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Li KR, Wu AG, Tang Y, He XP, Yu CL, Wu JM, Hu GQ, Yu L. The Key Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases-Associated Biomarkers: A Review. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5935-5954. [PMID: 35829831 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including chronic disease such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis, and acute diseases like traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke are characterized by progressive degeneration, brain tissue damage and loss of neurons, accompanied by behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions. So far, there are no complete cures for NDs; thus, early and timely diagnoses are essential and beneficial to patients' treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become one of the advanced medical imaging techniques widely used in the clinical examination of NDs due to its non-invasive diagnostic value. In this review, research published in English in current decade from PubMed electronic database on the use of MRI to detect specific biomarkers of NDs was collected, summarized, and discussed, which provides valuable suggestions for the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of NDs in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ru Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing, 408000, China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chong-Lin Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Guang-Qiang Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Frankenberg C, Pantel J, Haberkorn U, Degen C, Buchsbaum MS, Herold CJ, Schröder J. Neural Correlates of Autobiographical Memory: Evidence From a Positron Emission Tomography Study in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:730713. [PMID: 34589011 PMCID: PMC8473866 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.730713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autobiographical memory (AM) changes are the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In recent neuroimaging studies, AM changes have been associated with numerous cerebral sites, such as the frontal cortices, the mesial temporal lobe, or the posterior cingulum. Regional glucose uptake in these sites was investigated for underlying subdimensions using factor analysis. Subsequently, the factors were examined with respect to AM performance in a subgroup of patients. Methods: Data from 109 memory clinic referrals, who presented with MCI (n = 60), mild AD (n = 49), or were cognitively intact, were analyzed. The glucose metabolic rates determined by positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in 34 cerebral sites important for AM were investigated for underlying subdimensions by calculating factor analysis with varimax rotation. Subsequently, the respective factor scores were correlated with the episodic and semantic AM performance of 22 patients, which was measured with a semi-structured interview assessing episodic memories (characterized by event-related emotional, sensory, contextual, and spatial-temporal details) and personal semantic knowledge from three periods of life (primary school, early adulthood, and recent years). Results: Factor analysis identified seven factors explaining 69% of the variance. While patients with MCI and AD showed lower values than controls on the factors frontal cortex, mesial temporal substructures, and occipital cortex, patients with MCI presented with increased values on the factors posterior cingulum and left temporo-prefrontal areas. The factors anterior cingulum and right temporal cortex showed only minor, non-significant group differences. Solely, the factor mesial temporal substructures was significantly correlated with both episodic memories (r = 0.424, p < 0.05) and personal semantic knowledge (r = 0.547, p < 0.01) in patients with MCI/AD. Conclusions: The factor structure identified corresponds by large to the morphological and functional interrelations of the respective sites. While reduced glucose uptake on the factors frontal cortex, mesial temporal substructures, and occipital cortex in the patient group may correspond to neurodegenerative changes, increased values on the factors posterior cingulum and left temporo-prefrontal areas in MCI may result from compensatory efforts. Interestingly, changes of the mesial temporal substructures were correlated with both semantic and episodic AM. Our findings suggest that AM deficits do not only reflect neurodegenerative changes but also refer to compensatory mechanisms as they involve both quantitative losses of specific memories and qualitative changes with a semantization of memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Frankenberg
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Pantel
- Institute of General Practice, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Degen
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monte S. Buchsbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Christina J. Herold
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schröder
- Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Behavioural and neurophysiological signatures in the retrieval of individual memories of recent and remote real-life routine episodic events. Cortex 2021; 141:128-143. [PMID: 34049255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) has been largely investigated as the ability to recollect specific events that belong to an individual's past. However, how we retrieve real-life routine episodes and how the retrieval of these episodes changes with the passage of time remain unclear. Here, we asked participants to use a wearable camera that automatically captured pictures to record instances during a week of their routine life and implemented a deep neural network-based algorithm to identify picture sequences that represented episodic events. We then asked each participant to return to the lab to retrieve AMs for single episodes cued by the selected pictures 1 week, 2 weeks and 6-14 months after encoding while scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded. We found that participants were more accurate in recognizing pictured scenes depicting their own past than pictured scenes encoded in the lab, and that memory recollection of personally experienced events rapidly decreased with the passing of time. We also found that the retrieval of real-life picture cues elicited a strong and positive 'ERP old/new effect' over frontal regions and that the magnitude of this ERP effect was similar throughout memory tests over time. However, we observed that recognition memory induced a frontal theta power decrease and that this effect was mostly seen when memories were tested after 1 and 2 weeks but not after 6-14 months from encoding. Altogether, we discuss the implications for neuroscientific accounts of episodic retrieval and the potential benefits of developing individual-based AM exploration strategies at the clinical level.
