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Reguilón MD, Manzanedo C, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Stress inoculation during adolescence attenuates social stress-induced increase in ethanol intake in adult male mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 246:109838. [PMID: 38199295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Social stress exposure heightens the risk of substance abuse disorder development, especially when endured during adolescence, influencing long-term mental health. This study investigates early-life stress's potential to confer resilience against later-life stressors. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the impact of a single social defeat (SD) incident during adolescent mice's lives on subsequent voluntary ethanol consumption following repeated adult social stress exposure. Half of the adolescent mice experienced SD at postnatal day 28. Three weeks later (postnatal day 49), defeated groups encountered four confrontations with aggressive residents every 72 h, while control groups were exposed to non-resident exploration. A day after the last SD, defeated mice were classified as resilient or susceptible based on their response to a social interaction test (SIT), a model for depressive behavior. To assess ethanol consumption during young adulthood, researchers used the 'drinking in the dark' and oral ethanol self-administration paradigms. Stress inoculation (IS) slightly increased resilient animals in the SIT. In mice without IS exposure during adolescence, susceptible defeated mice displayed higher ethanol consumption and motivation than control and resilient mice. IS in adolescence effectively counteracted this effect, as IS-SD groups, whether resilient or susceptible, showed no increase in ethanol intake. These groups also exhibited similar motivation to control, measured by the progressive ratio. Notably, elevated IL-6 levels seen in SD-S mice were absent in IS-exposed mice. Additionally, IS-exposed groups had lower prefrontal cortex IL-6 and CX3CL1 levels. These findings support the hypothesis that IS, induced by moderate-intensity stress during adolescence, can enhance resilience to more severe stressors in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Reguilón
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Manzanedo
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
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Reguilón MD, Ferrer-Pérez C, Manzanedo C, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Voluntary wheel running during adolescence prevents the increase in ethanol intake induced by social defeat in male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06461-0. [PMID: 37736785 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exposure to social defeat (SD) induces a depressive phenotype, increased ethanol seeking and consumption, accompanied by activation of the neuroinflammatory response. However, a resilient response can be potentiated through physical exercise in the form of voluntary wheel running (VWR) during or after exposure to social stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test whether physical exercise during adolescence prior to being exposed to SD can enhance resilience to the increase in ethanol intake. METHODS Male mice had access to VWR during adolescence and the effects of social defeat (4 sessions every 72 h) on oral ethanol self-administration (SA) was evaluated. Based on the social interaction test, mice were classified as resilient or susceptible to depressive-like behavior. Two weeks after the last encounter, mice were subjected to the drinking in the dark and oral ethanol SA paradigms. Mice were then sacrificed to measure brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the striatum and hippocampus. RESULTS As expected, susceptible mice increased ethanol intake in the oral SA protocol. However, susceptible mice in the exercise condition did not increase ethanol intake, showing similar consumption and motivation for ethanol than the control and resilient groups. On the other hand, decreased BDNF levels were observed in susceptible mice in both experimental conditions compared to the control groups after ethanol SA. CONCLUSIONS The pre-exposure of VWR prevented the increase in consumption and motivation for ethanol induced by SD in susceptible mice. On the other hand, it appears that VWR did not exhibit any significant long-term effects on BDNF signaling, which is mainly affected in susceptible mice after ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Reguilón
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Ferrer-Pérez
- Departmento de Psicología Evolutiva, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Manzanedo
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Lai NHY, Mohd Zahir IA, Liew AKY, Ogawa S, Parhar I, Soga T. Teleosts as behaviour test models for social stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1205175. [PMID: 37744951 PMCID: PMC10512554 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1205175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is an important aspect of our everyday life and exposure to it is an unavoidable occurrence. In humans, this can come in the form of social stress or physical stress from an injury. Studies in animal models have helped researchers to understand the body's adaptive response to stress in human. Notably, the use of behavioural tests in animal models plays a pivotal role in understanding the neural, endocrine and behavioural changes induced by social stress. Under socially stressed conditions, behavioural parameters are often measured physiological and molecular parameters as changes in behaviour are direct responses to stress and are easily assessed by behavioural tests. Throughout the past few decades, the rodent model has been used as a well-established animal model for stress and behavioural changes. Recently, more attention has been drawn towards using fish as an animal model. Common fish models such as zebrafish, medaka, and African cichlids have the advantage of a higher rate of reproduction, easier handling techniques, sociability and most importantly, share evolutionary conserved genetic make-up, neural circuitry, neuropeptide molecular structure and function with mammalian species. In fact, some fish species exhibit a clear diurnal or seasonal rhythmicity in their stress response, similar to humans, as opposed to rodents. Various social stress models have been established in fish including but not limited to chronic social defeat stress, social stress avoidance, and social stress-related decision-making. The huge variety of behavioural patterns in teleost also aids in the study of more behavioural phenotypes than the mammalian species. In this review, we focus on the use of fish models as alternative models to study the effects of stress on different types of behaviours. Finally, fish behavioural tests against the typical mammalian model-based behavioural test are compared and discussed for their viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tomoko Soga
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Calpe-López C, Martínez-Caballero MÁ, García-Pardo MP, Aguilar MA. Resilience to the short- and long-term behavioral effects of intermittent repeated social defeat in adolescent male mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023:173574. [PMID: 37315696 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to intermittent repeated social defeat (IRSD) increases the sensitivity of mice to the rewarding effects of cocaine in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Some animals are resilient to this effect of IRSD, though research exploring this inconsistency in adolescent mice is scarce. Thus, our aim was to characterize the behavioral profile of mice exposed to IRSD during early adolescence and to explore a potential association with resilience to the short- and long-term effects of IRSD. METHODS Thirty-six male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to IRSD during early adolescence (PND 27, 30, 33 and 36), while another 10 male mice did not undergo stress (controls). Defeated mice and controls then carried out the following battery of behavioral tests; the Elevated Plus Maze, Hole-Board and Social Interaction Test on PND 37, and the Tail Suspension and Splash tests on PND 38. Three weeks later, all the mice were submitted to the CPP paradigm with a low dose of cocaine (1.5 mg/kg). RESULTS IRSD during early adolescence induced depressive-like behavior in the Social Interaction and Splash tests and increased the rewarding effects of cocaine. Mice with low levels of submissive behavior during episodes of defeat were resilient to the short- and long-term effects of IRSD. In addition, resilience to the short-term effects of IRSD on social interaction and grooming behavior predicted resilience to the long-term effects of IRSD on cocaine reward. CONCLUSION Our findings help to characterize the nature of resilience to the effects of social stress during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Calpe-López
