunice Kunlere
- Stress & Neuroimmunology Group, Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Mujeeb Adekunle Adedokun
- Stress & Neuroimmunology Group, Neuroscience Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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Xiong Y, Ma X, He B, Zhi J, Liu X, Wang P, Zhou Z, Liu D. Multifaceted Effects of Subchronic Exposure to Chlorfenapyr in Mice: Implications from Serum Metabolomics, Hepatic Oxidative Stress, and Intestinal Homeostasis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7423-7437. [PMID: 38502791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
As chlorfenapyr is a commonly used insecticide in agriculture, the health risks of subchronic exposure to chlorfenapyr remained unclear. This study aimed to extensively probe the health risks from subchronic exposure to chlorfenapyr at the NOAEL and 10-fold NOAEL dose in mice. Through pathological and biochemical examinations, the body metabolism, hepatic toxicity, and intestinal homeostasis were systematically assessed. After 12 weeks, a 10-fold NOAEL dose of chlorfenapyr resulted in weight reduction, increased daily food intake, and blood lipid abnormalities. Concurrently, this dosage induced hepatotoxicity and amplified oxidative stress in hepatocytes, a finding further supported in HepG2 cells. Moreover, chlorfenapyr resulted in intestinal inflammation, evidenced by increased inflammatory factors (IL-17a, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-22), disrupted immune cells (RORγt, Foxp3), and compromised intestinal barriers (ZO-1 and occludin). By contrast, the NOAEL dose presented less toxicity in most evaluations. Serum metabolomic analyses unveiled widespread disruptions in pathways related to hepatotoxicity and intestinal inflammation, including NF-κB signaling, Th cell differentiation, and bile acid metabolism. Microbiomic analysis showed an increase in Lactobacillus, a decrease in Muribaculaceae, and diminished anti-inflammatory microbes, which further propelled the inflammatory response and leaded to intestinal inflammation. These findings revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying chlorfenapyr-induced hepatotoxicity and intestinal inflammation, highlighting the significant role of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Xiong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bingying He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianwen Zhi
- Department of Proctology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Dai R, Kelly BN, Ike A, Berger D, Chan A, Drew DA, Ljungman D, Mutiibwa D, Ricciardi R, Tumusiime G, Cusack JC. The Impact of the Gut Microbiome, Environment, and Diet in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:676. [PMID: 38339427 PMCID: PMC10854951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally considered a disease common in the older population, colorectal cancer is increasing in incidence among younger demographics. Evidence suggests that populational- and generational-level shifts in the composition of the human gut microbiome may be tied to the recent trends in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. This review provides an overview of current research and putative mechanisms behind the rising incidence of colorectal cancer in the younger population, with insight into future interventions that may prevent or reverse the rate of early-onset colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dai
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (D.B.); (A.C.); (D.A.D.); (R.R.)
| | - Bridget N. Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.I.)
| | - Amarachi Ike
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.I.)
| | - David Berger
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (D.B.); (A.C.); (D.A.D.); (R.R.)
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.I.)
| | - Andrew Chan
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (D.B.); (A.C.); (D.A.D.); (R.R.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David A. Drew
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (D.B.); (A.C.); (D.A.D.); (R.R.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David Ljungman
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - David Mutiibwa
- Department of Surgery, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda;
| | - Rocco Ricciardi
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (D.B.); (A.C.); (D.A.D.); (R.R.)
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.I.)
| | - Gerald Tumusiime
- School of Medicine, Uganda Christian University, Mukono P.O. Box 4, Uganda;
| | - James C. Cusack
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (D.B.); (A.C.); (D.A.D.); (R.R.)
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.I.)