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Biedermann SV, Demirakca T, Sartorius A, Auer MK, Ende G, Berna F. Autobiographical memory deficits in patients with depression follow a temporal distribution. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257:193-196. [PMID: 28768208 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory deficits are known in depression. The temporal distribution thereof across periods of life has rarely been considered yet. Autobiographical memories for 5 life periods were investigated in 27 depressed in-patients and compared to 31 matched healthy controls using the Bielefelder Autobiographisches Gedächtnis Inventar. Depressed patients reported significantly less details in memories dating from childhood to 30 years, correlating with severity of depression. Memories from childhood and recent periods were less positive in depressed patients. Thus, we found a distinct pattern of autobiographical memory deficits in depressed patients. Possible etiological factors, however, need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Biedermann
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Traute Demirakca
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias K Auer
- RG Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ende
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabrice Berna
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
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Hirjak D, Wolf RC, Remmele B, Seidl U, Thomann AK, Kubera KM, Schröder J, Maier-Hein KH, Thomann PA. Hippocampal formation alterations differently contribute to autobiographic memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampus 2017; 27:702-715. [PMID: 28281317 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) is part of declarative memory and includes both semantic and episodic aspects. AM deficits are among the major complaints of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) even in early or preclinical stages. Previous MRI studies in AD patients have showed that deficits in semantic and episodic AM are associated with hippocampal alterations. However, the question which specific hippocampal subfields and adjacent extrahippocampal structures contribute to deficits of AM in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients has not been investigated so far. Hundred and seven participants (38 AD patients, 38 MCI individuals and 31 healthy controls [HC]) underwent MRI at 3 Tesla. AM was assessed with a semi-structured interview (E-AGI). FreeSurfer 5.3 was used for hippocampal parcellation. Semantic and episodic AM scores were related to the volume of 5 hippocampal subfields and cortical thickness in the parahippocampal and entorhinal cortex. Both semantic and episodic AM deficits were associated with bilateral hippocampal alterations. These associations referred mainly to CA1, CA2-3, presubiculum, and subiculum atrophy. Episodic, but not semantic AM loss was associated with cortical thickness reduction of the bilateral parahippocampal and enthorinal cortex. In MCI individuals, episodic, but not semantic AM deficits were associated with alterations of the CA1, presubiculum and subiculum. Our findings support the crucial role of CA1, presubiculum, and subiculum in episodic memory. The present results implicate that in MCI individuals, semantic and episodic AM deficits are subserved by distinct neuronal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert C Wolf
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Remmele
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Seidl
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Mental Health, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anne K Thomann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina M Kubera
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Klaus H Maier-Hein
- Medical Image Computing Group, Division Medical and Biological Informatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany
| | - Philipp A Thomann
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Mental Health, Odenwald District Healthcare Center, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 10-20, Erbach, 64711, Germany
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Scheidemann JH, Petermann F, Schipper M. Are Deficits in Social Cognition Linked to Autobiographical Memory in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease? ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. We investigated theory of mind (ToM) deficits in Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) and its possible connection to autobiographical memory (ABM). Patients and matched controls were evaluated and compared using a video-based ToM test, an autobiographical fluency task, and a neuropsychological test battery. We found that ToM deficits were positively associated with semantic ABM in the clinical group, whereas a positive relationship appeared between ToM and episodic ABM in controls. We hypothesize that this reflects the course of the disease as well as that semantic ABM is used for ToM processing, being still accessible in AD. Furthermore, we assume that it is also less efficient, which in turn leads to a specific deficit profile of social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franz Petermann
- Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen
| | - Marc Schipper
- Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen
- Department of Prevention and Health Promotion, APOLLON University of Applied Sciences Bremen
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Abstract
The impact of anger on autobiographical recall was examined in two studies. In Experiment 1, 76 participants differing in trait anger completed an autobiographical memory task (AMT). In Experiment 2, 50 participants with elevated trait anger were either provoked or not provoked and subsequently completed an AMT. Across both studies, participants with high dispositional anger reported more anger-related memories, describing themselves as the primary agent of anger. In Experiment 2, provoked participants reported more memories describing themselves as the target of anger. These findings highlight the distinct patterns of memory recall associated with trait versus state anger. Findings are discussed in terms of retrieval biases operating in angry individuals and proposals stemming from self-memory system models of autobiographical memory.