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Martínez-Caballero
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar García-Pardo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - Maria Asunción Aguilar
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Behavioral flexibility impacts on coping and emotional responses in male mice submitted to social defeat stress. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110696. [PMID: 36521585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral flexibility permits the appropriate behavioral adjustments in response to changing environmental demands. The present study aimed to evaluate if variability in baseline flexibility can enable differences in coping strategies, changes in neuroplasticity, and behavioral outcomes in responses to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Male C57BL6 mice were submitted to the Morris Water Maze (MWM) using an extended protocol for reversal learning to assess. The animals were divided into low and high behavioral flexibility groups based on their performance on the last day of acquisition versus the four days of reversal learning. The CSDS was applied for ten consecutive days, and coping strategies were evaluated during the physical interaction on the first and last day of stress. A battery of behavioral tests to assess social and emotional behavior was conducted 24 h after the CSDS protocol. The complexity of prefrontal cortex (PFC) neuronal morphology was evaluated by the Golgi-Cox method. Animals with High Flexibility exhibited changes in their CSDS coping strategies, from active to passive coping, during the CSDS protocol. Low Flexibility mice had no alterations in the coping strategies during CSDS. After social stress, High Flexibility was associated with reduced social interaction with an aggressive Swiss mouse, higher latency to immobility in the tail suspension test, and reduced latency to self-care in the sucrose splash test. High Flexibility mice also displayed higher dendritic complexity on pyramidal neurons from the prelimbic and infralimbic prefrontal cortex compared to Low Flexibility mice. These results suggest That High Flexibility is associated with increased neuroplasticity in cortical areas and better emotional responses related to behavioral despair and motivation. However, exposure to CSDS reversed the beneficial effects of High Flexibility in male mice. Thus, this study suggests that baseline variability in behavioral flexibility, even in inbred strains, might be associated with differences in coping strategies, PFC morphology, and behavioral responses to social stress.
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Chen H, Kang Z, Liu X, Zhao Y, Fang Z, Zhang J, Zhang H. Chronic social defeat stress caused region-specific oligodendrogenesis impairment in adolescent mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1074631. [PMID: 36685249 PMCID: PMC9846137 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1074631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Social stress in adolescents precipitates stress-related emotional disorders. In this study we aimed to investigate oligodendrogenesis in three stress-associated brain regions, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), habenula, and amygdala in adolescent mice exposed to social defeat stress. Methods Four-week-old adolescent mice were subjected to social defeat for 10 days, followed by behavioral tests and evaluations of oligodendroglial proliferation and differentiation. Results Stressed mice showed reduced social interaction, more stretched approach posture, lower sucrose preference, but no changes in the forced swimming test. EdU labeled proliferative cells, newly formed NG2+EdU + oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and Olig2+EdU+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells (OLLs) were significantly decreased in the mPFC and the lateral habenula, but not in the amygdala and the medial habenula in socially defeated mice. APC+Edu+ newly-generated mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) were decreased in the mPFC in stressed mice. However, the total number of NG2+ OPCs, APC+ mature OLs, and Olig2+ OLLs were comparable in all the brain regions examined between stressed and control mice except for a decrease of APC+ mature OLs in the prelimbic cortex of stressed mice. Conclusion Our findings indicate that adolescent social stress causes emotion-related behavioral changes and region-specific impairment of oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, China,Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhewei Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, China,Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, China
| | - Yinglin Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, China
| | - Zeman Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, China,*Correspondence: Jinling Zhang,
| | - Handi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, China,Handi Zhang,
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Calpe-López C, Martínez-Caballero MA, García-Pardo MP, Aguilar MA. Intermittent voluntary wheel running promotes resilience to the negative consequences of repeated social defeat in mice. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113916. [PMID: 35850205 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to reduce the incidence of substance use disorders is to promote resilience to stress using environmental resources such as physical exercise. In the present study we test the hypothesis that Voluntary Wheel Running (VWR) during adolescence blocks the negative consequences of stress induced by intermittent repeated social defeat (IRSD). Four groups of adolescent male C57BL/6 mice were employed in the experiment; two groups were exposed to VWR (1 h, 3 days/week) from postnatal day (PND) 21 until the first social defeat (PND 47), while the remaining two groups did not have access to activity wheels (controls). On PND 47, 50, 53 and 56 mice, who had performed VWR, were exposed to an episode of social defeat by a resident aggressive mouse (VWR+IRSD group) or allowed to explore an empty cage (VWR+EXPL group). The same procedure was performed with control mice that had not undergone VWR (CONTROL+IRSD and CONTROL+EXPL groups). On PND 57, all the mice performed the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Hole-Board, Social Interaction, Tail Suspension and Splash tests. After an interval of 3 weeks, all mice underwent a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure with 1 mg/kg of cocaine. Exposure to VWR prevented the negative consequences of social stress in the EPM, splash test and CPP, since the VWR+IRSD group did not display anxiety- or depression-like effects or the potentiation of cocaine reward observed in the Control+IRSD group. Our results support the idea that physical exercise promotes resilience to stress and represents an excellent target in drug abuse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Calpe-López
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behaviour Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M A Martínez-Caballero
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behaviour Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M P García-Pardo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - M A Aguilar
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behaviour Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Lee RX, Stephens GJ, Kuhn B. Social Relationship as a Factor for the Development of Stress Incubation in Adult Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:854486. [PMID: 35685272 PMCID: PMC9172995 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.854486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While stress reactions can emerge long after the triggering event, it remains elusive how they emerge after a protracted, seemingly stress-free period during which stress incubates. Here, we study the behavioral development in mice isolated after observing an aggressive encounter inflicted upon their pair-housed partners. We developed a spatially resolved fine-scale behavioral analysis and applied it to standard behavioral tests. It reveals that the seemingly sudden behavioral changes developed gradually. These behavioral changes were not observed if the aggressive encounter happened to a stranger mouse, suggesting that social bonding is a prerequisite for stress incubation in this paradigm. This finding was corroborated by hemisphere-specific morphological changes in cortex regions centering at the anterior cingulate cortex, a cognitive and emotional center. Our non-invasive analytical methods to capture informative behavioral details may have applications beyond laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray X. Lee
