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Adhikary R, Sarkar I, Patel D, Gang S, Nath UK, Hazra S. Deciphering antibiotic resistance, quorum sensing, and biofilm forming genes of Micrococcus luteus from hemodialysis tunneled cuffed catheter tips of renal failure patients. Arch Microbiol 2025; 207:114. [PMID: 40186781 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-025-04310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2025] [Revised: 03/06/2025] [Accepted: 03/16/2025] [Indexed: 04/07/2025]
Abstract
Catheter-related bloodstream infections create a significant challenge in healthcare system, often complicated by antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of multi-drug resistance and virulent bacterial pathogens. This study focused on biofilm-forming efficiency, and underlying genetic mechanisms in Micrococcus luteus HL_Chru_C3, isolated from a hemodialysis catheter tip. The isolate exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, including beta-lactams and glycopeptides. Biofilm assays revealed that M. luteus HL_Chru_C3 formed optimum biofilms at high concentration of carbohydrates (500 mM), and pH 5 but there was no significant role of mineral salts. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis using CARD, KAAS, and KEGG databases identified genes associated with antibiotic resistance (ftsI, pbp1a/2, vanY, alr, ddl, murF, mraY, and murG), quorum sensing (genes from the opp family, sec, cylA, ccfA, phnA, phnB, phzC, rpfB, clp, and toxE), and biofilm formation (phnA, phnB, cyaB, vfr, vps, glgC, wecB, wecC, and cysE). The predicted mechanisms of action for these genes, based on homology to other organisms, suggest complex interactions contributing to the observed phenotypes. This study provides an insight into the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in M. luteus HL_Chru_C3 isolated from a hemodialysis catheter, highlighting the need for effective infection control strategies to combat CRBSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajsekhar Adhikary
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Indrani Sarkar
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dhara Patel
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Bapubhai Desaibhai Patel Institue of Paramedical Sciences (BDIPS), Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand, Gujarat, 388421, India
| | - Sishir Gang
- Department of Nephrology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Uttam Kumar Nath
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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Javanmard Z, Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. Advancing Anti-Biofilm Strategies: Innovations to Combat Biofilm-Related Challenges and Enhance Efficacy. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2400271. [PMID: 39392011 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that can cause significant challenges in various settings, including industrial processes, environmental systems, and human health. The protective nature of biofilms makes them resistant to traditional anti-biofilm strategies, such as chemical agents, mechanical interventions, and surface modifications. To address the limitations of conventional anti-biofilm methods, researchers have explored emerging strategies that encompass the use of natural compounds, nanotechnology-based methods, quorum-sensing inhibition, enzymatic degradation, and antimicrobial photodynamic/sonodynamic therapy. There is an increasing focus on combining multiple anti-biofilm strategies to combat resistance and enhance effectiveness. Researchers are continuously investigating the mechanisms of biofilm formation and developing innovative approaches to overcome the limitations of conventional anti-biofilm methods. These efforts aim to improve the management of biofilms and prevent infections while preserving the environment. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in anti-biofilm strategies. Given the dynamic nature of this field, exploring new approaches is essential to stimulate further research and development initiatives. The effective management of biofilms is crucial for maintaining the health of industrial processes, environmental systems, and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Javanmard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ronish LA, Biswas B, Bauer RM, Jacob ME, Piepenbrink KH. The role of extracellular structures in Clostridioides difficile biofilm formation. Anaerobe 2024; 88:102873. [PMID: 38844261 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
C. difficile infection (CDI) is a costly and increasing burden on the healthcare systems of many developed countries due to the high rates of nosocomial infections. Despite the availability of several antibiotics with high response rates, effective treatment is hampered by recurrent infections. One potential mechanism for recurrence is the existence of C. difficile biofilms in the gut which persist through the course of antibiotics. In this review, we describe current developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which C. difficile biofilms form and are stabilized through extracellular biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Ronish
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Baishakhi Biswas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Robert M Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Mallory E Jacob
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kurt H Piepenbrink
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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Gourari-Bouzouina K, Boucherit-Otmani Z, Halla N, Seghir A, Baba Ahmed-Kazi Tani ZZ, Boucherit K. Exploring the dynamics of mixed-species biofilms involving Candida spp. and bacteria in cystic fibrosis. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:255. [PMID: 38734793 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that results from mutations in the gene responsible for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The airways become clogged with thick, viscous mucus that traps microbes in respiratory tracts, facilitating colonization, inflammation and infection. CF is recognized as a biofilm-associated disease, it is commonly polymicrobial and can develop in biofilms. This review discusses Candida spp. and both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial biofilms that affect the airways and cause pulmonary infections in the CF context, with a particular focus on mixed-species biofilms. In addition, the review explores the intricate interactions between fungal and bacterial species within these biofilms and elucidates the underlying molecular mechanisms that govern their dynamics. Moreover, the review addresses the multifaceted issue of antimicrobial resistance in the context of CF-associated biofilms. By synthesizing current knowledge and research findings, this review aims to provide insights into the pathogenesis of CF-related infections and identify potential therapeutic approaches to manage and combat these complex biofilm-mediated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Gourari-Bouzouina
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LapSab), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria.