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Kumar V, Sharma N, Sharma P, Pasrija R, Kaur K, Umesh M, Thazeem B. Toxicity analysis of endocrine disrupting pesticides on non-target organisms: A critical analysis on toxicity mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 474:116623. [PMID: 37414290 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds are the chemicals which mimics the natural endocrine hormones and bind to the receptors made for the hormones. Upon binding they activate the cascade of reaction which leads to permanent activating of the signalling cycle and ultimately leads to uncontrolled growth. Pesticides are one of the endocrine disrupting chemicals which cause cancer, congenital birth defects, and reproductive defects in non-target organisms. Non-target organisms are keen on exposing to these pesticides. Although several studies have reported about the pesticide toxicity. But a critical analysis of pesticide toxicity and its role as endocrine disruptor is lacking. Therefore, the presented review literature is an endeavour to understand the role of the pesticides as endocrine disruptors. In addition, it discusses about the endocrine disruption, neurological disruption, genotoxicity, and ROS induced pesticide toxicity. Moreover, biochemical mechanisms of pesticide toxicity on non-target organisms have been presented. An insight on the chlorpyrifos toxicity on non-target organisms along with species names have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Bioconversion and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Thandalam-602105, India.
| | - Neha Sharma
- Metagenomics and Bioprocess Design Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Ritu Pasrija
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Komalpreet Kaur
- Punjab Agricultural University, Institute of Agriculture, Gurdaspur 143521, India
| | - Mridul Umesh
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Basheer Thazeem
- Waste Management Division, Integrated Rural Technology Centre (IRTC), Palakkad 678592, Kerala, India
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Yang Y, Zhou S, Xing Y, Yang G, You M. Impact of pesticides exposure during neurodevelopmental period on autism spectrum disorders - A focus on gut microbiota. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 260:115079. [PMID: 37262968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates exposure to pesticides during the crucial neurodevelopmental period increases susceptibility to many diseases, including the neurodevelopmental disorder known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the last few years, it has been hypothesized that gut microbiota dysbiosis is strongly implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of ASD. Recently, new studies have suggested that the gut microbiota may be involved in the neurological and behavioural defects caused by pesticides, including ASD symptoms. This review highlights the available evidence from recent animal and human studies on the relationship between pesticides that have the potential to disturb intestinal microbiota homeostasis, and ASD symptoms. The mechanisms through which gut microbiota dysbiosis may trigger ASD-like behaviours induced by pesticides exposure during the neurodevelopmental period via the altered production of bacterial metabolites (short chain fatty acids, lipids, retinol, and amino acid) are also described. According to recent research, gut microbiota dysbiosis may be a major contributor to the symptoms of ASD associated with pesticides exposure. However, to determine the detailed mechanism of action of gut microbiota on pesticide-induced ASD behaviours, actual population exposure scenarios from epidemiological studies should be used as the basis for the appropriate exposure pattern and dosage to be used in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Yang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Ying Xing
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China; School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Guanghong Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China; School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
| | - Mingdan You
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
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Liang S, Wang L, Wu X, Hu X, Wang T, Jin F. The different trends in the burden of neurological and mental disorders following dietary transition in China, the USA, and the world: An extension analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front Nutr 2023; 9:957688. [PMID: 36698474 PMCID: PMC9869872 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.957688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The highly processed western diet is substituting the low-processed traditional diet in the last decades globally. Increasing research found that a diet with poor quality such as western diet disrupts gut microbiota and increases the susceptibility to various neurological and mental disorders, while a balanced diet regulates gut microbiota and prevents and alleviates the neurological and mental disorders. Yet, there is limited research on the association between the disease burden expanding of neurological and mental disorders with a dietary transition. Methods We compared the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) trend by age for neurological and mental disorders in China, in the United States of America (USA), and across the world from 1990 to 2019, evaluated the dietary transition in the past 60 years, and analyzed the association between the burden trend of the two disorders with the changes in diet composition and food production. Results We identified an age-related upward pattern in disease burden in China. Compared with the USA and the world, the Chinese neurological and mental disorders DALY percent was least in the generation over 75 but rapidly increased in younger generations and surpassed the USA and/or the world in the last decades. The age-related upward pattern in Chinese disease burdens had