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Biological Physics Theory Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ray X. Lee,
| | - Greg J. Stephens
- Biological Physics Theory Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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Calpe-López C, Martínez-Caballero MA, García-Pardo MP, Aguilar MA. Brief Maternal Separation Inoculates Against the Effects of Social Stress on Depression-Like Behavior and Cocaine Reward in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:825522. [PMID: 35359840 PMCID: PMC8961977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.825522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to intermittent repeated social defeat (IRSD) increases the vulnerability of mice to the rewarding effects of cocaine in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. According to the "inoculation of stress" hypothesis, a brief period of maternal separation (MS) can provide protection against the negative effects of IRSD. The aim of the present study was to assess whether exposure to a brief episode of MS prevents the subsequent short-term effects of IRSD on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and to explore its long-term effects on cocaine CPP in mice. Four groups of male C57BL/6 mice were employed; two groups were separated from their mother [6 h on postnatal day (PND) 9], while the other two groups were not (controls). On PND 47, 50, 53 and 56, mice that had experienced MS were exposed to social defeat in the cage of an aggressive resident mouse (MS + IRSD group) or were allowed to explore an empty cage (MS + EXPL group). The same procedure was performed with control mice that had not experienced MS (CONTROL + IRSD and CONTROL + EXPL groups). On PND57-58, all the mice performed the elevated plus maze and the hole-board, social interaction and splash tests. Three weeks after the last episode of defeat, all the mice underwent the CPP procedure with cocaine (1 mg/kg). Irrespective of whether or not MS had taken place, a reduction in open arms measures, dips, and social interaction was observed in mice that experienced IRSD. A higher latency of grooming and acquisition of cocaine-induced CPP were observed only in mice exposed to IRSD alone (CONTROL + IRSD). These results suggest that exposure to a brief episode of stress early in life increases the subsequent resilience of animals to the effects of social stress on vulnerability to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Calpe-López
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behaviour Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M A Martínez-Caballero
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behaviour Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M P García-Pardo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - M A Aguilar
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behaviour Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Wang H, Tan YZ, Mu RH, Tang SS, Liu X, Xing SY, Long Y, Yuan DH, Hong H. Takeda G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 Modulates Depression-like Behaviors via Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Neurons Afferent to Dorsolateral Septum. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:1084-1095. [PMID: 33536132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is recognized as a promising target for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome; its expression has been demonstrated in the brain and is thought to be neuroprotective. Here, we hypothesize that dysfunction of central TGR5 may contribute to the pathogenesis of depression. METHODS In well-established chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and chronic restraint stress (CRS) models of depression, we investigated the functional roles of TGR5 in CA3 pyramidal neurons (PyNs) and underlying mechanisms of the neuronal circuit in depression (for in vivo studies, n = 10; for in vitro studies, n = 5-10) using fiber photometry; optogenetic, chemogenetic, pharmacological, and molecular profiling techniques; and behavioral tests. RESULTS Both CSDS and CRS most significantly reduced TGR5 expression of hippocampal CA3 PyNs. Genetic overexpression of TGR5 in CA3 PyNs or intra-CA3 infusion of INT-777, a specific agonist, protected against CSDS and CRS, exerting significant antidepressant-like effects that were mediated via CA3 PyN activation. Conversely, genetic knockout or TGR5 knockdown in CA3 facilitated stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Re-expression of TGR5 in CA3 PyNs rather than infusion of INT-777 significantly improved depression-like behaviors in Tgr5 knockout mice exposed to CSDS or CRS. Silencing and stimulation of CA3 PyNs→somatostatin-GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) neurons of the dorsolateral septum circuit bidirectionally regulated depression-like behaviors, and blockade of this circuit abrogated the antidepressant-like effects from TGR5 activation of CA3 PyNs. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that TGR5 can regulate depression via CA3 PyNs→somatostatin-GABAergic neurons of dorsolateral septum transmission, suggesting that TGR5 could be a novel target for developing antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong-Hao Mu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Su-Su Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Yun Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Hua Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Bekhbat M, Mukhara D, Dozmorov MG, Stansfield JC, Benusa SD, Hyer MM, Rowson SA, Kelly SD, Qin Z, Dupree JL, Tharp GK, Tansey MG, Neigh GN. Adolescent stress sensitizes the adult neuroimmune transcriptome and leads to sex-specific microglial and behavioral phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:949-958. [PMID: 33558677 PMCID: PMC8115118 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent exposure to chronic stress, a risk factor for mood disorders in adulthood, sensitizes the neuroinflammatory response to a subsequent immune challenge. We previously showed that chronic adolescent stress (CAS) in rats led to distinct patterns of neuroimmune priming in adult male and female rats. However, sex differences in the neuroimmune consequences of CAS and their underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we hypothesized that biological sex would dictate differential induction of inflammation-related transcriptomic pathways and immune cell involvement (microglia activation and leukocyte presence) in the hippocampus of male and female rats with a history of CAS. Adolescent rats underwent CAS (six restraint and six social defeat episodes during postnatal days 38-49), and behavioral assessments were conducted in adolescence and adulthood. Neuroimmune measures were obtained following vehicle or a systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in adulthood. CAS led to increased time in the corners of the open field in adolescence. In males, CAS also increased social avoidance. As adults, CAS rats displayed an exaggerated enrichment of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) pathway and chemokine induction following LPS challenge, and increased number of perivascular CD45+ cells in the hippocampus. However, CAS females, but not males, showed exaggerated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathway enrichment and increased microglial complexity. These results provide further insight to the mechanisms by which peripheral immune events may influence neuroimmune responses differentially among males and females and further demonstrate the importance of adolescent stress in shaping adult responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandakh Bekhbat
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Deepika Mukhara
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Mikhail G. Dozmorov
- grid.417264.20000 0001 2194 2791Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - John C. Stansfield
- grid.417264.20000 0001 2194 2791Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Savannah D. Benusa
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Molly M. Hyer
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Sydney A. Rowson
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Sean D. Kelly
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Zhaohui Qin
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Dupree
