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The Possible Role of Apathy on Conflict Monitoring: Preliminary Findings of a Behavioral Study on Severe Acquired Brain Injury Patients Using Flanker Tasks. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020298. [PMID: 36831841 PMCID: PMC9954644 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of apathy, one of the most common behavioral changes after acquired brain injury (ABI), is important for improving clinical understanding and treatment of persons with ABI. The main aim of this study was to determine the possible role of apathy in conflict monitoring, by using choice reaction time tasks. Methods: We examined behavioral responses of conflict monitoring during three different flanker tasks in 10 severe ABI patients with or without diagnosis of apathy (3 M, mean age = 56.60; 3 M, mean age ± SD = 58.60, respectively), and 15 healthy controls (9 M, mean age = 54.46) Reaction times (RTs), accuracy, and global index of performance (GIP) were analyzed for each task. Results: Only apathetic ABI patients showed a significant difference from healthy subjects (p-value ≤ 0.001), while the performance of patients without apathy was not significantly different from that of healthy controls (p-value = 0.351). Healthy participants had higher accuracy in comparison to both ABI patients with (p < 0.001) and without (p-value = 0.038) apathy, whilst slower RTs were shown by ABI patients without apathy in comparison to both healthy subjects (p-value = 0.045) and apathetic ABI patients (p-value = 0.022). Only patients with apathy exhibited a significantly higher number of missing trials (p-value = 0.001). Conclusions: Our results may suggest a potential link between apathy following severe ABI and conflict monitoring processes, even though further investigations with larger sample size are needed.
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Wong GCN, Chow KHM. DNA Damage Response-Associated Cell Cycle Re-Entry and Neuronal Senescence in Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S429-S451. [PMID: 35848025 PMCID: PMC10473156 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronological aging is by far the strongest risk factor for age-related dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Senescent cells accumulated in the aging and Alzheimer's disease brains are now recognized as the keys to describing such an association. Cellular senescence is a classic phenomenon characterized by stable cell arrest, which is thought to be applicable only to dividing cells. Emerging evidence indicates that fully differentiated post-mitotic neurons are also capable of becoming senescent, with roles in contributing to both brain aging and disease pathogenesis. The key question that arises is the identity of the upstream triggers and the molecular mechanisms that underly such changes. Here, we highlight the potential role of persistent DNA damage response as the major driver of senescent phenotypes and discuss the current evidence and molecular mechanisms that connect DNA repair infidelity, cell cycle re-entry and terminal fate decision in committing neuronal cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genper Chi-Ngai Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kim Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Sghirripa S, Graetz L, Rogasch NC, Semmler JG, Goldsworthy MR. Does predictive cueing of presentation time modulate alpha power and facilitate visual working memory performance in younger and older adults? Brain Cogn 2022; 159:105861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ragguett RM, Cha DS, Kakar R, Rosenblat JD, Lee Y, McIntyre RS. Assessing and measuring cognitive function in major depressive disorder. EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 2016; 19:106-109. [PMID: 27935809 PMCID: PMC10699515 DOI: 10.1136/eb-2016-102456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a major component of major depressive disorder (MDD). No 'gold-standard' tool exists for the assessment of cognitive dysfunction for adults with MDD. The use of measurement-based care to improve treatment outcomes invites the need for a systematic screening, evaluation and measurement tool. The aim herein was to provide a succinct summary of literature documenting clinical implication of cognitive dysfunction in MDD, and a review of available screening, diagnostic and measurement tools for cognitive dysfunction in MDD is provided. We also take the opportunity to introduce a screening tool (ie, the THINC-it tool) targeted at addressing the unmet needs. We found that there are limitations to the current measurement scales; for example, many are not targeted for MDD and not all digitally available tests are free of charge. Furthermore, the spectrum of cognitive dysfunction in MDD is poorly represented by the existing tests and as such, there is a lack of sensitivity in the ability to screen a patient with MDD for a cognitive dysfunction. Recognising and addressing the limitations in the current screening techniques for cognitive dysfunction as well as being presented with the current tools available provides the ability to perform an educated cognitive screening for a patient with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee-Marie Ragguett
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Danielle S Cha
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Ron Kakar
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Weber M, Wu T, Hanson JE, Alam NM, Solanoy H, Ngu H, Lauffer BE, Lin HH, Dominguez SL, Reeder J, Tom J, Steiner P, Foreman O, Prusky GT, Scearce-Levie K. Cognitive Deficits, Changes in Synaptic Function, and Brain Pathology in a Mouse Model of Normal Aging(1,2,3). eNeuro 2015; 2:ENEURO.0047-15.2015. [PMID: 26473169 PMCID: PMC4606159 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0047-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the main risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Yet, cognitive decline in aged rodents has been less well studied, possibly due to concomitant changes in sensory or locomotor function that can complicate cognitive tests. We tested mice that were 3, 11, and 23 months old in cognitive, sensory, and motor measures, and postmortem measures of gliosis and neural activity (c-Fos). Hippocampal synaptic function was also examined. While age-related impairments were detectable in tests of spatial memory, greater age-dependent effects were observed in tests of associative learning [active avoidance (AA)]. Gross visual function was largely normal, but startle responses to acoustic stimuli decreased with increased age, possibly due to hearing impairments. Therefore, a novel AA variant in which light alone served as the conditioning stimuli was used. Age-related deficits were again observed. Mild changes in vision, as measured by optokinetic responses, were detected in 19- versus 4-month-old mice, but these were not correlated to AA performance. Thus, deficits in hearing or vision are unlikely to account for the observed deficits in cognitive measures. Increased gliosis was observed in the hippocampal formation at older ages. Age-related changes in neural function and plasticity were observed with decreased c-Fos in the dentate gyrus, and decreased synaptic strength and paired-pulse facilitation in CA1 slices. This work, which carefully outlines age-dependent impairments in cognitive and synaptic function, c-Fos activity, and gliosis during normal aging in the mouse, suggests robust translational measures that will facilitate further study of the biology of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jesse E. Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Nazia M. Alam
