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Alicea B. Raising the Connectome: The Emergence of Neuronal Activity and Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:524791. [PMID: 33100971 PMCID: PMC7522492 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.524791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of neurons and formation of connections between cells is the basis of both the adult phenotype and behaviors tied to cognition, perception, reproduction, and survival. Such behaviors are associated with local (circuits) and global (connectome) brain networks. A solid understanding of how these networks emerge is critical. This opinion piece features a guided tour of early developmental events in the emerging connectome, which is crucial to a new view on the connectogenetic process. Connectogenesis includes associating cell identities with broader functional and developmental relationships. During this process, the transition from developmental cells to terminally differentiated cells is defined by an accumulation of traits that ultimately results in neuronal-driven behavior. The well-characterized developmental and cell biology of Caenorhabditis elegans will be used to build a synthesis of developmental events that result in a functioning connectome. Specifically, our view of connectogenesis enables a first-mover model of synaptic connectivity to be demonstrated using data representing larval synaptogenesis. In a first-mover model of Stackelberg competition, potential pre- and postsynaptic relationships are shown to yield various strategies for establishing various types of synaptic connections. By comparing these results to what is known regarding principles for establishing complex network connectivity, these strategies are generalizable to other species and developmental systems. In conclusion, we will discuss the broader implications of this approach, as what is presented here informs an understanding of behavioral emergence and the ability to simulate related biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradly Alicea
- Orthogonal Research and Education Laboratory, Champaign, IL, United States
- OpenWorm Foundation, Boston, MA, United States
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Wu AG, Teng JF, Wong VKW, Zhou XG, Qiu WQ, Tang Y, Wu JM, Xiong R, Pan R, Wang YL, Tang B, Ding TY, Yu L, Zeng W, Qin DL, Law BYK. Novel steroidal saponin isolated from Trillium tschonoskii maxim. exhibits anti-oxidative effect via autophagy induction in cellular and Caenorhabditis elegans models. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 65:153088. [PMID: 31627105 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidences indicate the important roles of autophagy in anti-oxidative stress, which is closely associated with cancer, aging and neurodegeneration. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we aimed to identify autophagy inducers with potent anti-oxidative effect from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) in PC-12 cells and C. elegans. METHODS The autophagy inducers were extensively screened in our herbal extracts library by using the stable RFP-GFP-LC3 U87 cells. The components with autophagic induction effect in Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. (TTM) was isolated and identified by using the autophagic activity-guided column chromatography and Pre-HPLC technologies, and MS and NMR spectroscopic analysis, respectively. The anti-oxidative effect of the isolated autophagy inducers was evaluated in H2O2-induced PC-12 cells and C. elegans models by measuring the viability of PC-12 cells and C. elegans, with quantitation on the ROS level in vitro and in vivo using H2DCFDA probe. RESULTS The total ethanol extract of TTM was found to significantly increase the formation of GFP-LC3 puncta in stable RFP-GFP-LC3 U87 cells. One novel steroidal saponin 1-O-[2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-4-O-acetyl-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-21-Deoxytrillenogenin, (Deoxytrillenoside CA, DTCA) and one known steroidal saponin 1-O-[2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-4-O-acetyl-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-21-O-acetyl-epitrillenogenin (Epitrillenoside CA, ETCA) were isolated, identified and found to have novel autophagic effect. Both DTCA and ETCA could activate autophagy in PC-12 cells via the AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in an Atg7-dependent. In addition, DTCA and ETCA could increase the cell viability and decrease the intracellular ROS level in H2O2-treated PC-12 cells and C. elegans, and the further study demonstrated that the induced autophagy contributes to their anti-oxidative effect. CONCLUSION Our current findings not only provide information on the discovery of novel autophagy activators from TTM, but also confirmed the anti-oxidative effect of the components from TTM both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Teng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Vincent Kam-Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Wen-Qiao Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Rui Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Rong Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yi-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Tian-Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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