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Division of Developmental & Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Malú G. Tansey
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Gretchen N. Neigh
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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12
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Horii-Hayashi N, Nomoto K, Endo N, Yamanaka A, Kikusui T, Nishi M. Hypothalamic perifornical Urocortin-3 neurons modulate defensive responses to a potential threat stimulus. iScience 2021; 24:101908. [PMID: 33385113 PMCID: PMC7770982 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensive behaviors are evolved responses to threat stimuli, and a potential threat elicits risk assessment (RA) behavior. However, neural mechanisms underlying RA behavior are hardly understood. Urocortin-3 (Ucn3) is a member of corticotropin-releasing factor peptide family and here, we report that Ucn3 neurons in the hypothalamic perifornical area (PeFA) are involved in RA of a novel object, a potential threat stimulus, in mice. Histological and in vivo fiber photometry studies revealed that the activity of PeFA Ucn3 neurons was associated with novel object investigation involving the stretch-attend posture, a behavioral marker for RA. Chemogenetic activation of these neurons increased RA and burying behaviors toward a novel object without affecting anxiety and corticosterone levels. Ablation of these neurons caused the abnormal behaviors of gnawing and direct contacts with novel objects, especially in a home-cage. These results suggest that PeFA Ucn3 neurons modulate defensive responses to a potential threat stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Horii-Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 643-8521, Japan
| | - Kensaku Nomoto
- Companion Animal Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252–5201, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Nozomi Endo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 643-8521, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- Companion Animal Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252–5201, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 643-8521, Japan
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13
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Milic M, Schmitt U, Lutz B, Müller MB. Individual baseline behavioral traits predict the resilience phenotype after chronic social defeat. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 14:100290. [PMID: 33457472 PMCID: PMC7797906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic social defeat (CSD) has been widely used as a psychosocial stress model in mice, with the magnitude of CSD-induced social avoidance as the major behavioral hallmark of the resilient and susceptible groups. Despite significant progress in the study of the neurobiology of resilient and susceptible mice, the nature and ethological relevance of CSD-induced social avoidance and social approach, particularly measured using a CD1 mouse, needs conceptual clarification. Based on the findings of a recent study revealing substantial individuality in genetically homogeneous inbred mice, we investigated whether certain baseline individual characteristics of male C57BL/6J mice predict the resilient outcome after CSD. We focused on two well-studied individual traits that seem to have heritable underpinnings—approach to novelty and avoidance of harm, which are essential for the expression of the exploratory drive. Our results showed that the exploration levels and the approach to novelty and harm were different before and after CSD in resilient and susceptible mice. Before the stress, resilient mice had higher horizontal activity in a novel environment, shorter approach latencies, and higher exploration times for social and non-social targets than susceptible mice. However, susceptible mice performed better in the passive avoidance task than resilient mice as they were more successful in learning to avoid potential adversity by suppressing the spontaneous exploratory drive. Our findings challenge the validity of the current selection criteria for the susceptible and resilient groups and encourage comprehensive assessment of both baseline and stress-induced individual behavioral signatures of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Milic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ulrich Schmitt
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marianne B. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Ni RJ, Tian Y, Dai XY, Zhao LS, Wei JX, Zhou JN, Ma XH, Li T. Social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics in the laboratory. Zool Res 2020; 41:258-272. [PMID: 32212430 PMCID: PMC7231478 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult male tree shrews vigorously defend against intruding male conspecifics. However, the characteristics of social behavior have not been entirely explored in these males. In this study, male wild-type tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) and C57BL/6J mice were first allowed to familiarize themselves with an open-field apparatus. The tree shrews exhibited a short duration of movement (moving) in the novel environment, whereas the mice exhibited a long duration of movement. In the 30 min social preference-avoidance test, target animals significantly decreased the time spent by the experimental tree shrews in the social interaction (SI) zone, whereas experimental male mice exhibited the opposite. In addition, experimental tree shrews displayed a significantly longer latency to enter the SI zone in the second 15 min session (target-present) than in the first 15 min session (target-absent), which was different from that found in mice. Distinct behavioral patterns in response to a conspecific male were also observed in male tree shrews and mice in the first, second, and third 5 min periods. Thus, social behaviors in tree shrews and mice appeared to be time dependent. In summary, our study provides results of a modified social preference-avoidance test designed for the assessment of social behavior in tree shrews. Our findings demonstrate the existence of social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics. The tree shrew may be a new animal model, which differs from mice, for the study of social avoidance and prosocial behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jun Ni
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin-Ye Dai
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Zhao
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jin-Xue Wei
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. E-mail:
| | - Tao Li
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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15
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O'Tuathaigh CMP, Desbonnet L, Payne C, Petit E, Cox R, Loftus S, Clarke G, Cryan JF, Tighe O, Wilson S, Kirby BP, Dinan TG, Waddington JL. Ethologically based behavioural and neurochemical characterisation of mice with isoform-specific loss of dysbindin-1A in the context of schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2020; 736:135218. [PMID: 32615248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysbindin-1 is implicated in several aspects of schizophrenia, including cognition and both glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Targeted knockout of dysbindin-1A (Dys-1A KO), the most abundant and widely expressed isoform in the brain, is associated with deficits in delay/interference-dependent working memory. Using an ethologically based approach, the following behavioural phenotypes were examined in Dys-1A KO mice: exploratory activity, social interaction, anxiety and problem-solving ability. Levels of monoamines and their metabolites were measured in striatum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The ethogram of initial exploration in Dys-1A KO mice was characterised by increased rearing from a seated position; over subsequent habituation, stillness was decreased relative to wildtype. In a test of dyadic social interaction with an unfamiliar conspecific in a novel environment, female KO mice showed an increase in investigative social behaviours. Marble burying behaviour was unchanged. Using the puzzle-box test to measure general problem-solving performance, no effect of genotype was observed across nine trials of increasing complexity. Dys-1A KO demonstrated lower levels of 5-HT in ratio to its metabolite 5-HIAA in the prefrontal cortex. These studies elaborate the behavioural and neurochemical phenotype of Dys-1A KO mice, revealing subtle genotype-related differences in non-social and social exploratory behaviours and habituation of exploration in a novel environment, as well as changes in 5-HT activity in brain areas related to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm M P O'Tuathaigh