not only shown in the presence of cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, and diabetes mellitus but also appeared in the presence of depressive disorders, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, schizophrenia, headache disorders, anxiety disorders, conduct disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and eating disorders, successively. Additionally, the upward trend was associated with the dramatic dietary transition including a reduction in dietary quality and food production sustainability, during which the younger generation is more affected than the older. Following the increase in total calorie intake, alcohol intake, ratios of animal to vegetal foods, and poultry meat to pulses, the burdens of the above diseases continuously rose. Then, following the rise of the ratios of meat to pulses, eggs to pulses, and pork to pulses, the usage of fertilizers, the farming density of pigs, and the burdens of the above disease except diabetes mellitus were also ever-increasing. Even the usage of pesticides was positively correlated with the burdens of Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, cardiovascular diseases, and neoplasms. Contrary to China, the corresponding burdens of the USA trended to reduce with the improvements in diet quality and food production sustainability. Discussion Our results suggest that improving diet quality and food production sustainability might be a promising way to stop the expanding burdens of neurological and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Gut-brain Psychology Laboratory, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Shan Liang,
| | - Li Wang
- Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Gut-brain Psychology Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Gut-brain Psychology Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Gut-brain Psychology Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Gut-brain Psychology Laboratory, Beijing, China,Feng Jin,
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Kulcsarova K, Bang C, Berg D, Schaeffer E. Pesticides and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Convergent Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:1079-1106. [PMID: 37927277 PMCID: PMC10657696 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global burden of Parkinson's disease (PD), termed the PD pandemic, is exceeding expectations related purely to population aging and is likely driven in part by lifestyle changes and environmental factors. Pesticides are well recognized risk factors for PD, supported by both epidemiological and experimental evidence, with multiple detrimental effects beyond dopaminergic neuron damage alone. The microbiome-gut-brain axis has gained much attention in recent years and is considered to be a significant contributor and driver of PD pathogenesis. In this narrative review, we first focus on how both pesticides and the microbiome may influence PD initiation and progression independently, describing pesticide-related central and peripheral neurotoxicity and microbiome-related local and systemic effects due to dysbiosis and microbial metabolites. We then depict the bidirectional interplay between pesticides and the microbiome in the context of PD, synthesizing current knowledge about pesticide-induced dysbiosis, microbiome-mediated alterations in pesticide availability, metabolism and toxicity, and complex systemic pesticide-microbiome-host interactions related to inflammatory and metabolic pathways, insulin resistance and other mechanisms. An overview of the unknowns follows, and the role of pesticide-microbiome interactions in the proposed body-/brain-first phenotypes of PD, the complexity of environmental exposures and gene-environment interactions is discussed. The final part deals with possible further steps for translation, consisting of recommendations on future pesticide use and research as well as an outline of promising preventive/therapeutic approaches targeted on strengthening or restoring a healthy gut microbiome, closing with a summary of current gaps and future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kulcsarova
- Department of Neurology, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Neurology, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Scientific Park MEDIPARK, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Keil-Stietz K, Lein PJ. Gene×environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 152:221-284. [PMID: 36707213 PMCID: PMC10496028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is credible evidence that environmental factors influence individual risk and/or severity of autism spectrum disorders (hereafter referred to as autism). While it is likely that environmental chemicals contribute to the etiology of autism via multiple mechanisms, identifying specific environmental factors that confer risk for autism and understanding how they contribute to the etiology of autism has been challenging, in part because the influence of environmental chemicals likely varies depending on the genetic substrate of the exposed individual. Current research efforts are focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals interact with autism genetic susceptibilities to adversely impact neurodevelopment. The goal is to not only generate insights regarding the pathophysiology of autism, but also inform the development of screening platforms to identify specific environmental factors and gene×environment (G×E) interactions that modify autism risk. Data from such studies are needed to support development of intervention strategies for mitigating the burden of this neurodevelopmental condition on individuals, their families and society. In this review, we discuss environmental chemicals identified as putative autism risk factors and proposed mechanisms by which G×E interactions influence autism risk and/or severity using polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Keil-Stietz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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