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, 10605
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Hai Ngu
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Benjamin E. Lauffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Han H. Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Sara L. Dominguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jens Reeder
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jennifer Tom
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Glen T. Prusky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605
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Saliasi E, Geerligs L, Dalenberg JR, Lorist MM, Maurits NM. Differences in cognitive aging: typology based on a community structure detection approach. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:35. [PMID: 25852549 PMCID: PMC4365722 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the extent and patterns of cognitive variability in younger and older adults. An important novelty of this study is the use of graph-based community structure detection analysis to map performance in a mixed population of 79 young and 76 older adults, without separating the age groups a-priori. We identified six subgroups, with distinct patterns of neuropsychological performance. The stability of the identified subgroups was confirmed by employing a cross-validation support vector machine based analysis. The majority of these subgroups comprised either young or older adults, confirming the expected role of aging in cognitive performance. In addition, we identified a subgroup of young and older adults who performed at a similar cognitive level of overall good cognitive performance with slightly decreased processing speed. This result showed that older age is not necessarily associated with general lower cognitive performance and that being young is not necessarily associated with superior cognitive performance. Moreover, cognitively better performing elderly had a significantly higher level of education attainment and higher crystallized intelligence than the other elderly, which suggests that older adults with higher cognitive reserve may be able to cope better with age-related neurobiological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Saliasi
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
- NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Linda Geerligs
- NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelle R. Dalenberg
- NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Monicque M. Lorist
- NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Natasha M. Maurits
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
- NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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Foster TC. Challenges and opportunities in characterizing cognitive aging across species. Front Aging Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23189053 PMCID: PMC3505961 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2012.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Roberson ED, DeFazio RA, Barnes CA, Alexander GE, Bizon JL, Bowers D, Foster TC, Glisky EL, Levin BE, Ryan L, Wright CB, Geldmacher DS. Challenges and opportunities for characterizing cognitive aging across species. Front Aging Neurosci 2012; 4:6. [PMID: 22988434 PMCID: PMC3439634 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2012.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gradual decline of cognitive ability with age, even in the absence of overt brain disease, is a growing problem. Although cognitive aging is a common and feared accompaniment of the aging process, its underlying mechanisms are not well understood and there are no highly effective means to prevent it. Additional research on cognitive aging is sorely needed, and methods that enable ready translation between human subjects and animal models stand to provide the most benefit. Here and in the six companion pieces in this special issue, we discuss a variety of challenges and opportunities for studying cognitive aging across species. We identify tests of associative memory, recognition memory, spatial and contextual memory, and working memory and executive function as cognitive domains that are age-sensitive and amenable to testing with parallel means in both humans and animal models. We summarize some of the important challenges in using animal models to test cognition. We describe unique opportunities to study cognitive aging in human subjects, such as those provided by recent large-scale initiatives to characterize cognition in large groups of subjects across the lifespan. Finally, we highlight some of the challenges of studying cognitive aging in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D. Roberson
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, AL, USA
| | - R. Anthony DeFazio
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of MiamiMiami, FL, USA
| | - Carol A. Barnes
- Department of Psychology, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Gene E. Alexander
- Department of Psychology, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dawn Bowers
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C. Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Glisky
- Department of Psychology, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bonnie E. Levin
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of MiamiMiami, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of MiamiMiami, FL, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- Department of Psychology, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Clinton B. Wright
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of MiamiMiami, FL, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of MiamiMiami, FL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of MiamiMiami, FL, USA
| | - David S. Geldmacher
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, AL, USA
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