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Medical Education Unit, Brookfield Health Sciences Complex, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Lieve Desbonnet
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Christina Payne
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emilie Petit
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Samim Loftus
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Neurogastroenterology Laboratory, APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Neurogastroenterology Laboratory, APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orna Tighe
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steve Wilson
- In Vivo Science and Delivery, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Brian P Kirby
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Neurogastroenterology Laboratory, APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John L Waddington
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research & Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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16
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Wang W, Wang T, Bai S, Chen Z, Qi X, Xie P. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide attenuates mouse behavioral deficits to chronic social defeat stress by regulating energy metabolism via AKT/CREB signaling pathway. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:49. [PMID: 32066705 PMCID: PMC7026059 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mental disorder associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Current first-line pharmacotherapies for MDD are based on enhancement of monoaminergic neurotransmission, but these antidepressants are still insufficient and produce significant side-effects. Consequently, the development of novel antidepressants and therapeutic targets is desired. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is a compound with proven efficacy in treating ischemic stroke, yet its therapeutic effects and mechanisms for depression remain unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of NBP in a chronic social defeat stress model of depression and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we examined depression-related behavior and performed a targeted metabolomics analysis. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to examine key genes and proteins involved in energy metabolism and the AKT/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway. Our results reveal NBP attenuates stress-induced social deficits, anxiety-like behavior and despair behavior, and alters metabolite levels of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle components. NBP affected gene expression of key enzymes of the TCA cycle, as well as protein expression of p-AKT and p-CREB. Our findings provide the first evidence showing that NBP can attenuate stress-induced behavioral deficits by modulating energy metabolism by regulating activation of the AKT/CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- grid.452206.7NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,grid.452206.7Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- grid.452206.7NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunjie Bai
- grid.452206.7NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,grid.452206.7Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- grid.452206.7NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xunzhong Qi
- grid.452206.7NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,0000 0000 8653 0555grid.203458.8Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Chongqing, China.
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17
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Calpe-López C, García-Pardo MP, Martínez-Caballero MA, Santos-Ortíz A, Aguilar MA. Behavioral Traits Associated With Resilience to the Effects of Repeated Social Defeat on Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 13:278. [PMID: 31998090 PMCID: PMC6962131 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between stress and drug use is well demonstrated. Stress-induced by repeated social defeat (RSD) enhances the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by cocaine in mice. The phenomenon of resilience understood as the ability of subjects to overcome the negative effects of stress is the focus of increasing interest. Our aim is to characterize the behavior of resilient animals with respect to the effects of RSD on the CPP induced by cocaine. To this end, 25 male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to stress by RSD during late adolescence, while other 15 male mice did not undergo stress (controls). On the 2 days following the last defeat, all the animals carried out the elevated plus maze (EPM) and Hole Board, Social Interaction, Tail Suspension and Splash tests. Three weeks later, all the animals performed the CPP paradigm with a low dose of cocaine (1 mg/kg). Exposure to RSD decreased all measurements related to the open arms of the EPM. It also reduced social interaction, immobility in the tail suspension test (TST) and grooming in the splash test. RSD exposure also increased the sensitivity of the mice to the rewarding effects of cocaine, since only defeated animals acquired CPP. Several behavioral traits were related to resilience to the potentiating effect of RSD on cocaine CPP. Mice that showed less submission during defeat episodes, a lower percentage of time in the open arms of the EPM, low novelty-seeking, high social interaction, greater immobility in the TST and a higher frequency of grooming were those that were resilient to the long-term effects of social defeat on cocaine reward since they behaved like controls and did not develop CPP. These results suggest that the behavioral profile of resilient defeated mice is characterized by an active coping response during episodes of defeat, a greater concern for potential dangers, less reactivity in a situation of inevitable moderate stress and fewer depressive-like symptoms after stress. Determining the neurobehavioral substrates of resilience is the first step towards developing behavioral or pharmacological interventions that increase resilience in individuals at a high risk of suffering from stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Calpe-López
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar García-Pardo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Martínez-Caballero
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandra Santos-Ortíz
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Asunción Aguilar
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Gururajan A, Reif A, Cryan JF, Slattery DA. The future of rodent models in depression research. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:686-701. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Gururajan A, van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Becker T, O'Connor R, Bastiaanssen TFS, Moloney GM, Lyte JM, Ventura Silva AP, Merckx B, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Resilience to chronic stress is associated with specific neurobiological, neuroendocrine and immune responses. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:583-594. [PMID: 31059807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into the molecular basis of stress resilience is a novel strategy to identify potential therapeutic strategies to treat stress-induced psychopathologies such as anxiety and depression. Stress resilience is a phenomenon which is not solely driven by effects within the central nervous system (CNS) but involves multiple systems, central and peripheral, which interact with and influence each other. Accordingly, we used the chronic social defeat stress paradigm and investigated specific CNS, endocrine and immune responses to identify signatures of stress-resilience and stress susceptibility in mice. Our results showed that mice behaviourally susceptible to stress (indexed by a reduction in social interaction behaviour) had higher plasma corticosterone levels and adrenal hypertrophy. An increase in inflammatory circulating monocytes was another hallmark of stress susceptibility. Furthermore, prefrontal cortex mRNA expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (Crf) was increased in susceptible mice relative to resilient mice. We also report differences in hippocampal synaptic plasticity between resilient and susceptible mice. Ongoing studies will interpret the functional relevance of these signatures which could potentially inform the development of novel psychotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Gururajan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Thorsten Becker