| | - Zahia Boucherit-Otmani
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LapSab), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Halla
- Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Recovery of Plants, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Moulay-Tahar, 20000, Saida, Algeria
| | - Abdelfettah Seghir
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LapSab), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Zahira Zakia Baba Ahmed-Kazi Tani
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LapSab), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Kebir Boucherit
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LapSab), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
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Koul K, Jawanda IK, Soni T, Singh P, Sharma D, Kumari S. Quantum dots: a next generation approach for pathogenic microbial biofilm inhibition; mechanistic insights, existing challenges, and future potential. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:158. [PMID: 38480540 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Quantum Dots (QDs) have emerged as versatile nanomaterials with origins spanning organic, inorganic, and natural sources, revolutionizing various biomedical applications, particularly in combating pathogenic biofilm formation. Biofilms, complex structures formed by microbial communities enveloped in exopolysaccharide matrices, pose formidable challenges to traditional antibiotics due to their high tolerance and resistance, exacerbating inefficacy issues in antibiotic treatments. QDs offer a promising solution, employing physical mechanisms like photothermal or photodynamic therapy to disrupt biofilms. Their efficacy is noteworthy, with lower susceptibility to resistance development and broad-spectrum action as compared to conventional antibiotic methods. The stability and durability of QDs ensure sustained biofilm activity, even in challenging environmental conditions. This comprehensive review delves into the synthesis, properties, and applications of Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs), most widely used QDs, showcasing groundbreaking developments that position these nanomaterials at the forefront of cutting-edge research and innovation. These nanomaterials exhibit multifaceted mechanisms, disrupting cell walls and membranes, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and binding to nucleic materials, effectively inhibiting microbial proliferation. This opens transformative possibilities for healthcare interventions by providing insights into biofilm dynamics. However, challenges in size control necessitate ongoing research to refine fabrication techniques, ensure defect-free surfaces, and optimize biological activity. QDs emerge as microscopic yet potent tools, promising to contribute to a brighter future where quantum wonders shape innovative solutions to persistently challenging issues posed by pathogenic biofilms. Henceforth, this review aims to explore QDs as potential agents for inhibiting pathogenic microbial biofilms, elucidating the underlying mechanisms, addressing the current challenges, and highlighting their promising future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyati Koul
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | | | - Thomson Soni
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Pranjali Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Divyani Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Seema Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Dsouza FP, Dinesh S, Sharma S. Understanding the intricacies of microbial biofilm formation and its endurance in chronic infections: a key to advancing biofilm-targeted therapeutic strategies. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:85. [PMID: 38300317 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms can adhere to various surfaces in the environment with human beings being no exception. Enclosed in a self-secreted matrix which contains extracellular polymeric substances, biofilms are intricate communities of bacteria that play a significant role across various sectors and raise concerns for public health, medicine and industries. These complex structures allow free-floating planktonic cells to adopt multicellular mode of growth which leads to persistent infections. This is of great concern as biofilms can withstand external attacks which include antibiotics and immune responses. A more comprehensive and innovative approach to therapy is needed in view of the increasing issue of bacterial resistance brought on by the overuse of conventional antimicrobial medications. Thus, to oppose the challenges posed by biofilm-related infections, innovative therapeutic strategies are being explored which include targeting extracellular polymeric substances, quorum sensing, and persister cells. Biofilm-responsive nanoparticles show promising results by improving drug delivery and reducing the side effects. This review comprehensively examines the factors influencing biofilm formation, host immune defence mechanisms, infections caused by biofilms, diagnostic approaches, and biofilm-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susha Dinesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560043, India.
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560043, India
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Bakare OO, Gokul A, Niekerk LA, Aina O, Abiona A, Barker AM, Basson G, Nkomo M, Otomo L, Keyster M, Klein A. Recent Progress in the Characterization, Synthesis, Delivery Procedures, Treatment Strategies, and Precision of Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11864. [PMID: 37511621 PMCID: PMC10380191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are constantly evolving to bypass antibiotics or create resistance against them. There is a piercing alarm for the need to improve the design of new effective antimicrobial agents such as antimicrobial peptides which are less prone to resistance and possess high sensitivity. This would guard public health in combating and overcoming stubborn pathogens and mitigate incurable diseases; however, the emergence of antimicrobial peptides' shortcomings ranging from untimely degradation by enzymes to difficulty in the design against specific targets is a major bottleneck in achieving these objectives. This review is aimed at highlighting the recent progress in antimicrobial peptide development in the area of nanotechnology-based delivery, selectivity indices, synthesis and characterization, their doping and coating, and the shortfall of these approaches. This review will raise awareness of antimicrobial peptides as prospective therapeutic agents in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, such as the sensitive treatment of diseases and their utilization. The knowledge from this development would guide the future design of these novel peptides and allow the development of highly specific, sensitive, and accurate antimicrobial peptides to initiate treatment regimens in patients to enable them to have accommodating lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Olanrewaju Bakare
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu 2002, Nigeria
| | - Arun Gokul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Qwaqwa Campus, University of the Free State, Phuthadithjaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Lee-Ann Niekerk
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Omolola Aina
- Plant Omics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ademola Abiona
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu 2002, Nigeria
| | - Adele Mariska Barker
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Basson
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Mbukeni Nkomo
- Department of Botany, H13 Botany Building, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Laetitia Otomo
- Department of Plant Sciences, Qwaqwa Campus, University of the Free State, Phuthadithjaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Marshall Keyster
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Plant Omics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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