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Faget-Agius C, Boyer L, Richieri R, Auquier P, Lançon C, Guedj E. Functional brain substrate of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: A brain SPECT multidimensional analysis. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 249:67-75. [PMID: 27000309 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the functional brain substrate of quality of life (QoL) in patients with schizophrenia. Participants comprised 130 right-handed patients with schizophrenia who underwent whole-brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with (99m)Tc-labeled ethylcysteinate dimer ((99m)Tc-ECD) for exploring correlations of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with the eight dimensions score of the Schizophrenia Quality of Life questionnaire (S-QoL 18). A significant positive correlation was found between the global index of the S-QoL 18 and rCBF in the right superior temporal sulcus and between psychological well-being dimension and rCBF in Brodmann area (BA)6, BA8, BA9, and BA10 and between self-esteem dimension and rCBF in striatum and between family relationship dimension and rCBF in BA1, BA2, BA3, BA4, BA8, BA22, BA40, BA42 and BA44 and between relationship with friends dimension and rCBF in BA44 and between physical well-being dimension and rCBF in parahippocampal gyrus, and finally between autonomy dimension and rCBF in cuneus and precuneus. A significant negative correlation was found between resilience dimension and rCBF in precuneus and between sentimental life dimension and rCBF in BA10. Our findings provide neural correlates of QoL. Brain regions involved in cognitions, emotional information processing and social cognition underlie the different QoL dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Faget-Agius
- Aix-Marseille University, EA 3279, 13005 Marseille, France; Department of Psychiatry, Conception University Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; EA 3279-Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life, School of Medicine, Timone University, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Aix-Marseille University, EA 3279, 13005 Marseille, France; Department of Public Health, La Timone University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France; EA 3279-Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life, School of Medicine, Timone University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Raphaëlle Richieri
- Aix-Marseille University, EA 3279, 13005 Marseille, France; Department of Psychiatry, Conception University Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; EA 3279-Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life, School of Medicine, Timone University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Auquier
- Aix-Marseille University, EA 3279, 13005 Marseille, France; Department of Public Health, La Timone University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France; EA 3279-Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life, School of Medicine, Timone University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Lançon
- Aix-Marseille University, EA 3279, 13005 Marseille, France; Department of Psychiatry, Conception University Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; EA 3279-Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life, School of Medicine, Timone University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Eric Guedj
- Service Central de Biophysique et Médecine Nucléaire, La Timone University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France; Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13005, France
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Drummond C, Coutinho G, Fonseca RP, Assunção N, Teldeschi A, de Oliveira-Souza R, Moll J, Tovar-Moll F, Mattos P. Deficits in narrative discourse elicited by visual stimuli are already present in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:96. [PMID: 26074814 PMCID: PMC4446997 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Language batteries used to assess the skills of elderly individuals, such as naming and semantic verbal fluency, present some limitations in differentiating healthy controls from patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI). Deficits in narrative discourse occur early in dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the narrative discourse abilities of a-MCI patients are poorly documented. The present study sought to propose and evaluate parameters for investigating narrative discourse in these populations. After a pilot study of 30 healthy subjects who served as a preliminary investigation of macro- and micro-linguistic aspects, 77 individuals (patients with AD and a-MCI and a control group) were evaluated. The experimental task required the participants to narrate a story based on a sequence of actions visually presented. The Control and AD groups differed in all parameters except narrative time and the total number of words recalled. The a-MCI group displayed mild discursive difficulties that were characterized as an intermediate stage between the Control and AD groups' performances. The a-MCI and Control groups differed from the AD group with respect to global coherence, discourse type and referential cohesion. The a-MCI and AD groups were similar to one another but differed from the Control group with respect to the type of words recalled, the repetition of words in the same sentence, the narrative structure and the inclusion of irrelevant propositions in the narrative. The narrative parameter that best distinguished the three groups was the speech effectiveness index. The proposed task was able to reveal differences between healthy controls and groups with cognitive decline. According to our findings, patients with a-MCI already present narrative deficits that are characterized by mild discursive difficulties that are less severe than those found in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Drummond
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences - Morphological Sciences Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Department of Speech and Hearing Pathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Coutinho
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences - Morphological Sciences Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rochele Paz Fonseca
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Pontificial Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Naima Assunção
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alina Teldeschi
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Moll
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences - Morphological Sciences Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mattos
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences - Morphological Sciences Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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