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Rory O'Connor
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard M Moloney
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Barbara Merckx
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
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20
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Chan J, Stout D, Pittenger ST, Picciotto MR, Lewis AS. Induction of reversible bidirectional social approach bias by olfactory conditioning in male mice. Soc Neurosci 2019; 15:25-35. [PMID: 31303111 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2019.1644370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Social avoidance is a common component of neuropsychiatric disorders that confers substantial functional impairment. An unbiased approach to identify brain regions and neuronal circuits that regulate social avoidance might enable development of novel therapeutics. However, most paradigms that alter social avoidance are irreversible and accompanied by multiple behavioral confounds. Here we report a straightforward behavioral paradigm in male mice enabling the reversible induction of social avoidance or approach with temporal control. C57BL/6J mice repeatedly participated in both negative and positive social experiences. Negative social experience was induced by brief social defeat by an aggressive male CD-1 mouse, while positive social experience was induced by exposure to a female mouse, each conducted daily for five days. Each social experience valence was conducted in a specific odorant context (i.e. negative experience in odorant A, positive experience in odorant B). Odorants were equally preferred pre-conditioning. However, after conditioning, mice sniffed positive experience-paired odorants more than negative experience-paired odorants. Furthermore, positive- or negative-conditioned odorant contexts increased or decreased, respectively, the approach behavior of conditioned mice toward conspecifics. Because individual mice undergo both positive and negative conditioning, this paradigm may be useful to examine neural representations of social approach or avoidance within the same subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dawson Stout
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,The Avielle Foundation, Newtown, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Alan S Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Cognitive Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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21
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Nasrallah P, Haidar EA, Stephan JS, El Hayek L, Karnib N, Khalifeh M, Barmo N, Jabre V, Houbeika R, Ghanem A, Nasser J, Zeeni N, Bassil M, Sleiman SF. Branched-chain amino acids mediate resilience to chronic social defeat stress by activating BDNF/TRKB signaling. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100170. [PMID: 31193350 PMCID: PMC6526306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
How individuals respond to chronic stress varies. Susceptible individuals ultimately develop depression; whereas resilient individuals live normally. In this study, our objective was to examine the effect of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), commonly used by athletes, on susceptibility to stress. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to daily defeat sessions by a CD1 aggressor, for 10 days. On day11, the behavior of mice was assessed using the social interaction test, elevated plus maze and open field. Mice received the BCAA leucine, isoleucine or valine before each defeat session. Furthermore, we examined whether BCAA regulate brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling by using a brain-permeable tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TRKB) inhibitor, ANA-12. We also tested the effect of voluntary exercise and high protein diets on susceptibility to stress. Mice exposed to chronic stress displayed increased susceptibility and social avoidance. BCAA promoted resilience to chronic stress, rescued social avoidance behaviors and increased hippocampal BDNF levels and TRKB activation. Inhibition of TRKB signaling abolished the ability of BCAA to promote resilience to stress and to rescue social avoidance. Interestingly, we found that BCAA activate the exercise-regulated PGC1a/FNDC5 pathway known to induce hippocampal BDNF signaling. Although both voluntary exercise and BCAA promoted resilience to stress, combining them did not yield synergistic effects confirming that they affect similar pathways. We also discovered that high protein diets mimic the effect of BCAA by rescuing social deficits induced by chronic stress and increase Bdnf expression in the hippocampus. Our data indicate that BCAA, exercise and high protein diets rescue susceptibility to stress by activating the hippocampal BDNF/TRKB signaling. BCAA promote resilience to stress and rescue social avoidance via activation of hippocampal BDNF/TRKB signaling. BCAA induce hippocampal BDNF/TRKB signaling by activating the exercise-regulated PGC1a/FNDC5 pathway. BCAA and voluntary exercise affect similar pathways. HPD promote resilience to stress, rescue social avoidance and induce hippocampal Bdnf expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nasrallah
- Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Edwina Abou Haidar
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Joseph S Stephan
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Lauretta El Hayek
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Nabil Karnib
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Khalifeh
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Nour Barmo
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Vanessa Jabre
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Rouba Houbeika
- Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Anthony Ghanem
- Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Jason Nasser
- Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Zeeni
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Maya Bassil
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Sama F Sleiman
- Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.,Molecular Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
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22
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Karnib N, El-Ghandour R, El Hayek L, Nasrallah P, Khalifeh M, Barmo N, Jabre V, Ibrahim P, Bilen M, Stephan JS, Holson EB, Ratan RR, Sleiman SF. Lactate is an antidepressant that mediates resilience to stress by modulating the hippocampal levels and activity of histone deacetylases. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1152-1162. [PMID: 30647450 PMCID: PMC6461925 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress promotes depression in some individuals, but has no effect in others. Susceptible individuals exhibit social avoidance and anxious behavior and ultimately develop depression, whereas resilient individuals live normally. Exercise counteracts the effects of stress. Our objective was to examine whether lactate, a metabolite produced during exercise and known to reproduce specific brain exercise-related changes, promotes resilience to stress and acts as an antidepressant. To determine whether lactate promotes resilience to stress, male C57BL/6 mice experienced daily defeat by a CD-1 aggressor, for 10 days. On the 11th day, mice were subjected to behavioral tests. Mice received lactate before each defeat session. When compared with control mice, mice exposed to stress displayed increased susceptibility, social avoidance and anxiety. Lactate promoted resilience to stress and rescued social avoidance and anxiety by restoring hippocampal class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) levels and activity, specifically HDAC2/3. To determine whether lactate is an antidepressant, mice only received lactate from days 12-25 and a second set of behavioral tests was conducted on day 26. In this paradigm, we examined whether lactate functions by regulating HDACs using co-treatment with CI-994, a brain-permeable class I HDAC inhibitor. When administered after the establishment of depression, lactate behaved as antidepressant. In this paradigm, lactate regulated HDAC5 and not HDAC2/3 levels. On the contrary, HDAC2/3 inhibition was antidepressant-like. This indicates that lactate mimics exercise's effects and rescues susceptibility to stress by modulating HDAC2/3 activity and suggests that HDAC2/3 play opposite roles before and after establishment of susceptibility to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Karnib
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Rim El-Ghandour
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Lauretta El Hayek
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Patrick Nasrallah
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Khalifeh
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Nour Barmo
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Vanessa Jabre
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Ibrahim
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Maria Bilen
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Joseph S. Stephan
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Edward B. Holson
- Atlas Venture, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Rajiv R. Ratan
- 0000 0004 0421 4727grid.410373.2Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY USA
| | - Sama F. Sleiman
- 0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon ,0000 0001 2324 5973grid.411323.6Department of Natural Sciences, Biology Program, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
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23
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Fujii S, Kaushik MK, Zhou X, Korkutata M, Lazarus M. Acute Social Defeat Stress Increases Sleep in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:322. [PMID: 31001080 PMCID: PMC6456680 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Social conflict is a major source of stress in humans. Animals also experience social conflicts and cope with them by stress responses that facilitate arousal and activate sympathetic and neuroendocrine systems. The effect of acute social defeat (SoD) stress on the sleep/wake behavior of mice has been reported in several models based on a resident-intruder paradigm. However, the post-SoD stress sleep/wake effects vary between the studies and the contribution of specific effects in response to SoD or non-specific effects of the SoD procedure (e.g., sleep deprivation) is not well established. In this study, we established a mouse model of acute SoD stress based on strong aggressive mouse behavior toward unfamiliar intruders. In our model, we prevented severe attacks of resident mice on submissive intruder mice to minimize behavioral variations during SoD. In response to SoD, slow-wave sleep (SWS) strongly increased during 9 h. Although some sleep changes after SoD stress can be attributed to non-specific effects of the SoD procedure, most of the SWS increase is likely a specific response to SoD. Slow-wave activity was only enhanced for a short period after SoD and dissipated long before the SWS returned to baseline. Moreover, SoD evoked a strong corticosterone response that may indicate a high stress level in the intruder mice after SoD. Our SoD model may be useful for studying the mechanisms and functions of sleep in response to social stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Fujii
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mahesh K Kaushik
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Xuzhao Zhou
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mustafa Korkutata
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Stress is a major risk factor in the development of various psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. The use of stress paradigms in preclinical contexts is essential to advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders. However, they are not without their limitations and in this commentary, we have examined some of the practical issues associated with their use. We also highlight some of the latest techniques to identify their neuromolecular correlates as well as the potentially important and integrative role of computational neuroscience. Finally, we share our perspective on future directions in the field of preclinical stress research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Gururajan
- a Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Aron Kos
- b Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Munich , Germany
| | - Juan Pablo Lopez
- b Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Munich , Germany
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25
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Fernandes SS, Koth AP, Parfitt GM, Cordeiro MF, Peixoto CS, Soubhia A, Moreira FP, Wiener CD, Oses JP, Kaszubowski E, Barros DM. Enhanced cholinergic-tone during the stress induce a depressive-like state in mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 347:17-25. [PMID: 29501509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder has a heterogeneous etiology, since it arises from the interaction of multiple factors and different pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in the symptomatology. This study aimed to investigate the role of the cholinergic system in the susceptibility to stress and, consequently, in the depression-like behavior. C57BL/6 mice were treated with Physostigmine (PHYS), an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, and were submitted to the social defeat stress. For the behavioral evaluation of the locomotor activity, anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors the open field, elevated plus maze, sucrose preference, social interaction and forced swim were used. Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex samples were collected for evaluation of AChE activity, as well as blood samples for analysis of serum cortisol levels. Our results showed that 15 min after the injection of PHYS there was a significant inhibition of AChE activity in the hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex. On the other hand, in the end of the experimental design, day 12, there was no difference in AChE activity levels. Inhibition of AChE and exposure to the stress led to an increase in cortisol levels. Animals that received PHYS and were exposed to stress showed less social interaction and greater learned helplessness, anhedonia and anxious-like behavior. Taken together, our findings suggest that increasing the cholinergic tone shortly before stress induction impacts on the ability to cope with upcoming stressful situations, leading to a depressive-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Fernandes
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - André P Koth
- Post-Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Parfitt
- Post-Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos F Cordeiro
- Post-Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina S Peixoto
- Post-Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréa Soubhia
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P Moreira
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Clinical Neuroscience Lab., Department of Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina D Wiener
- Post-Graduation Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean P Oses
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Clinical Neuroscience Lab., Department of Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Erikson Kaszubowski
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Barros
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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26
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Bergamini G, Mechtersheimer J, Azzinnari D, Sigrist H, Buerge M, Dallmann R, Freije R, Kouraki A, Opacka-Juffry J, Seifritz E, Ferger B, Suter T, Pryce CR. Chronic social stress induces peripheral and central immune activation, blunted mesolimbic dopamine function, and reduced reward-directed behaviour in mice. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:42-56. [PMID: 29888303 PMCID: PMC5991330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is a major risk factor for depression, stress leads to peripheral and central immune activation, immune activation is associated with blunted dopamine (DA) neural function, DA function underlies reward interest, and reduced reward interest is a core symptom of depression. These states might be inter-independent in a complex causal pathway. Whilst animal-model evidence exists for some specific steps in the pathway, there is currently no animal model in which it has been demonstrated that social stress leads to each of these immune, neural and behavioural states. Such a model would provide important existential evidence for the complex pathway and would enable the study of causality and mediating mechanisms at specific steps in the pathway. Therefore, in the present mouse study we investigated for effects of 15-day resident-intruder chronic social stress (CSS) on each of these states. Relative to controls, CSS mice exhibited higher spleen levels of granulocytes, inflammatory monocytes and T helper 17 cells; plasma levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase; and liver expression of genes encoding kynurenine pathway enzymes. CSS led in the ventral tegmental area to higher levels of kynurenine and the microglia markers Iba1 and Cd11b and higher binding activity of DA D1 receptor; and in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) to higher kynurenine, lower DA turnover and lower c-fos expression. Pharmacological challenge with DA reuptake inhibitor identified attenuation of DA stimulatory effects on locomotor activity and NAcc c-fos expression in CSS mice. In behavioural tests of operant responding for sucrose reward validated as sensitive assays for NAcc DA function, CSS mice exhibited less reward-directed behaviour. Therefore, this mouse study demonstrates that a chronic social stressor leads to changes in each of the immune, neural and behavioural states proposed to mediate between stress and disruption of DA-dependent reward processing. The model can now be applied to investigate causality and, if demonstrated, underlying mechanisms in specific steps of this immune-neural-behavioural pathway, and thereby to identify potential therapeutic targets. Mouse chronic social stress (CSS) leads to spleen and liver immune activation. Mouse CSS leads to mesolimbic immune activation and blunted dopamine function. Mouse CSS leads to reduced reward-directed behaviour in operant tests. This constitutes an important model for the study of pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Bergamini
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Mechtersheimer
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Damiano Azzinnari
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Sigrist
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Buerge
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Dallmann
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Afroditi Kouraki
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris Ferger
- CNS Diseases Research Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG., Biberach, Germany
| | - Tobias Suter
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Neurology, and Clinical Research Priority Program Multiple Sclerosis, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher R Pryce
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Padurariu M, Antioch I, Balmus I, Ciobica A, El-Lethey HS, Kamel MM. Describing some behavioural animal models of anxiety and their mechanistics with special reference to oxidative stress and oxytocin relevance. Int J Vet Sci Med 2017; 5:98-104. [PMID: 30255057 PMCID: PMC6137856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that animal studies are playing an important role in the understanding of anxiety disorders, since they contribute to the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches in anxiety. In the present review we will detail some essential aspects of behavioral animal models of anxiety related to social defeat paradigm, elevated plus maze, elevated zero or T maze, light/dark box, social interaction test or tests based on predator models, considering the latest theories and methodological approaches in this area of research, as well as our previous studies focusing on anxiety manifestations in a variety of species including rats, zebrafish, dogs and pigs. Moreover, in this context, we will focus on the recent theories concerning oxidative stress, as well as importance of oxytocin administration (especially the intranasal route). This could be important considering that these two factors are currently being investigated as possible mechanisms (oxidative stress status) and related therapeutic target (both intranasal oxytocin and antioxidants) in the pathology of the anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Padurariu
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Iulia Antioch
- “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, 11, Carol I, 700506 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Ioana Balmus
- “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, 11, Carol I, 700506 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, 11, Carol I, 700506 Iaşi, Romania
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, Romania
- The Academy of the Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 54, 050094, Romania
| | - Heba S. El-Lethey
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat M. Kamel
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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28
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Stein DJ, Vasconcelos MF, Albrechet-Souza L, Ceresér KMM, de Almeida RMM. Microglial Over-Activation by Social Defeat Stress Contributes to Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:207. [PMID: 29114211 PMCID: PMC5660717 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyper activation of the neuroimmune system is strongly related to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychosocial stress has been postulated to play an important role in triggering anxiety and major depression. In preclinical models, there is mounting evidence that social defeat stress activates microglial cells in the central nervous system. This type of stress could be one of the major factors in the development of these psychopathologies. Here, we reviewed the most recent literature on social defeat and the associated immunological reactions. We focused our attention on microglial cells and kept the effect of social defeat over microglia separate from the effect of this stressor on other immune cells and the influence of peripheral immune components in priming central immune reactions. Furthermore, we considered how social defeat stress affects microglial cells and the consequent development of anxiety- and depressive-like states in preclinical studies. We highlighted evidence for the negative impact of the over-activation of the neuroimmune system, especially by the overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytotoxins. Overproduction of these molecules may cause cellular damage and loss or decreased function of neuronal activity by excessively pruning synaptic connections that ultimately contribute to the development of anxiety- and depressive-like states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirson J. Stein
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Albrechet-Souza
- Psychology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Keila M. M. Ceresér
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rosa M. M. de Almeida
- Psychology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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29
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Hierarchy in the home cage affects behaviour and gene expression in group-housed C57BL/6 male mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6991. [PMID: 28765614 PMCID: PMC5539312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Group-housed male mice exhibit aggressive behaviour towards their cage mates and form a social hierarchy. Here, we describe how social hierarchy in standard group-housed conditions affects behaviour and gene expression in male mice. Four male C57BL/6 mice were kept in each cage used in the study, and the social hierarchy was determined from observation of video recordings of aggressive behaviour. After formation of a social hierarchy, the behaviour and hippocampal gene expression were analysed in the mice. Higher anxiety- and depression-like behaviours and elevated gene expression of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone and hippocampal serotonin receptor subtypes were observed in subordinate mice compared with those of dominant mice. These differences were alleviated by orally administering fluoxetine, which is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. We concluded that hierarchy in the home cage affects behaviour and gene expression in male mice, resulting in anxiety- and depression-like behaviours being regulated differently in dominant and subordinate mice.
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30
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Meshalkina DA, Kalueff AV. Commentary: Ethological Evaluation of the Effects of Social Defeat Stress in Mice: Beyond the Social Interaction Ratio. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:155. [PMID: 27558083 PMCID: PMC4978706 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darya A Meshalkina
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg, Russia
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31
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Radwan B, Liu H, Chaudhury D. Regulation and Modulation of Depression-Related Behaviours: Role of Dopaminergic Neurons. DOPAMINE AND SLEEP 2016:147-190. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46437-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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